2. Definition
“A progressively monitored, step-by-
step teaching method, employing small
units of information or learning material
and frequent testing, whereby the
student must complete or pass one
stage before moving on to the next.”
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/programmed+instr
uction
3. Method of teaching in which
the information to be
learned is presented in
discrete units, with a correct
response to each unit
required before the learner
may advance to the next
4. Teaching Machine - a machine
or computer that gives
instruction to a student
according to a program,
reacting to their responses
5.
6. Historical Background
The first teaching machine was
invented in 1934 by Sydney L.
Pressey.
Programmed Instruction was
developed by B. F. Skinner. Even
though he used this model in
experimental settings throughout
the 1920s and 1930s, it wasn't until
the 1950s when him and J. G.
7. .
Principles Explanation
Active learner
response
To what extent a learner can understand is judged
by making him/her answer questions. The extent of
a learner's understanding is ascertained from what
is demonstrated in the responses.
Immediate
feedback
Let a learner know whether his/her answer is
correct or incorrect immediately. Give the learner
the subsequent question after he/she knows
whether his/her response is right or wrong
Small steps
Set small steps in order to prevent a learner from
stumbling as much as possible. When he/she
makes a mistake, there is the risk of being labeled a
failure.
Self pacing
Let the learner decide the speed of learning so that
he/she can learn at his/her own pace. Consider
that an appropriate speed varies from learner to
learner.
Learner
verification
Whether the program is good or bad it is judged
not based on a specialists' opinions, but whether
learning is actually established or not. To that end,
get learners who have yet to learn the subject
matter to try the program under development.
Based on the trials, improve the material as
necessary.
8. .
Application of Programmed Instruction
As an educational technique, it is
characterized by self-paced, self-
administered instruction, which is
presented in a logical sequence and
with multiple content repetitions.
Skinner argues that learning can be
accomplished if the content is divided
into small, incremental steps, and if
learners get immediate feedback,
reinforcement and reward. As a
method, it can be applied through
9. .Programs have been devised
for the teaching of spelling,
reading, arithmetic, foreign
languages, physics, psychology
and number of other subjects
