My First Impression Of Bafa Bafa After Hearing The Rules

My First Impression Of Bafa Bafa After Hearing The Rules
Bafa Bafa Reflection My first impression of Bafa Bafa after hearing the rules was that it would be an enjoyable class activity. Little did I know, that
the activity would go much deeper than just being a class activity. Bafa Bafa simulates the human interactions in the world as we know it. It teaches a
lesson of diversities and miscommunications between them. It permits everyone and anyone to experience the notion of being "foreign" or an
"outcast". In Bafa Bafa, I was a part of the Alpha culture. In order to collaborate with my classmates, I had to dim my strong feminist attitude in order
to play along in the patriarch culture. I wasn 't particularly phased by the close proximity and close contact interactions as these were already
engrained in me. I quickly realized that a connection was forming between the students that were forming the Alpha culture. Whether this was due to
close interactions or passion of playing an act, I do not know, but the feeling of membership was strong and present. The rules were even well
tolerated and respected, as no deviants were actually really present in the group. I was observing and becoming part of an "in–group" mentality as
referred to in Psychology. I was an Alpha and by God, I will play this game well and right to be a really good Alpha. My mentality went from being a
class member of EDU 150 to being a member of culture Alpha. I also noticed a change in regards to culture Beta, my other classmates from EDU 150.
When presented at
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What Is The Danger Of The Single Story By Adichie
Since the dawn of time, man has set out on the pursuit of knowledge required to understand the complex world. Literature taps into such primal
instincts of curiosity – our desire to grasp knowledge about others, our surroundings, and perhaps, most eminently, ourselves. Yet, to what extent, does
literature suppress this innate hunger for more knowledge? Readers are fed bits and pieces of information to which we react with a smile or frown;
thereafter, we proceed with the belief we are knowledgeable. But true knowledge, a deep understanding of a topic, requires literature to challenge the
reader and uncover hidden truths bye being more proactive and insightful, which literature appears to have failed to accomplish. However, this
conjecture seems ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orientalism historically arose from an attempt to honour and understand Eastern cultures by reconstructing them for the West. The reinvention has
reduced such diverse cultures to be merely "strange religions and martial arts, bright colours and barbaric practices, unusual foods and
incomprehensible languages, mysticism and magic, ninjas and kung fu" (CITATION). Nevertheless, Orientalism claims to be an honest recreation of
Eastern traditions and people, yet, in reality, it is a product of the reductive fallacy – a fragmented image of Eastern cultures formed by exaggerating
and distorting real practices and traditions. In doing so, Orientalism has fostered the presupposition that cultural appropriation actuated by fascination
renders it innocent. Consequently, it further removes the agency of the East to represent itself and allows incorrect information to propagate. Likewise,
in literature, misrepresentation, camouflaged as a celebration awareness, ultimately hinders readers from seeking more knowledge to understand the
depths of a

Examples Of Groupthink Essay
Introduction
For the purpose of this essay I will define what groupthink is. I will describe some important symptoms of Groupthink with the aid of examples in
business and will recommend some remedies for of Group Think that a manager can decide to do in their organisation.
What is Groupthink?
Groupthink is a phenomenon that happens in an organisation because often required to work in groups or teams. Almost all organisations work within
groups on certain projects to reach a decision on ideas and plans. Groupthink requires the group to conform to the same beliefs and requires
cohesiveness at all times. Groupthink occurs when a group makes faulty decisions because group pressure lead to a deterioration of "mental efficiency,
reality testing and moral judgement" (Irving Janis).
Example: If the group was doing a project and they were finished and then a printer is broken and must find an alternative to the situation in question.
There are 8 symptoms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Illusion of unanimity
An example of this symptom would be Aras Attracta in Swinford where they thought they were doing a good job when carrying out their duties on a
daily basis however no one expressed an opinion what was going on. They all did wrong and as a result Groupthink had horrendous circumstances.
Nobody questioned the carer as she victimised the patients. It is a good example in my opinion of groupthink in recent times.
5.Direct pressure on dissenters
Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group's views.
Example: When the company are deciding between two potential clients and the majority picks one and the others need to bite their tongue. If they had
said something they would say to them if you are not with us you are against us.
b) What can a manager do about it?
There are a number of remedies I will list 5 of them and use examples of them.
1.Assign more than one person to attend a meeting in the organisation so they can test how they do their work

Reflective Essay On Group Diversity
Through my work in groups, I have had to adjust my feedback and leadership styles based on the different cultures of my group members. "Every
organization has its own unique spoken and unspoken rules that define the culture. Culture is often simply stated as, 'the way we work around here.'
Cultures are formed and change through a variety of environmental events, leadership, and experiences" (Weiss, Tilin, & Morgan, 2014, p. 153). I need
more here maybe?
When bringing students together from different backgrounds and cultures, it is anticipated to run into some cultural diversity. While these differences
are expected to be met with professionalism in all settings, according to Weiss, Tilin, and Morgan (2014) we have a "tendency to interpret the behavior
of others through the lens of our own habits of thought or personal bias" (pp. 191–192). Upon acceptance into the radiography program, I had a
preformed stereotype or prejudice of my classmates. Because it is a prestigious and competitive program, I assumed each member would strive to
go above and beyond to produce optimum results. My personal cultural bias was believing everyone would set those high goals and do whatever it
takes to achieve them. I have found in my classroom groups that some members only do the bare minimum. They are sometimes unprepared and look
toward others for results. This impacted group communications because someone had to lead the group and bring more insight when others were not
contributing. It also made members do more than their fair share of work. Some members had to take on more to make up for the lack of effort shown
by others.
My group works together very well when providing feedback. We established that we all thrive from constructive criticism and even welcome it.
Feedback is important for all groups because knowing what was good and bad about a performance or assignment is how you learn from your
experiences. "By institutionalizing feedback strategies, power sharing becomes the responsibility of leaders as well as members who provide each
other with constructive opinions and supportive advice" (Weiss, et al., 2014, p. 141). So far my experiences in providing and receiving feedback
within my group have been mostly positive.

In-Groups
Everyone has been a part of an in–group or out–group at some point in their lives. The group with which one may have felt a sense of belonging and
loyalty would be considered one's in–group. Alternatively, the group with which one may have felt animosity or exclusion from could be considered
one's out group. Some examples of in–groups include: gangs, Nazis, friendship cliques, and colleagues. Being a part of either group has consequences
that are positive, at times, and negative. Examining the ways in which dividing people into groups impacts individual's lives is important because it
allows one to gain a better understanding of why society functions in the way that it does, and how groups can influence one's thoughts and behaviors.
In–groups have many positive consequences for the members of the group. For example, in–groups provide a sense of belonging. Being a part of a
group of individuals with similar views and experiences cultivate a sense of solidarity. Furthermore, these groups can foster an environment of
understanding; when one makes a mistake, it is more likely that a person who is a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While being a part of an in–group can have many benefits for members of the in–group, such as feelings of inclusion and understanding, it also seems
that this division most frequently creates negative consequences. This was exemplified through the treatment of Native Americans during the time of
the Gold Rush in California. However, it is hard to judge whether or not it is possible to abandon the idea of in–groups and out–groups entirely. It
seems that these groups are so deeply ingrained into the way that society operates. These groups contribute to one's ideas and behaviors, and are
deeply intertwined with how people become who they are. However, ideally, everyone would be a part of the in–group, feeling a sense of belonging,
encouragement, and

Examples Of Social Identity In 12 Angry Men
3. Social identity (10 points): What role(s) does social identity play in the movie? Discuss SID in relationship of the jury to the accused. (Define your
terms and give two examples of how they apply).
Social identity is a theory which explains how people develop a sense of belong and membership to a group. Individual's social identity is part of their
self–concept which derives from their knowledge of their membership of a social group together with the emotional significance attached to that
membership (Forsyth, 13). People are influenced on the group they belong to. Belonging to the in–group makes a person feel good because they belong
somewhere in this group and allows them to feel important. The out–group is where people feel to be, they do not belong to a group and have feeling
of exclusion and are often times treated more harshly than someone who belongs to the ingroup. This bias of favoring the ingroup relative to the
outgroup leads to false impressions being made and stereotypes forming. Stereotypes help us navigate the world around us by providing a quick
representation of what we think a person is like. This does not mean our perceptions are always correct and occasionally, this quick mental shortcut can
get us into trouble. For example, the film 12 Angry Men stereotyping was rampant among the jury. When a stereotype is used it can cause a disruption
of procedures. Instead, of inspecting all the evidence with an objective eye a bias can allow for systematic

Implicit Gender Bias Essay
Implicit Gender Bias and Women in STEM Fields
Most people consider themselves as rational, reasoning individuals who make decisions after considering the facts at hand. Research suggests that this
is often not the case, with implicit bias at work shaping one's responses. Researchers at Cornell University have defined implicit bias as "unconscious,
unintentional bias" (Royer, Hido & Slotnick, 2017). Predictors of implicit bias include socio–economic status, gender, ethnicity, childhood experience,
and cultural experience (Cooley, Payne & Phillips, 2013). Unlike explicit bias which reflects attitudes or beliefs that one endorses on a conscious level,
implicit bias refers to attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions and decisions in an unconscious manner resulting from subtle
cognitive processes that often operate at a level below conscious awareness and without intentional control (Gyan, n.d.). Of these, implicit gender bias
affects the health and social wellbeing of women, as well as disadvantages women economically and in the workplace. As such implicit gender bias is
endemic within the scientific, technological, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, and this bias can disadvantage women pursing these careers
(Moss–Racusin, Dovidio, Brescoll, Graham & Handelsman, 2012). The importance of further study of mitigating interventions of this implicit gender
bias is clear. Our hypothesis is that implicit gender bias related to women in STEM fields will

The Patterns Of Language
In Chapter Four of the text, the described process of recognizing any given object begins with the cells in the visual system (previously discussed)
which fire when coming across any input carrying specific visual features or patterns: horizontal lines, curves, corners, etc. (Cognition, pg. 107). These
cells lend a hand to the broader idea that objects are processed in terms of their smaller parts. Intuitively, it has been found that the more features one
attempts to analyze, the less efficient he/she is at doing so (Cognition, pg. 107). Additionally, context influences how one processes basic combinations
of visual features. This has been demonstrated in studies which have required a subject to view stimuli, often words necessarily... Show more content on
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114). Important to note is the third layer of processing, or bigram detectors which receive inputs in the form of letter combinations, due to its role in
explaining the data which shows that pronounceable strings of letters are more easily recognized and reported through their use of easily–activated
detectors (Cognition, pgs. 114–115). This layer, due to the thresholds of such detectors, is also helpful in reducing error where inputs are incomplete,
confused or ambiguous but harmful where it creates error in its processing inputs of low–frequency or unusual patterns (Cognition, pg. 116–120). The
McClelland and Rumelhart Model is a version of the Feature Net Model which focuses on inhibitory connections instead of bigram detectors while
maintaining the ability to accommodate the discussed data on words that are primed, of varying frequencies, random, etc. (Cognition, pgs. 122–123).
Additionally, this model allows for higher–layer detectors to both activate the relevant letter detectors under them and inhibit other word detectors of
the same layer, much like the two–way communication that occurs within the

Personal Statement : My Strengths And Weaknesses
The purpose of this memo is to evaluate my listening skills, assess my strengths and weaknesses, and describe how I can improve my skills. My
listening self–assessment score of 36 indicates that, although my skill level is decent, I have room to improve significantly. I regularly attend
professional meetings where either informational listening or critical listening is required. Despite this, I consider my listening skills subpar and am
aware of my need for improvement. In understanding how I can improve, I must first assess my strengths and weaknesses.
My strengths include not interrupting the speaker, maintaining eye contact to show I am actively listening, and being able to think critically about
complex topics. Not interrupting a speaker and maintaining eye contact are skills I acquired early in my career to display my engagement and respect
for the speaker. Understanding complex topics is something I continually learn how to do. This is aided by conceptualizing detailed knowledge and
constantly learning more in the areas related to my field. My main weaknesses are the following. I don't paraphrase the message to ensure I
comprehend it. Typically, halfway through a presentation or meeting I have already formed my judgements of the speaker and the content. Often, I
become distracted by a single point mentioned and am unable to identify all of a speaker's main points. Now that I have identified my primary
weaknesses, I can begin to improve upon them by altering my

Affirmative Action And Its Effect On Minority Minorities...
Affirmative action is described in sociology as, policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination through the
active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities. (i.e. Exp. Soc., pg 280). In other words, the law was put
in place as an attempt to create pluralism in the United States structure of opportunity. When describing affirmative action, the generalized assumption
is individuals being handed opportunities based only on their ethnicity. Whether or not that opinion rings through to the majority, consider the events
that lead to the enactment of affirmative action in the first place. The structure of opportunity in the United States has always been a biased and unfair
in its distribution of opportunities. Since the beginning, the structure of opportunity has always been in favor of whiter, and ultimately wealthier
Americans. Segregation, discrimination, and complete disregard for people of different ethnicity and color made it as such.
People of color were seen as an inferior, and ultimately poorer group of people than people who were white. In earlier time, a metaphorical "glass
ceiling" held back student of different ethnicity from becoming more educated. The "glass ceiling" that held them back for so long was the structure of
opportunity being as biased as it is. In essence, the economic conditions, culture, and other aspects of certain people had an impact on how they lived in
society.

Cultural Competency : Critical Psychology
Cultural competency is critical in psychology practice. In the United States, the groups, which considered as cultural and ethnic minorities, are growing
in the population (APA, 2003). Culture often influences the content and quality of people's experience, perception, and response. Thus, it is important
for psychologists to be aware of cultural influences on client's presenting experience(s) (Gardiner & Kosmitzki, 2010). Without a regard for cultural
influence, there is a significant risk for the psychologist to misunderstand, misinterpret, and misguide his or her client. Such misunderstanding,
misinterpretation, and misguidance are not only unhelpful but can be detrimental for the client (Corey, Corey, & Callanan, 2011; Pope, & Vasquez,
2011).
To ensure culturally competent practice, I would seek education, a consultation with a provider/expert who is competent in a givenculture, use a
culturally appropriate method/ instrument, design a culturally sensitive research, and provide a culturally sensitive as well as appropriate informed
consent. I believe that it is important for a psychologist to engage in ongoing education to have up–to–date information in the field of psychology
including multicultural psychology. The field is constantly changing and developing; thus, psychologists must be in the habit of seeking new
information to serve their clients in an ethical manner. In addition to seeking new research and theoretical information, continuing education must
include

Prosocial Behavior And Group Memberships
Prosocial behaviour is doing something intended to benefit others or society (Myers 2008) and the relationship between prosocial behaviour and group
memberships is significant and research had been carried out to provide evidence relating to this. Social psychologists have shown that different
elements of group membership have important implications for our thoughts and behaviour. Levine and Manning (2013) considered four key elements
which are combined and overall contribute in how social identity affects helping. The four elements are the salience of social identity, the boundaries of
social identity, the contents of social identity and strategic interest of social identity. The salience of social identity suggests that strangers can... Show
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Hopkins, Pandey et al (2014), carried out a study about the Kumbe Mela, a mass Hindu pilgrimage. In which the kalpwasi identity. are required to
live on the banks of the Ganges for a month long period and perform a number of religious rituals to develop their spiritual being. During this
pilgrimage, the individuals are required to bathe in the river Ganges twice a day, including at night when temperatures drop close to freezing, in
which they all support each other and follow the rituals. By watching other performs religious rituals it encourages others to imitate their behaviour.
Those participating will generally be supportive of each other and will help each other achieve their desired goals. When it comes to the reactive
forms of helping we describe, we would expect that to happen among in group members for any group (Levine, Prosser, Evans, & Reicher, 2005).
This is an excellent example of in group membership as they are belonging to same religion, beliefs and gather at the same location for the same
outcome. They may not know each other personally and are strangers to on another, but they still come together to help each other to develop
spiritually. They see each other as group members because they are participating in the same religious practice and belonging to the same God. A range
of studies have shown that a person

Knowledge and Awareness of HIV/AIDS among Women in India
Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among
Women of reproductive age in a district of Northern India
Introduction
This paper is a review of the article titled Knowledge and Awareness about HIV/AIDS among Women of reproductive age in a district of Northern
India. Article clearly identifies the low HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among women of reproductive age. Researcher is motivated to reduce
the number of cases and prevalence of infectious disease through awareness. While introducing the article, researcher lacked in explaining how young
women are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS infection than young men. This could create a false impression in readers mind that without any evidence
the researcher provided the conclusion that women are more Vulnerable to HIV/AIDS. Researcher stated in the article that early marriage also poses
special risks to young people, particularly women (Singh, 2012) but did not elaborate or provided any evidence to support this statement. Perhaps the
lack of evidence and research could be considered the rationale, more information would have been helpful to justifying these statements.
Purpose Statement The purpose discussed in the research study is clear and indicative of what the research hopes to cover. The research study is about
assessing HIV/AIDS awareness and knowledge among women in reproductive age group between 15–45 years and its mode of transmission in Bareilly
district of Uttar Pradesh in northern India. The

Life on the Color Line
Life on the Color Line is a powerful tale of a young man's struggle to reach adulthood, written by Gregory Howard Williams В– one that emphasizes,
by daily grapples with personal turmoil, the absurdity of race as a social invention. Williams describes in heart wrenching detail the privations he and
his brother endured when they were forced to remove themselves from a life of White privilege in Virginia to one where survival in Muncie, Indiana
meant learning quickly the cold hard facts of being Black in skin that appeared to be White.This powerful memoir is a testament to the potential love
and determination that can be exhibited despite being on the cusp of a nation's racial conflicts and confusions, one that lifts a young person above...
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<br>
<br>Outgroup homogeneity bias is the tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of the
ingroups as defined by the textbook. An illustration of outgroup homogeneity bias is found in the book when Williams's Uncle Jim "expressed his
desire to be stationed in France, the captain became angry and said, "All you colored boys want is white women I thought you were different."
(Williams, 94). This form of stereotyping may also be seen as subtyping. Subtyping is the ability of individuals to hold negative feelings towards a
particular social group even though they may like individual members in the group. Another example of subtyping is revealed in the text when
Williams begins to show interest in a sister of a White teammate. Even though the boys get along on the court, the teammate tells Williams not to mess
with his sister and threatens violence if Williams continues to have any contact with her. The teammate probably would not have had a problem with
Williams forming a relationship with his sister if Williams had been White.
<br>
<br>Ingroup favoritism is the tendency to discriminate in support of an ingroup over members of the outgroup. The author experienced ingroup
favoritism when the coach of his basketball team decided to drop Williams from the varsity team in order to replace him with a white,

Bp Oil Spill On The Gulf Of Mexico
Brittneigh Campbell
POS 303
BP Oil Spill Survey
Research Question
How did the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 affect our economy and environment, and what does the future hold, with regard to the
environment, oil drilling, and sustainability?
Introduction
For the best range of participants and the east of analyzation, I chose to conduct an electronic survey. I posted the survey (publically) on Facebook.
This allowed people from all over the country, from almost all sections of social–economic class, of a variety of ages and education experiences to take
the survey privately without my influence pushing them into certain answers by accident, and (hopefully) eliminated their desire to please me. I
offered no reward for this survey, and I ended up with six participants. I then had the computer randomly select three participants. This survey was
designed to gauge people 's opinions on the effects of the BP oil spill on 2010.
Analysis
I had six people take my survey online. The computer randomly selected three people for my analysis. 67 percent of all the people who participated
were male (the rest were non–binary), but the three selected people were male, so there might be a male bias in the data. I found that the three people
selected disagreed on most of the questions. For example, one person felt that the economy was strongly affected by the oil spill, but the other two felt
that it did not affect the economy to a large degree. Generally, everyone selected knew

Critical Appraisal Of A Qualitative Research Article
Critical appraisal of a qualitative research article.
The qualitative article being appraised is by Martin and Woods (2012) using the CASP tool qualitative framework (CASP 2013). These tools have
been validated to ensure that studies can be assessed in a consistent way assessing the trustworthiness of the research article (Aveyard, 2014)
Qualitative research can often be labelled as biased and anecdotal however Anderson (2010) argues that when carried out rigorously it can be unbiased,
in–depth and creditable, in fact becoming a leading research method for evidence based nursing. White (2006) explains that when the research is based
on people's perceptions then qualitative research is appropriate, it aids in developing an understanding for peoples understanding, feelings values and
opinions. Qualitative research seeks to develop explanations for social trends/events, thus encouraging detail and depth whilst creating openness
(Bamberger, 2000). In addition IVONNE (2004) reasons that qualitative research gives brand new insights by providing differing ideas on current
practices. On the other hand, Abawl (2008) highlights that data collection can be very time consuming, open to interpretation and consequently
influenced by researcher bias.
CASP sets out a series of questions that can be used to critically appraise qualitative research, and help to identify if the article contains bias, is
relevant and creditable.
The purpose of the study was to investigate the motivation of

Prejudice And Discrimination Essay
A lot of people understand and have gone through stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. Social Psychologists make a distinction between these by
concentrating on either they include emotions, understanding, or attitudes. Racism is the influence, or reaction, visible feature of this triad. Racism
includes a contradicting approach into individuals situated on their association in a specific organization. The psychological visible feature is
stereotyping. Stereotypes are feelings concerning the characteristics of specific crowds or associates of those organizations. Prejudice includes attitudes.
Discrimination is bad attitude toward people or organizations established on assumptions and feelings towards those organizations. An ... Show more
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Societal beginnings of racism associate the averages in our surroundings, the rivalry that lives amongst organizations, and the societal unevenness that
survive in our planet. For the reason that classifying occurs commonly and is a beneficial utensil in a lot of forms, every person's civilization is
expected to acquire stereotypes. Ingroup partiality directs to mismatched treatment of the ones that we have classified just as the outgroup. As well as
outgroup uniformity partiality blocks our view on the dissimilarities inside the outgroup.
Yet our understanding about the traits of these outgroups and how solid our racism is counts on the specific civilization in which we live in. Racism
and stereotypes bear beginnings in the pattern of our societal organizations. Humans are taught bad behaviors against organizations by acquiring the
standards of their societal background. We are taught from our associates on which stereotypes are suitable. When participants in one study were led to
believe that their stereotypes were different from those of their peers, those stereotypes were transformed to be more in connection with associate
stereotypes.
Assuming that our societal standards inform us that something on how racist we have to be against specific organizations. "Social norms dictate that
we dislike child abusers, terrorists, and members of the Ku Klux Klan. And these groups are groups we have strong prejudices toward. On

Democracy, Demagoguery, And Critical Rhetoric
Julia Vu
Professor Parker
RWS 200
21 March 2015
Demagoguery
Throughout history, when it comes to a national crisis, many leaders and politicians tend to advance towards what the people want to hear. In order to
gain their audience's support, most political leaders and public speakers use the practice of demagoguery to have useful influence held towards their
argument. In Patricia Roberts–Miller's article "Democracy, Demagoguery, and CriticalRhetoric," analyzes what demagoguery is and how it affects the
audience. Speakers or authoritative figures that engage with demagoguery use strategies such as scapegoating and polarization in order to establish a
separation between in–groups and out–groups; in–groups tend to form hateful discrimination on out–groups and define them with negative features. An
example of demagoguery that Roberts–Miller uses is in Adolf Hitler's speech about how he wanted German people to change their views and beliefs
on the Jewish. Her article however, also consists of several fallacies and may seem somewhat unethical. Throughout Wayne LaPierre's speech on the
Newtown Tragedy in 2012, there is usage of what Roberts–Miller claims to be demagoguery. Wayne LaPierre is the Vice President of the National
Rifle Association (NRA). After the shooting that occurred at Sandy Hook elementary, LaPierre expresses his sympathy for the families of the loss and
he then gathers the attention of parents who may be uneasy about their children's safety at school. Throughout

An Iep Meeting And Learn How The Meeting Is Conducted
I did not have a chance to sit in an IEP meeting and learn how the meeting is conducted. I am curious to learn the counselor position in an IEP meeting.
Due to the time period I started practicum, I was not able to learn about the high school application process. When I started practicum in February, the
applications for high school were submitted. My site supervisor did not have a classroom lesson to present while I was completing my hours. I want to
learn how to conduct a classroom lesson and connect that lesson to counseling. Finally, there were not any ACS cases occurring with a student for me
to learn about the ACS process. Because my counselor was busy showing me other counseling duties, the topic of ACS was not mentioned. Hopefully
in internship, I will be able to learn the correct steps when calling an ACS case.
Extend To Which I Have Met My Learning Goals As stated in the section what I have learned, I have met a couple of my learning goals. Some of the
goals I met was, creating lesson plans for my groups, demonstrating active listening, determine when to use open or close–ended questions, provide
useful information of my students and being mindful of my personal biases. The hardest goal I met and continue to practice meeting this goal is
being mindful of my personal biases. I practice being mindful by being aware of my personal biases. Usually, when I do not agree with different
perspective from mine, I make facial expression showing my disapproval. Also, I would

The Theory Of Theory And Theory
This paper will look into the VDL theory otherwise known as LMX theory, apply relevant situations to the leadership theory, and formulate a plan of
implementation to exercise future understanding and the concepts to practice ongoing enhanced personal management style. This will be
accomplished by exposing key questions and problems and make an analysis of the information from the brief history of LMX theory. Leading into the
concept of vertical dyads, in and out–group understandings, initiatives that can be predictors of team or group status, applying reason to management
trait with the conclusions that can be compared to other relevant tested results.
Leader–Member Exchange or LMX theory is unlike other forms of management theories like skills approach and situational approach as an example
of two, which are emphasized, is based on the leader point of perception (Northouse, 2016). LMX theory is focused on interactions between leader and
follower, this dyadic or sociologically significant relationship between two individuals exists in a dynamic exchange based on communication. This
communication is exchanged in many forms and is not limited to verbal, written, and body language. Communication exchange between a leader and
subordinate resulting in a flow of information, performance, job climate, innovation, organizational citizenship behavior, empowerment and so on,
forming many aspects of an organization (Northhouse, 2016). LMX theory is a contemporary make–up of earlier

Cultural Influences in the Absolutely True Diary of a...
Introduction The Absolutely True Diary of a Part–Time Indian by Sherman Alexie is a novel about Arnold Spirit (Junior), a boy from the Spokane
Indian Reservation who decides to attend high school outside the reservation in order to have a better future. During that first year at Reardan High
School, Arnold has to find his place at his all–white school, cope with his best friend Rowdy and most of his tribe disowning him, and endure the
deaths of his grandmother, his father's best friend, and his sister. Alexie touches upon issues of identity, otherness, alcoholism, death, and poverty in
order to stay true to his characters and the cultures within the story. Through the identification of the role of the self, identity, and social behavior...
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16). Arnold perceives himself within his relations with his family and the reservation, thus his self–esteem is directly tied to his place within the two
groups. However near the end of the book, Arnold cries for his "fellow tribal members" future in the reservation (Alexie, 2009, p. 216) and
acknowledges that he "was the only one who was brave and crazy enough to leave the rez.... The only one with enough arrogance" (Alexie, 2009, p.
217). Although part of his self image is still tied to his tribe, Arnold sees himself as independent from them. He has a sense of who he is from his
choice to leave the reservation and the qualities that allowed him to do so. The experiences Arnold encountered along the way such as exclusion,
individuals with highly independent self–construals, and the deaths of his led to changes in his self–concept. Another topic of importance to the book
is collective identity. Matsumoto and Juang (2013) describe identity as "the way individuals understand themselves and are recognized," while
collective identity is more specifically about people's association with "social categories" (p. 357). Identity is considered fluid as it can change
depending on the situation, its players, and each individual's point of view (Matsumoto & Juang, 2013, pp.357–358). This explains how Arnold's
identity appears to morph throughout the book . For instance, Arnold's early identification as a poor Indian kid juxtaposes Arnold's later feelings of

Ingroups, Outgroups, and Their Affects on Behaviors
Ingroups, Outgroups, and Their
Affect on Behaviors
We as humans tend to relate to those that are similar to us, and tend to alienate those that we deem as different than us. Whether it is by race, gender,
culture, or religion, it is something that is almost always present in human interactions, and often times can be completely subconscious. In our
textbook Interpersonal Communication by Kory Floyd, an ingroup is defined as "A group of people with whom one identifies." An outgroup is
conversely defined as "A group of people whom one does not identify." Henri Tajfel first coined this terminology while he was working to devise his
social identity theory. These ideas of classifying people into ingroups and outgroups can lead to many... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In matches between the two groups of football teams, the teams from the same state as the umpires received more favorable decisions than the
other teams did by a margin of 11% for the 171 games studied." In situations where the umpires had to allocate rewards to members of a group they
identified with competing against a group they did not identify with they clearly favored their ingroup. This study helped proved the theory that
intergroup competition is a prevalent reason why ingroup favoritism is often exhibited in society. This idea is completely embedded into the entire
sporting culture of our society today. We group ourselves together with the "home team" or the ingroup. We prefer for that group, as well as ourselves
by association, to be successful. The second explanation that is usually offered is the idea that people will have a better opinion of people in their
ingroup in order to boost their own self–esteem by association. Robert Cialdini conducted a very interesting study on a concept called Basking in
Reflected Glory (BIRG) at several different universities. In order to study how self–esteem was a determinant of ingroup bias, Cialdini and his team
researched the behavior of students after victories and losses of the school's football teams. Their results "Demonstrated the BIRG phenomenon by
showing a greater tendency for university students to wear

Essay on Psychological Aspects of Remember the Titans
Quinn
Psych 100
November 13, 2012
Psychology in Movies
Psychology is the study of or science of how individuals and groups behave and their mental processes. Characteristics of these behaviors and mental
processes are portrayed in many different ways within the movies that we create. Within the movie, Remember the Titans, many social psychology
concepts are present. Remember the Titans is a movie set in Virginia 1971, its about a high school football team and how they come together in order
to try and win the state championship. Unfortunately it is not that simple, this is a high school that has just been forced to integrate in a time of racial
segregation, in a town where football is everything and is most of the boys' ticket out of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The four that organized this meeting ask them to stay and hear them out. They talk about winning games but point out that that isn't a win, sticking
together through all the chaos as a team is a true win. This meeting or decision making group decide to work for harmony within the group and let it
override the realistic alternative of reverting back to the hate of each other that is the norm in the town.
This entire movie is encased with ingroup bias and outgroups. A great example of this is a scene when the team is at their football camp. Louie goes
to sit down at a table of all African Americans and Julius says, "What you doing man?" Louie answers "I'm eating lunch." and Julius replies "I see
you eating lunch. Why you eating over here? Why don't you go on over there and eat with your people." This shows Julius' tendency to favor his
own group over Louie who is perceived to be part of a group that is different than his group. Remember the Titans being set in a segregated time is all
about the in–group and out–group.
In conclusion, the three concepts that are evident in Remember the Titans are foot–in–the–door phenomenon, groupthink, and ingroup bias and outgroup
. Adding these concepts into the plot made this a stronger storyline, by creating a dynamic story. The concept of groupthink is a concept that I

The Issues Which Preventing Communication Within On...
A CIVIL MEETING
PART A
Communication Problem: – The issues which prevent communication within on organisation are called communication A.Problem:– Gender
discrimination
Created by: – Doug and Jeremy
In this case study the firm is suffering from gender discrimination as when Richard introduce Lucy name Doug and Jeremy felts lightly uncomfortable
because he has chosen a woman. They both were not happy with a young female working in their company.
B.Problem: – Lack of responsibility
Created by: – Doug
In this firm, many major subjects are neglected by Doug. Whenever Lucy demand more information about the company Doug refused to help her. He
starts making excuses to quit from work.
C.Problem: – Difference in perception and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.Group discussion: – When we are known to the problem we can have group discussion in a formal way in which all the partners are informed to
make their agendas and present in front of all.
C.Reconstruction of organisation structure and assign responsibilities: – In this firm responsibility are not shared among partners so it is essential to
provide each person a responsibility and to reconstruct the organisation structure and assign appropriate responsibility to each member.
D.Define authority: – As we know that in any business decisions are very important part. This it is important to build an authority system in this firm
who can take responsibility and has ability to articulate any decision.
E.Revise the profit share system: – Some partners in the firm demand to revise the profit share and this is adequate to happen here. The firm is
running on some old policies and systems and it is very important to change it for the betterment of firm. The deserving employees must get

appreciated for their work in cash and kind.
Best strategy
A.Group discussion: – The most appropriate solution if their problem is group discussion because instead of capital sharing issue partners have some
other problems also like gender discrimination misunderstandings about fraud, betrayal in adequate responsibility share and many more. These
problems cannot be resolve by

In Group Bias Research Essay
The study aimed to investigate if artificial grouping lead to in–group bias, and to further examine the effect on in–group bias when participants are
given autonomy over the decision in which rating scales are the most important . It was anticipated that in–group bias would be expressed when
participants rated their own poster against the other groups in terms of overall effectiveness. This hypothesis was supported. Indeed, a large and
statistically significant difference was found between the two scores for overall effectiveness. In agreement with past studies (Brewer, 1979;
Buttelmann & BГ¶hm, 2014; Lindeman, 1997), the in–group rated themselves as better than the out–group. This result is important, as it cements past
research in proposing that in–group bias is expressed in groups, even if they are artificially created.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indeed, the groups in this study were artificially selected. Perhaps, to further incorporate the dimension of individualism and collectivism, future
research could compare levels of in–group bias between several cultures. This may allow us to ascertain whether the influence of individualism impacts
upon the levels of in–group bias shown in artificial or meaningful groups. Indeed, a limitation of the current study was the inability to apply the results
across cultures (to collectivist cultures for example). However, answers to the phenomenon of in–group bias are not universal, and should only be
understood against the social backdrop in which they were examined (Tajfel, Billig, Bundy, & Flament, 1971, p.

Business Communication : Developing Leaders For A...
In a society where technology grows exponentially, the amount of information available is practically endless. Whether one needs to know
ingredients to a recipe, or cures to an illness, the Internet has an answer. The simplicity of the Internet, however comes with a major drawback: the
quality of the data. In Peter Cardon's book Business Communication: Developing Leaders for a Networked World, he explains that there are five main
components that one should consider in evaluating quality data: reliability, relevance, adaptability, expertise, and biases. The five data sources I chose
were the Wall Street Journal, CNN, Fox News, JSTOR, and Seth's blog. The primary reason these sources attract me are for their political and economic
information. My primary source would be the Wall Street Journal. I read it for its economic and political issues. This source has been proven to be
reliable. The newspaper is the most circulated in the United States, and the twelfth most popular globally. For the most part, any source that is
recognized on a national and global level is thought as being reliable. The newspaper is published six days a week, and therefore "current."
I would also consider Fox News and CNN reliable sources. This again can be accredited to their popularity. That does not mean that popularity equals
reliability, but can often times be the case. The reason that popularity and high ranking have a purpose here is due to the seriousness of the subject
matter. These news

The Biases Of The Unconscious Mind
In this philosophical study, an analysis of the biases of the unconscious mind in relation to the mind of "others" will be analyzed in the context of a
peer–reviewed article on the misuse of anti–depression drugs. The analogical argument of Bertrand Russell defines the example of unconscious
associations part of the reason why individuals have a biased view of others, which reflects the problematic ways in which scientists are limited in their
understanding of different behaviors. One problem is the inability of scientists to understand multiple unconscious motivations of drug use, which are
examined in Weyandt et al's (2016) in the misuse of anti–depressant medications in college students. In this manner, the a clinical study was done on
college students, which sought to examine the motivations for the misuse of anti–depressants, which they found to have a negative impact on enhanced
learning processes. Commonly, these drugs were thought to help stabilize the mind of the individual in the hope that it would help students improve
academic performance,., however, they found many biases in their studies on the motivational use of these drugs:
According to Weyandt et al. (2013) and Benson et al. (2015), other less commonly endorsed motives include recreational reasons (e.g., getting "high"),
weight loss, and curiosity, and as many as 40% of students may engage in misuse for more than one reason (Benson et al., 2015) (Weyandt et al. 402).
In this manner, the difficulty of

The Chameleon Effect: The Perception-Behavior Link And...
It was a brutally cold November morning, and my roommate and I talked in hushed voices as we hid under our covers in dread. Her voice was
warm and robust, tinged with a slight Nigerian influence. Our tones were calm and slow, still waking from our short sleep. Not five minutes in,
however, this rare moment of peace was sharply shattered by a banging at the door. As the stomps of a cranky Tyler entered the room, we knew our
avoidance was over. Immediately, Tyler began to yell at my roommate, Oluwafolabomi, in a deep, loud voice, thick in its Liberian influence. The
ensuing debate between the girls, over topics I could barely discern, bore no resemblance to the previous conversation. Oluwafolabomi's voice was
now deep, vivid, and utterly... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Questioning the fundaments of community building is the start of the solution. Of these building blocks, perhaps the most significant and unrecognized
is the chameleon effect. The chameleon effect subconsciously communicates community, and subconsciously marks its outsiders. It is therefore
imperative that people begin to become aware of their use of this effect. Admittedly, it is more than mildly ironic that to urge awareness of a
subconscious action. But implicit biases, or attitudes or stereotypes that affect the way we perceive and interact with others, are created in the
subconscious ("Understanding implicit bias"). Likewise, implicit biases must be combatted by thorough examination of the subconscious. The
chameleon effect and the implicit biases that may guide it must be thoroughly examined in order to gain an awareness of our actions. It is recognition
of why such actions occur that we can begin to truly control them. Communities are important. They foster feelings of support, preserve culture, and
validate the worth of the shared characteristic. In critical times, we must examine our subconscious actions to promote these benefits of communities,
as well as overcome their inheent

My Experience At The Mall As A Cosmetics Sales Person
As I walked back to my car, I reflected on my experience working at the mall as a cosmetics sales person. I had more intimacy with shoppers than
other sales positions because I was selling them something personal. I think about the smells of the lotions, perfumes and the colorful palette of
lipsticks. I remember standing behind the counter with my shoes off or sneaking into facial room to take a quick nap. I hated wearing makeup to
promote the products to look pretty but you get into trouble if you didn't promote the cosmetic line. What does the cosmetic counter represent? British
journalist Deborah Ross (2011), did a story working behind the counter calls it the "hostile make–over bid" surrounded by girls putting cakey crap on
your face... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This made me comfortable and made the interviewees open up. My brief encounter with fieldwork has always been about art education where I
didn't worry about my personal biases. I have always had my opinion working in the cosmetic department, but to hear another person speak on how
they see the job is worth investigating. People look at mall culture as the shoppers and not the employees. I wish I had more time to really talk to the
women in–depth. In the beginning of my project, I worried about how I was going to enter the mall as an outsider with an unbiased lens. I picked
an area that I was too comfortable to really understand how it would feel to the other side. For example, when I went to the nail salon to have my
nail fix to and to observe another form of beauty, my antennas were already up. ME: How much to fix my nail? Nail tech: $4 Then she looked
again and changed it to $5 and said I had long nails. ME: You just said $4, which is it $4 or $5. Nail tech: depends on the size. ME: what is the size
difference for the prices. I told her I didn't want a long nail. I sat down and she put on a tip on my thumbnail and showed me the differences in the
cuts. I told her the $4 cut was fine. I asked her did she use a particular method called the dip method for nails. She said no, just acrylic, I asked her
again to make sure she understood what I was talking about. Surprisingly, she didn't know it

Dual Process Notion Essay
Psychology 5002 Final Examination: Spring, 2017
Number1
Moskowitz, Skurnik & Galinsky (1999). The History of Dual–Process Notions, and the Future of Preconscious Control – State that "in attempting to
demonstrate that automaticity is indeed limited when discussing social perception,..... researchers have attempted too zealously to assert the role of
free will (and to squash the image of humans as mindless automatons)"
A.Discuss this quote based on, at least, the above mentioned chapter.
Sensory experience comes before meaning. Some researchers like Devine will argue that stereotypes are activated automatically and only through
conscious examination are we able to overturn these thoughts and become less prejudicial. Other researchers think ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This terror can be managed by investing in a cultural worldview. A cultural worldview provides an explanation for existence, it has a set of values that
prescribe good and bad behavior as well as promising safety and death transcendence to those who follow those standards of that determined

What Were Your Results As A Leader And A Subordinate?
What were your results as a leader and as a subordinate?
I am currently the Head of School and would normally be the subordinate to the Board of Trustees. There is currently a dispute about who the BOT
are and the courts have nullified all groups claiming to be our school board. It is a mess but we are dealing with it the best that we can. The point that I
am trying to make is that as of now I am not subordinate to anyone until the court sorts through the conflict.
As a leader my score was the LMZ7 was a 30. This is a score which is considered very high. According to Northouse (2013) the results show that I am a
stronger leader and I have "higher–quality member exchanges" (p.156). Survey questions 1–3 and 5–6 where all scored a 4. Questions 4 and 7 were
scored a 5.
Tell of a work–related issue wherein you applied the Leader Mentor Theory (either as a leader or a subordinate). If you have never applied this theory,
tell of an incident in which you could have applied Leader–Member Exchange, and describe what you think the results would have been, had you
applied this theory.
I have been a Head of School at three different independent schools and each has required that I adapt my leadership style to ensure that the mission
of the schools was successful. The first school where I was the HOS was a new school in Hawaii and very grounded in the progressive educational
pedagogy. The second school was a traditionaleducation school with an ageing faculty in South Carolina. My

Ingroup Bias Essay
The effect of status on ingroup bias of university students
Abstract
Prior studies report that the status of individuals significantly effects the degree of ingroup bias and outgroup derogation expressed within social
groups. In the current study, 360 university students (70% female; Mage = 19.2; SD = 4.2) were randomly assigned to a high–status or low–status
group and asked to allocate points to the respective groups. In a secondary round, half the individuals underwent an identity shift to determine the effect
of status manipulation on ingroup favouritism. The results showed that high–status groups displayed a greater mean ingroup bias than low–status
groups and that identity shifts from high–status to low–status resulted in greater ingroup bias than all other treatments. This suggests the possible
influence of illegitimacy and instability on intergroup favouritism and mechanisms of self–advancement. Further research is required to better
understand the effect of status manipulation on intergroup bias in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The present study suggests that status significantly effects the nature of ingroup bias, especially when sociostructural factors including stability and
legitmacy of status are considered, as this contributed to the unexpected enhacement of ingroup favouritism in inferior and unfavourable circumstances.
However, these results are limited to the effect of minimal group paradigms and have been collected in an articial environment, which have the
potential to yield inaccurate results that do not properly reflect real–world social issues (Bettencourt et al., 2001). Hence, further reasearch into the
effect of status manipulation should include field studies, to determine if the results obtained from the current study are reliable and can be applied to
real–world

Our Fear Of Immigrants By Jeremy Adam Smith
Ask First, Judge Later
The topic of immigrants has been debated for centuries, and has been an even larger topic for discussion since the attack on the two towers in 2001.
Many people contemplate whether immigrants are a reason to be scared, not; and if so, then why? If one finds themselves asking this conflicting
question, Jeremy Adam Smith's article, Our Fear of Immigrants, provides an answer. Relying on research from psychologists and sociologists, Smith
gives sufficient evidence for why immigrants bring such intense feelings of both hatred and compassion, and recommends a way to increase empathy
toward them.
In Our Fear of Immigrants, Smith begins with the story of a fourth grade class in Berkeley, California that is devastated by the loss of their friend,
Rodrigo Guzman, whom authorities sent back to Mexico because of an expired visitor's visa. With the help of their parents, these fourth graders in
Berkeley, California sent their friend a comforting video and wrote a letter to their Congressmen in protest against the deportation of Rodrigo. Smith
then tells of the protestors in Murrieta, California who blocked buses transporting undocumented immigrants to a holding facility (751). Princeton
psychologist Susan Fiske explains that, through her travels, she has found prejudice towards immigrants common around the world. In fact, it is so
widespread that the reaction of the Murrieta protestors is decidedly backed by psychology as a survival instinct. For example,

Point of View Essay
In the short story "Through the tunnel", Doris Lessing describes the adventure of Jerry, a young English boy trying to swim through an underwater
tunnel. Throughout the story, the author uses the third person omniscient point of view to describe the boy 's surroundings and to show us both what
he and the other characters are thinking and what is happening around them. By using this point of view, the author is able to describe the setting of
the story, give a detailed description of the characters, and make the theme visible. By using the third person omniscient point of view, the narrator can
give us a detailed and unbiased description of his/her surroundings while still retaining part of the character 's view of reality. When the... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This also explains why the mother let him go without questions, even if she was very worried about him. Also, when the narrator describes the native
boys as "big boys – men to Jerry", we realize that although the boys might be only a little older than Jerry, he considers them as men and he tries
everything to become like one of them, even going through the long, dark and dangerous underwater tunnel. I believe that if the writer would have
used first person point of view, we would only perceive what that single character is experiencing, thus giving us a limited and one–sided view of the
world. In this story, the narrator gives us the important clues that lead us to the theme by letting us know what the characters think. For example,
when the Jerry 's mother says "Of course he 's old enough to be safe without me", we realize that the boy is at a point in his life when he is ready to
discover the world by himself. In addition, when his mother thinks "Have I been keeping him too close? He mustn 't feel he ought to be with me. I
must be careful.", we realize that the author implies that it is wrong to keep him close to her for too long, and both these examples add to the notion
that the rite of passage must be undergone without the interference of others. Obviously, this concept wouldn 't have been clear without the view of the
mother. In

Scapegoat Incident Analysis
The experience I had as a member of a group in which someone became a scapegoat involves a situation in which I was a scapegoat. This situation
occurred last year, September of 2015, not long after starting to take classes at Teachers College. The class in which this incident occurred was
Fundamentals of Cooperation, Conflict Resolution, and Mediation in Different Institutional Contexts. I was assigned to a group at the time by the
professor of the class. I will speak in third person regarding this incident. The scapegoat was created based on an incident that occurred during one of
the first team meetings. The group as a whole were discussing the homework assignment from the previous week. The task was to give a personal
definition of the word conflict. As different members of the group mentioned their definitions, the soon to be scapegoat illustrated a difference of
opinion. While all the other members of the group discussed how conflict can be negative, the scapegoat mentioned during his definition that conflict,
while tough to address at times, had the potential to be positive. Immediately, the individual who was seen as the group's leader disagreed and so did the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scapegoat accepted being the target because this is a usual part of life that he expected. The scapegoat acted with an acceptable mindset instead
of an unacceptable one. A unacceptable sort of mindset would have allowed the scapegoat to state that how they are treating him is not fair. He could
have mentioned that the group should not have treated him differently whether it be because of stereotypes, difference of opinion, or for doing what
they wish they would have done, which was to study before class. It is possible that he may have gained an ally either in the professor (the professor
disagreed with the group's opinion in a class discussion and acknowledged the scapegoat's) or other students outside the

Prejudice And Discrimination Dbq
1. Answer: In my own word I would defined superordinate goal as goals that require two or more than two people to complete. It is also a group task
that will basically provide a good reward to the whole group or team.
2. Answer: To check if the prejudice is caused by competition between the in–group and out–group, Sherif has proposed a test. This same test also
demonstrated that inter–group conflict could be reduce by the introduction of superordinate goals. An example of the superordinate group is given by
Sherif. He has made two groups "then" he called them for competition. It, turns out that the super ordinate goals that he introduced were common goals
that require all group members to work together to resolve the conflict like for instance ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They, are emotions as dislike, anxiety, or resentment. They, are also known as Symbolic prejudices because overt expression of prejudices is
considered as bad and it reflects a character flaw. Many people pretend to act as unprejudiced.
Examples list below:
Because Black people are unwilling to work they are economically backward.
Black people look for special treatment, are lazy, don't want to work hard.
4. Answer: The forms of prejudice and discrimination has changed, since the civil rights movement in the 1960s. I believe for the better interest of the
society, American society adheres to social norms that intergroup equality is best and serves. Sometimes some of us want to be seen as good person to
the world, so people can see them as unprejudiced. Rather than equality of outcomes they endorse inter–group equality but focus on equality of
opportunity.
5. Answer: "Microaggression" is a term defined as a statement that put into action, as regarded as an instance of a direct incident, it is also can be
unintentional discrimination that is use as a racial or ethnic against members of a marginal group. I think that these dynamics are real expressions of
prejudice and discrimination of people. When I analyze the whole situation in today world, people are becoming overly sensitive and making a "big
deal" out of nothing! So, in my point of view, both view–points are

The Theory Of Theory And Personal Theory
LMX Theory and Personal Gain This paper will look into the VDL theory otherwise known as LMX theory, apply relevant situations to the leadership
theory, and formulate a plan of implementation to exercise future understanding and concepts to practice ongoing enhanced personal management style.
This will be accomplished by exposing key questions and problems and make an analysis of the information from brief history of LMX theory leading
into concept of vertical dyads, in and out–group understandings, initiatives that can be predictors of team or group status, applying reason to
management trait with conclusions that can be compared to other relevant tested results.
Leader–Member Exchange or LMX theory is unlike other forms of management theory's like skills approach and situational approach as example of
two which are emphasis is based on the leader point of perception (Northouse, 2016). LMX theory is focused on interactions between leader and
follower, this dyadic or sociologically significant relationship between two individuals exists in a dynamic exchange based on communication. This
communication is exchanged in many forms and is not limited to verbal, written, and body language. Communication exchange between a leader and
subordinate resulting in a flow of information, performance, job climate, innovation, organizational citizenship behavior, empowerment and so on,
forming many aspects of an organization (Northhouse, 2016). LMX theory is a contemporary make–up of

Evaluating the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Social...
This essay will be looking to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the social identity theory with studies to support.
The Social Identity theory (SIT) was proposed by Henry Tajfel. It was then later developed by Tajfel and Turner in 1971 to help them understand inter
group relations. The Social Identity theory assumes that individuals strive to improve their self–image by trying to enhance their self–esteem, through
social (in and out groups) and personal identities. There are 4 main concepts within the social identity theory all of which will be discussed in the essay.
One of these is Social categorization. Based on the name it is very self explanatory, with the social categorization there is the need to divide, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method A: Fans from large U.S. prestigious football universities were participants in a field experiment (in large lecture halls across 7 different
schools) where they observed student clothing/apparel on a Monday following a big football game.
Results A: Students tended to wear more apparel associating themselves with their own university (e.g. jersey or sweatshirt) when the football team
won compared to when they lost.
Method B: Based on these findings, researchers decided to call students and interview them about the performance of their schools football team
following a game.
Results B:
People tended to use the pronoun "we" more to describe their team when they won and "they" more when the team had lost. The researchers were able
to show that people tend to associate with positive others most closely when their own public image is threatened.
Conclusion: The study Demonstrated that people seek a positive social identity and that their social identity is affected by being a part of their group
so that you are more positive towards anything that your own group represents.
The self–image of individuals was affected by their in–group in that the victory gave a sense of "positive– distinctiveness" for the group and therefore
enhanced self–esteem. This supports the Social learning theory.

Intergroup behaviors
The Social

Observation Of The Bystander Effect Essay
The purpose of this research paper is to help precisely identify the "bystander effect" as defined by noted social psychologists. It will also explain why
the bystander effect occurs and with whom it occurs more often. Using multiple examples of psychological studies on this concept, this paper will give
reasons the bystander effect is an important and yet controversial thing to study. Additionally, it will outline how these studies are conducted and the
setbacks of those methods. Lastly, this paper will come to a conclusion based on the results of the studies cited.
The Importance of Studying the Bystander Effect It is critical to understand the bystander effect in order to predict how individuals will react to certain
emotionally arousing situations. Will they risk themselves and help the victim? Or will they stick to self–preservation and avoid the potentially
dangerous situation altogether? Also, are people more likely to help someone who is a member of their in–group? Are they less likely to assist a
member of their outgroup? Abbott and Cameron found that people have a greater ingroup bias when they have less intergroup interaction. Meaning,
those who are more isolated in their own group with little socialization with others, will be less likely to stand up and assist someone in an out–group.
These findings are very important to help us understand why some people ignore emergency situations when someone clearly needs assistance, and
better predict who they will

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