This document provides information on various infection prevention and control strategies used in healthcare facilities. It discusses topics such as hand hygiene, personal protective equipment, injection safety, waste management, environmental cleaning and disinfection, surgical site infection prevention, and healthcare-associated infection prevention. Key points covered include the importance of hand washing, proper use of PPE like gloves and masks, safe injection practices, segregating different types of medical waste, and following cleaning and sterilization protocols to limit the spread of infections in healthcare settings.
13. Contents
▸ Introduction to Topic
▸ Hand Hygiene
▸ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
▸ Injection Safety
▸ Safe Management of Waste
13
14. Contents
▸ Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection
▸ Prevention of Surgical Site Infections (SSI)
▸ Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections
(HAIs)
▸ Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH)
▸ Q and A 14
16. The Primary Purpose of PPE
16
• To minimize the exposure of individuals to various hazards
- Physical hazards - Biological hazards
- Chemical hazards - Radiological agents.
(By creating a barrier between the wearer and the hazardous elements)
• Helps reduce the risk of injury, illness, or infection.
17. Protective Clothing
17
• Coveralls
• Gowns
• Aprons, or lab coats
( To shield the body from chemical splashes, contaminants, or
physical hazards.)
21. Gloves
▸ To protect hands from chemicals, pathogens, sharp
objects, or extreme temperatures.
▸ Different types of gloves are used depending on the
specific hazards and tasks involved.
▸ For example Clean glows, Surgical glows
21
23. Face Protection
▸ Face shields
▸ Safety goggles, or safety glasses
(To protect the eyes, nose, and mouth)
▸ From debris, splashes, or harmful substances.
23
28. Foot Protection
▸ Safety shoes or boots with reinforced toes and
soles to protect against:
- Falling objects
- Punctures
- Electrical hazards
- Slips and falls. 28
31. Head Protection
▸ Helmets or Hard Hats
▸ Designed to protect the head from:
- Falling objects
- Electrical hazards
- Impacts, or other head injuries. 31
36. Unsafe Injection Practices
▸ Using the same syringe to more than one
patient
▸ Accessing a medication vial or bag with a used
syringe 36
37. Unsafe Injection Practices
▸ Using the remaining contents from vial or bag
for another patient
▸ Using medications for more than one patient
▸ Failing to use aseptic technique 37
39. Safe Practices for Medical Injections
▸ Never administer medications from the same
syringe to more than one patient
▸ Do not enter a medication vial, bag, or bottle
with a used syringe or needle. 39
40. Safe Practices for Medical Injections
▸ Never use medications packaged as single-
dose or single-use for more than one patient
▸ Always use aseptic technique
40
43. Healthcare Waste Management
▸ Waste Segregation
▸ Handling and Storage
▸ Transportation
▸ Treatment and Disposal
▸ Training and Education 43
44. Types of Waste/Waste Segregation
▸ Infectious waste
▸ Pathological waste
▸ Sharps waste
▸ Chemical waste
▸ Pharmaceutical waste
▸ Cytotoxic waste
▸ Radioactive waste
▸ Non-hazardous or general waste 44
45. Infectious Waste
▸ Used needles and syringes
▸ Laboratory cultures and specimens
▸ Blood and blood products
▸ Contaminated personal protective equipment
(PPE) 45
46. Pathological Waste
▸ Human tissues, organs, body parts
▸ Human fluids
▸ Laboratory specimens and cultures
46
47. Sharps Waste
▸ Needles
▸ Syringes
▸ Lancets
▸ Other devices used for medical procedures,
treatment, or testing 47
50. Cytotoxic (substance that kills cells) Waste
▸ Empty chemotherapy drug vials or containers
▸ Used or expired chemotherapy drugs
▸ Contaminated gloves, gowns, and other personal protective
equipment (PPE)
▸ Sharps, such as needles and syringes, used in cytotoxic drug
administration
▸ Laboratory cultures and specimens treated with cytotoxic agents
50
51. Radioactive Waste
▸ High-level waste (HLW
▸ Intermediate-level waste (ILW)
▸ Low-level waste (LLW)
(categorized based on their level of radioactivity and the time
it takes for the radioactivity to decay to safe levels) 51
52. Radioactive
▸ Having or producing powerful and
dangerous energy that comes from the
breaking up of atoms
▸ Uranium is a radioactive material.
52
54. Handling and Storage
▸ Use of appropriate containers, labelling, and
secure storage areas
▸ To prevent accidents, contamination, and
access by unauthorized individuals 54
55. Transportation
▸ Compliance with Regulations
▸ Licensed Waste Transporter
▸ Dedicated Vehicles
▸ Security and Tracking
▸ Timely Transport
▸ Training and Awareness
▸ Documentation and Recordkeeping
55
56. Treatment and Disposal
▸ On-Site Treatment (autoclaves, Incineration )
▸ Off-Site Treatment (incineration, autoclaving,
microwaving, or chemical treatment)
▸ Landfill Disposal
▸ Recycling (paper, plastic, glass, and metal
containers ) 56
57. Proper Disposal of Sharps Waste
▸ Use proper sharps containers
▸ Do not overfill containers
▸ Do not recap or bend needles
▸ Keep sharps containers in accessible locations
▸ Do not dispose of sharps waste in regular trash
▸ Use authorized collection programs 57
59. Training and Education Topics
▸ Waste Classification
▸ Regulations and Guidelines
▸ Storage and Transportation
▸ Infection Control and Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE)
▸ Emergency Preparedness 59
60. Training and Education Methods
▸ Workshops
▸ Seminars
▸ Online courses
▸ On-the-job training
▸ Certifications from relevant organizations
60
61. National colour code for health care waste
▸ Black – noninfectious/non hazardous
▸ Yellow – infectious waste
▸ Yellow with red stripes – sharps bin
▸ Red – clean glass
▸ Orange – clean plastic
▸ Blue – clean paper
▸ Green – discarded food/biodegradable waste 61
62. Colour Codes
▸ Brown – metal
▸ Purple – cytotoxic waste
▸ Gray – electrical and electronic waste (e-waste)
▸ White – pharmaceutical waste
62
64. What is Cleaning?
▸ The process of removing dirt, dust, stains, and
other unwanted substances from surfaces,
objects, or environments to maintain hygiene,
appearance, and functionality. 64
65. Common Cleaning Activities
▸ Dusting ( wet and dry)
▸ Sweeping and mopping
▸ Vacuuming (carpets, upholstery, or other
surfaces)
▸ Washing (dishes, clothes, windows, and more )
65
66. Cleaning Guidance
66
Area/item Method of cleaning/disinfection
Floors Damp mop at least 3 times a day in
clinical areas and keep dry. Use
0.1% hypochlorite.
Mops Rinse in water, soak in freshly
prepared 0.1% hypochlorite for 30
minutes
67. Cleaning Guidance
Walls
▸ Should be tiled or enamel painted up to 4-5 feet
Damp ( WET) wipe monthly
High touch surfaces
▸ 70% alcohol or 0.1% hypochlorite Frequent
cleaning 67
68. High-Touch Surfaces
▸ Bedrails
▸ IV poles
▸ Sink handles
▸ Bedside tables
▸ Counters where medications and supplies are
prepared 68
75. Practice Aseptic Techniques
▸ Sterile PPE
▸ Sterile Equipment
▸ Theatre Environment Sterility
▸ Theatre Etiquette
75
76. Aseptic
▸ Free from contamination caused by
harmful bacteria, viruses, or other
microorganisms
76
77. Difference between Aseptic and Sterile
Aseptic technique
▸ Intended to minimize contamination from
pathogens.
Sterile technique
▸ Used to create an area free from any
microorganisms, pathogenic or otherwise 77
82. PREOPERATIVE MEASURES
▸ Preoperative bathing
▸ Mechanical bowel preparation
▸ The use of oral antibiotics
▸ Hair removal with clipper if required
▸ Surgical site preparation with alcohol-based
antiseptic solutions 82
83. ▸ Surgical hand preparation
▸ Perioperative blood glucose control
83
Scrubbing with a suitable antimicrobial soap
for 2 to 5 minutes up to forearm
86. What is HAI ?
▸ An infection that develops during, or soon after,
receiving healthcare services or being in a
healthcare setting
▸ Infections people get while they are receiving
health care for another condition. 86
87. Common Infections Associated with
Healthcare
▸ Catheter-associated urinary tract infections
(CAUTI)
▸ Bloodstream infections (CLABSI)
▸ Surgical site infections (SSI)
▸ Pneumonia. 87
92. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)
▸ A potentially dangerous type of staph bacteria
▸ Resistant to certain antibiotics
▸ May cause skin and other infections
▸ Spread by having direct contact
▸ By sharing personal items (towels or razors )
92
94. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE).
94
• Spread from person to person
• Six different types of vancomycin resistance
are shown
• Transmitted by touching articles soiled by an
infected person's feces.
96. Drinking Unsafe Water Impairs Health
▸ Diarrhea
▸ Giardiasis
▸ Dysentery
▸ Typhoid fever
▸ E. Coli infection
▸ Salmonellosis 96
97. Adequate WASH in Health Care Facilities
is Important
▸ A human right
▸ Essential for ensuring quality health care
▸ Contributes to the reduction of health care costs
by protecting the health of staff and preventing
hospital-acquired infections
97
98. ▸ Contributes to disease prevention
▸ Helps to control and reduce the spread
antibiotic resistant pathogens
▸ Prevents contamination of the environment( by
safe management of wastewater and medical
waste.) 98
Adequate WASH in Health Care Facilities
is Important
