This document provides an overview of the key structures and concepts covered in anatomy practical sessions. It begins by outlining the sections covered in Practical 1, including the mandible bone, salivary glands, muscles of mastication, anterior and posterior abdominal walls, and organs. It then delves into greater detail on specific topics like the norma lateralis view of the skull, features and attachments of the mandible bone, salivary glands including the parotid and submandibular glands, muscles of mastication, the palate, and the tongue. Key structures are identified and their relations, attachments, innervations and functions are discussed in brief bullet-pointed sections.

2. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 1
Sections:
• Normal lateralis - MandibleBone
• Salivary glands - Palate -
Tongue - pharynx
• Muscles of mastication
Head & Neck
• Anterior & Posterior
Abdominal
wall
• Stomach - Liver
• small & large intestine -
pancreas
Organs

3. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 2
A) Norma lateralis
‫ال‬ ‫بس‬ ‫هنوضح‬ ، ‫الصورة‬ ‫ع‬ ‫واضحة‬ ‫العضم‬ ‫أماكن‬sutures:
-‫أدام‬ ‫عندنا‬H-shaped suture‫من‬ ‫بيتكون‬ ‫وده‬4bones:
 Frontal bone → ‫أدام‬
 Parietal bone → ‫فوق‬
 Temporal bone → ‫ورا‬
 Greater wing of sphenoid bone → ‫تحت‬
‫دول‬ ‫عضمات‬ ‫األربع‬ ‫التقاء‬ ‫مكان‬‫نقطة‬ ‫في‬‫اسمها‬←pterion
-‫ال‬lambdoid suture‫يقابل‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫من‬‫ال‬parieto-Temporal suture‫اسمها‬ ‫نقطة‬ ‫في‬
←Asterion
Bone

4. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 3
-‫عندنا‬zygomatic arch‫اتحاد‬ ‫من‬ ‫بيتكون‬ ‫وده‬ ‫كدة‬ ‫الجنب‬ ‫من‬ ‫بارز‬2 processes:
1) Temporal process of zygomatic bone
2) Zygomatic process of temporal bone
‫ال‬ ‫اسم‬process‫من‬‫الحتة‬‫رايح‬ ‫هو‬ ‫اللي‬‫لها‬+‫منها‬ ‫طالع‬ ‫هو‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫العضمة‬ ‫اسم‬
——————
‫هنتكلم‬ ‫دلوقتي‬‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫عن‬skull‫بتدي‬attachment‫عندنا‬ ‫؟‬ ‫اليه‬4 muscles of mastication
‫ال‬origin‫من‬ ‫جاي‬ ‫بتاعهم‬skull:
1) Floor of Temporal fossa + inferior temporal line ‫(مش‬) ‫دي‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ظاهر‬ →
Origin of Temporalis muscle
2) Lower border & inner surface of zygomatic arch → origin of masseter
muscle

5. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 4
٣)‫ليها‬ ‫التالتة‬ ‫الماسل‬2 heads:
-‫علم‬ ‫لو‬‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬zygomatic arch‫ال‬ ‫في‬infratemporal surface of greater wing of
sphenoid bone←erygoid muscled of lateral ptheaupperorigin of
-‫علي‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬pterygoid plateateralLofsurfaceateralL←dhealowerorigin of
musclepterygoidateralLof‫افتكرها‬ (4L)
٤)‫ليها‬ ‫بردو‬ ‫األخيرة‬ ‫الماسل‬2heads:
-‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫علي‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬maxilla‫ورا‬ ‫من‬( maxillary tuberosity )←origin of
d of medial pterygoid muscleheasuperficial
-‫علي‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬of Lateral pterygoid platesurfacemedial←d ofheadeeporigin of
medial pterygoid muscle
‫آخر‬ ‫إن‬ ‫بالك‬ ‫خد‬ ‫يبقي‬2muscles‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫ماسكين‬ ‫االتنين‬lateral pterygoid plate‫ماسكة‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫بس‬
‫ال‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫من‬lateral‫والتانية‬medial

6. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 5
-‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫نعرفهم‬ ‫حاجتين‬ ‫آخر‬skull:
1)Fossa‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫موجودة‬maxilla‫وال‬lateral pterygoid plate←pterygopalatine
fossa
2)‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫حفرة‬skull‫ال‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يقعد‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫من‬mandible←mandibular fossa‫ويتكون‬
‫ال‬tempro-mandibular joint
B) Mandible :
‫ال‬ ‫هنعرف‬features‫و‬ ، ‫فيه‬ ‫هنشوفها‬ ‫اللي‬: ‫منك‬ ‫طلب‬ ‫لو‬
- Related to ? → nerve , vessels
- Attached? → ligaments / muscles
‫ال‬features‫متشاور‬‫عليهم‬‫ف‬‫الصورة‬‫هنقول‬ ‫وبعدين‬ ،‫ال‬relations/attachments

7. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 6
 Mental foramen ►( related to it ? ) → mental nerve & Vessels
 Angle of the mandible ►( attached to it ? ) →stylo-mandibular ligament
 Ramus of mandible ►( attached to it ? ) →insertion of Masseter muscle
 Neck of the mandible ► ( related to it ? ) →Auriculo-temporal nerve &
maxillary artery
 Head of mandible ►articulates with mandibular fossa of the skull to form
tempro-mandibular joint
 Coronoid process ►( attached to it ? ) →insertion of Temporalis muscle

8. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 7
 Mylohyoid line ►( attached to it ? ) → origin of Mylohyoid muscle
And the posterior part of the line ( attached to it ? ) → pterygomndibular
ligament
 Sublingual fossa ►( related to it ? ) → sublingual gland
 Submandibular fossa ►( related to it ? ) → submandibular gland
 Mandibular foramen ►( related to it ? ) → inferior alveolar nerve &
Vessels
 Lingual ►( attached to it ? ) → spheno-mandibular ligament
 Mandibular notch ►( related to it ? ) → nerve go masseter muscle
 Mylohyoid groove ►nerve to Mylohyoid
** groove at medial aspect of last molar tooth → ( related to it ? ) >>
lingual nerve “ dangerous area “

9. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 8
‫كمان‬ ‫حاجتين‬ ‫فاضل‬: ‫جوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫بنشوفهم‬
‫اتبقي‬ ‫وكان‬2muscles of mastication‫ال‬ ‫مقولناش‬insertion: ‫ليهم‬
-Lateral pterygoid muscle←‫في‬ ‫بتمسك‬pterygoid fovea‫علي‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫حفرة‬ (
‫ال‬neck‫جوا‬ ‫من‬(
-Medial pterygoid muscle←‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫بتمسك‬ramus‫ال‬ ‫عكس‬ ( ‫جوا‬ ‫من‬masseter)

10. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 9
I. Salivary glands:
 Identify :
-‫ال‬ ‫أدام‬ear‫علطول‬←Parotid gland
-‫ال‬ ‫أدام‬ ‫من‬ ‫طالعة‬gland←Parotid duct
-‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬mandible←Submandibular gland‫ده‬ ‫منها‬ ‫شايفينه‬ ‫بنكون‬ ‫واللي‬‫هو‬
‫ال‬superficial part‫األسئلة‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫بيكون‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫وهو‬ ،
_________________
1) Parotid gland :
 Structures inside the parotid gland ( enumerate 2 )
1- Facial nerve ( most superficial structure )
2- Retromandibular vein
3- External carotid artery ( deepest structure )
4- Auriculo-temporal nerve
5- Parotid lymph nodes
 Explain how this structure enters / (or leaves ) the gland
Enters through Leaves through
1- Facial nerve Postero-medial surface Plexus gives terminal branches :
 Temporal (upper end)
 Zygomatic , buccal ,
mandibular (Anterior border)
 Cervical ( lower end )
2- Retromandibular
vein
Formed from :
 Superficial
temporal v
( upper end )
 Maxillary v (
antero-medial
surface )
Lower end ( as anterior &
posterior branches )
3- External carotid
artery
Postero-medial surface Divides into :
 Superficial temporal a ( upper
end )
 Maxillary a ( antero-medial
surface )
4- Auriculo-temporal n. Antero-medial surface Upper pole
Head &
Neck

11. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 10
 Structures related anteromedial to parotid gland ( MMM )
- Posterior border of ramus of the mandible
- Masseter muscle
- Medial pterygoid muscle
 Structures related posteromedial to parotid gland (2 processes +sheath )
- Mastoid process + 2 muscles (sternomastoid / posterior belly of digastric(
- Styloid process + 3 muscles (stylohyoid / styloglossus / stylopharyngeus)
- Carotid sheath + contents ( internal carotid artery / internal jugular vein /
vagus nerve )
 Structures related to superficial surface
- Skin
- Superficial fascia ( contain platysma muscle )
- Parotid lymph nodes
- Great auricular nerve
 Mention sensory supply of the gland
- For capsule → great auricular nerve
- For parenchyma → auriculo-temporal nerve
 What is the cranial nerve responsible for parasympathetic supply of
parotid gland ? – Glossopharyngeal nerve
 What is the ganglion ? – Otic ganglion
 What is the postganglionic parasympathetic ? – Auriculo-temporal nerve
————————
2) Parotid duct :
 Mention where the parotid duct opens ?
- In the vestibule of the mouth opposite to upper second molar tooth

12. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 11
 What is the surface anatomy of the duct ?
- Middle third of a line connecting between 2 points :
1) Lower end of tragus of the ear
2) Pint midway between red margin of upper lip & ala of the nose
 Where it leaves the gland ?
- Through antero-medial surface
—-———————
3) Submandibular gland :
‫بنتسأل‬ ‫إننا‬ ‫بالنا‬ ‫ناخد‬‫عن‬‫ال‬superficial part
 Mention 2 lateral relations of the submandibular gland
- Submandibular fossa on medial surface of mandible
- Facial artery ( between the gland & mandible )
- Medial pterygoid muscle
 Mention 2 muscles medial to the gland
- Mylohyoid
- Hyoglossus
 Mention 2 nerves medial to the gland
- Lingual nerve
- Hypoglossal nerve
- Mylohyoid nerve
 Where submandibular duct opens ?
- In the floor of the mouth on the summit of small sublingual papillae ( at
site of frenulum of the tongue )

13. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 12
II. The palate :
 Identify :
-‫وأدام‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫ناشفة‬ ‫عضمة‬←Hard palate
-‫إيدك‬ ‫في‬ ‫وبتتحرك‬ ‫وراها‬←Soft palate
-‫في‬‫ال‬ )‫(طرف‬ ‫آخر‬soft palate←Uvula
—————————
 Mention 2 bones forming hard palate
1) Palatine process of maxilla
2) Horizontal plates of the palatine bones
 Mention the sensory nerve supply of hard palate
1- Great palatine nerve
2- Nasopalatine nerve
 Mention the sensory nerve supply of soft palate
1- Lesser palatine nerve
2- Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Mention the motor nerve supply of soft palate
- Cranial part of accessory nerve except tensor palati muscle supplied by
→ trunk of mandibular nerve
 What is lymphatic drainage of hard palate
- Submandibular lymph nodes
) ‫عملي‬ ‫هتشوفها‬ ‫مش‬ ‫لكن‬ ( ‫نظري‬ ‫الماسلز‬ ‫ع‬ ‫يسألك‬ ‫بردو‬ ‫ممكن‬
 What is the muscle that hooks around pterygoid hamulus ?
- Tensor palati muscle
 What is the muscle responsible for narrowing oropharyngeus isthmus ?
- Palatoglossus muscle
 What is the muscle responsible for narrowing nasopharyngeus isthmus?
- Palatopharyngeus muscle

14. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 13
III. The Tongue :
 Identify :
- The organ ? Tongue
- The surface ? Dorsal surface ‫فوق‬ ‫من‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫علي‬ ‫الدبوس‬ ‫بيحط‬
- The part ? Anterior 2/3rd
Or Posterior 1/3rd
-‫خالص‬ ‫أدام‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫الحتة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫مشاور‬ ‫الدبوس‬ ‫يجي‬ ‫ممكن‬←Tip of the tongue
 Mention the sensory nerve supply of anterior 2/3rd
?
- General sensation → lingual nerve
Taste sensation → Chorda tympani
 Mention the sensory nerve supply of posterior 1/3rd
?
- General & Taste sensation → Glossopharyngeal nevre
 Mention the motor nerve supply of the tongue ?
- All muscles are supplied by hypoglossal nerve except palatoglossus
muscle supplied by cranial part of accessory nerve
 Mention the lymphatic drainage of the tip of the tongue ?
- Submental lymph nodes
 Mention the lymphatic drainage of anterior 2/3rd
?
- Submandibular & deep cervical lymph nodes
 Mention the lymphatic drainage of posterior 1/3rd
?
- Deep cervical lymph nodes

15. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 14
 Identify ( MUSCLES ) : medial / lateral sides
 Medial side “2” :
-‫الجنب‬ ‫من‬ ‫اللسان‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدبوس‬‫ماسل‬ ‫في‬fan-shaped←Genioglossus muscle
-‫ماسل‬‫رفيعة‬‫ماشية‬ ، ‫خالص‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫آخر‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحتها‬ ‫موجودة‬straight←Geniohyoid
muscle
o Nerve supply of these muscles?
Hypoglossal nerve
( geniohyoid → C1 component of hypoglossal nerve )
o What is the action of genioglossus muscle ?
— Protrusion of the tongue
— Depression of median part of the tongue
o What is the origin of genioglossus muscle ?
— Superior genial tubercle of the mandible
 Lateral side “3” :
1)‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬submandibular gland(Digastric triangle)>> ‫فيه‬ ‫موجود‬
Anterior belly of digastric muscle
‫لو‬‫بيلمع‬ ‫أبيض‬ ‫خط‬ ‫هنالقي‬ ‫لورا‬ ‫مشينا‬‫ماسك‬‫فيها‬←intermediate tendon
‫هنالقي‬ ‫بعده‬ ‫كملنا‬ ‫لو‬‫ال‬posterior belly of digastric
o What is the nerve supply of digastric muscle ?
— Anterior belly → nerve to mylohyoid ( mandibular nerve )
— Posterior belly → facial nerve
o What is the action of digastric muscle ?
— Depression of the mandible
— Elevation of hyoid bone
2)‫موجودة‬ ‫ماسل‬deep‫لل‬submandibular gland>>Hyoglossus muscle
o What is the nerve supply ?
— Hypoglossal nerve

16. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 15
3)‫أدام‬ ‫موجودة‬ ‫ماسل‬‫و‬deep‫لل‬Anterior belly of digastric>>Mylohyoid
o What is the nerve supply ?
— Nerve to mylohyoid from inferior alveolar nerve
IV. Pharynx ( 3 parts ) :
1) Nasopharynx
1)‫فتحة‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األساسية‬ ‫عالمتة‬◄pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
2)‫حتة‬ ‫وراها‬‫راكبة‬ ‫كلكوعة‬‫لورا‬ ‫وراجعة‬ ‫الفتحة‬ ‫علي‬◄Tubal elevation
3)‫ال‬ ‫ورا‬elevation‫واطية‬ ‫حتة‬depressed◄Pharyngeal recess
4)‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫نازل‬elevation‫كدة‬ ‫خط‬‫او‬fold◄Salpingo-pharyngeal fold
5)‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫كدة‬ ‫بالعرض‬ ‫الدبوس‬ ‫يدخل‬ ‫ممكن‬posterior wall◄Pharyngeal tonsil‫و‬‫مش‬ ‫دي‬
‫ألنها‬ ‫العينات‬ ‫أغلب‬ ‫في‬ ‫بنالقيها‬‫بيحصلها‬atrophy‫سن‬ ‫بعد‬٢١‫سنة‬
 Structures that form tubal elevation ?
- Mucosa covering cartilaginous end of auditory tube
- Tubal tonsil ( lymphoid tissue )

17. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 16
 What is the sensory nerve supply of nasopharynx ?
- Maxillary nerve
 Artery related to pharyngeal recess ?
- Internal carotid artery
 Enlarged pharyngeal tonsil is called ?
- Adenoids
———————————-
2) Oropharynx
1)‫خط‬‫أدام‬ ‫موجود‬‫بين‬ ‫ما‬‫ال‬palate‫فوق‬‫وال‬tongue‫تحت‬◄Palatoglossal fold/arch
‫اللسان‬ ‫شديت‬ ‫ولو‬ ،‫يظهر‬ ‫ابتدي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫هتالقي‬
2)‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تاني‬ ‫خط‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫ورا‬palate‫وال‬ ‫فوق‬pharynx‫تحت‬◄palatopharyngeal
fold / arch
3)‫االتنين‬ ‫بين‬ ‫ما‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬folds◄Palatine tonsils‫ألن‬ ‫متضخمة‬ ‫هتالقيها‬ ‫مش‬ ً‫ا‬‫وغالب‬
‫مفيش‬infection
 Relations of palatine tonsils ?
- Superior : soft palate
- Inferior : posterior 1/3rd
of the tongue
- Medial : cavity of oropharynx
- Lateral : (tonsillar bed) : superior constrictor muscle + paratonsillar vein
+ tonsillar artery

18. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 17
 Arterial supply of the tonsil ?
1- Tonsillar artery
2- Ascending palatine artery ( from facial )
3- Ascending pharyngeal artery ( from external carotid )
4- Lingual artery ( from external carotid )
5- Twigs ( small branches) from greater palatine artery ( from maxillary)
 Venous drainage of the tonsil ?
- Paratonsillar vein
 Lymphatic drainage of the tonsil ?
- Deep cervical lymph nodes ( mainly jugulo-digastric nodes )
 Nerve supply of the tonsil ?
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
- Lesser palatine nerve
 Nerve supply of the oropharynx ?
- Glossopharyngeal nerve
-‫ال‬ ‫ورا‬tongue‫علطول‬◄Epiglottis
-‫دبوس‬ ‫يحط‬‫ال‬ ‫بين‬tongue‫وال‬epiglottis◄Vallecula
 Sensory nerve supply of vallecula ?
- Internal laryngeal nerve
——————————-
3) Laryngopharynx
-‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫دبوس‬epiglottis‫في‬ ‫موجود‬fossa◄Pyriform fossa
‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫الدبوس‬ ‫طالما‬ (epiglottis‫ال‬ ‫دخلت‬ ‫كدة‬ ‫يبقي‬laryngopharynx)
 Sensory nerve supply of pyriform fossa ?
- Internal laryngeal nerve
 Relations of pyriform fossa ?
- Medial → Aryepiglottic fold of the larynx
- Lateral → Thyrohyoid membrane (above ) , lamina of Thyroid cartilage
(below)
 Sensory nerve supply of laryngopharynx ?
- Internal laryngeal branch of vagus nerve

19. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 18
Muscles of mastication :
‫بردو‬ ‫تاني‬ ‫نجمعهم‬ ‫بس‬ ‫كدة‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫شرحناهم‬ ‫يعتبر‬
 Nerve supply:
- All muscles are supplied by mandibular nerve ☑
- All muscles are supplied by anterior division of mandibular nerve ☓
( except medial pterygoid supplied by the trunk )
 Action :
- All muscles cause elevation of the mandible except lateral pterygoid
- All muscles cause protraction of the mandible except Temporalis
- Side to side movement → medial & lateral pterygoid
1) Bone :
All muscles of mastication : origin from skull & insertion in mandible
 Origin :
1- inner surface & inferior border of zygomatic arch → origin of
Masseter muscle
2- Temporal fossa → origin of Temporalis muscle
3- Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate → origin of Lower head of
Lateral pterygoid muscle ( 4L )
4- Greater wing of sphenoid of infra temporal fossa → origin of upper
head of Lateral pterygoid muscle
5- Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate → origin of deep head of
Medial pterygoid muscle
6-‫ال‬ ‫علي‬ ‫يعلم‬maxilla( ‫ورا‬ ‫من‬maxillary tuberosity)←origin of
pterygoid muscleMedialhead ofsuperficial
 Insertion :
1)Coronoid process←Temporalisinsertion of
2)‫ال‬ ‫جوا‬neck of the mandible(pterygoid fovea)←lateralinsertion of
pterygoid muscle
3)‫ال‬ ‫علي‬mandibleramus of‫برا‬ ‫من‬←masseterinsertion of
4)‫ال‬ ‫علي‬angle of mandible‫جوا‬ ‫من‬←insertion of medial pterygoid

20. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 19
—————
2) Soft :
‫ال‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫العينة‬ ً‫ال‬‫أو‬infra Temporal fossa‫ال‬mandible‫ه‬‫مكسورة‬ ‫تبقي‬
‫ماسل‬‫لتحت‬ ‫مدلدلة‬‫و‬superficial◄masseter
‫ال‬ ‫عند‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫ماسل‬Temporal line‫ال‬ ‫أدام‬ear‫ال‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫و‬eye◄Temporalis‫ف‬ (‫ي‬
‫ال‬ ‫علي‬ ‫مشاور‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫الصورة‬skin‫متشرح‬ ‫بيكون‬ ‫االمتحان‬ ‫ف‬ ‫بس‬ ، ‫العينة‬ ‫علي‬
) ‫تحته‬ ‫وهيشاورلك‬
‫ماشية‬ ‫ماسل‬oblique‫ال‬ ‫اتجاه‬ ‫نفس‬ (masseter‫و‬ )‫الفايبرز‬‫أبيض‬ ‫لونها‬ ‫بتاعتها‬◄
medial pterygoid
‫تلمع‬ ‫وال‬ ‫بالعرض‬ ‫ماشية‬ ‫ماسل‬‫متفرفتة‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫وموجودة‬‫و‬deep‫لل‬maxillary artery◄
lateral pterygoid

21. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 20
Maxillary artery :
-‫ال‬artery‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫بالعرض‬ ‫ماشي‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫الوحيد‬infra Temporal fossa
 What is the origin of maxillary artery ?
- From external carotid artery inside the substance of parotid gland
 What are the parts of maxillary artery ?
- First part → medial to the neck of mandible
- Second part → on lateral surface of lateral pterygoid muscle
- Third part → between 2 heads of lateral pterygoid to reach
pterygopalatine fossa
 Enumerate 2 branches of the first part
- Middle meningeal
- Accessory meningeal
- Inferior alveolar
- Deep auricular
- Anterior tympanic
 The maxillary artery can supply upper & lower jaw ☑
- Lower jaw → from inferior alveolar from 1st
part
- Upper jaw → from posterior superior alveolar from 3rd
part & anterior
superior alveolar of infraorbital from 3rd
part
——————————————————
Mandibular nerve :
 What is the origin of mandibular nerve ?
- The largest division of trigeminal nerve , leaves the skull through
foramen ovale
‫وبعد‬‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫يطلع‬ ‫ما‬foramen ovale‫ل‬ ‫ينقسم‬anterior & posterior branches
 What is The branches of trunk ? ( 3 motor : 1 sensory (
- Motor → Medial pterygoid + tensor palati + tensor tympani
- Sensory → nervous spinosus ( supply meninges of middle cranial fossa )

22. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 21
 What is The branches of anterior division ? ( 3 motor : 1 sensory (
- Motor ( the rest of mastication muscles ) → lateral pterygoid + masseter
+ Temporalis
- Sensory → buccal nerve ( pierce skin of buccinator muscle )
 Structures that pierce buccinator muscle
- Parotid duct
- Buccal branch of mandibular nerve
 What is The branches of posterior division ? ( 3 sensory : 1 motor (
a) Lingual nerve
 What is the dangerous position of lingual nerve ?
- Groove on the medial side of last molar tooth at the posterior end of
mylohyoid line
 What is the fiber passing through lingual nerve ?
o It carries the general sensation of anterior 2/3 of the tongue
o It carries parasympathetic post ganglionic fibers to sublingual &
submandibular glands
o Carries chorda tympani which is responsible for taste sensation of
anterior 2/3 of the tongue
B) Auriculo-Temporal nerve :
 How the auriculo-temporal nerve enters the parotid gland ?
- Through the antero-medial surface
 How the auriculo-temporal nerve leaves the parotid gland ?
- Through the upper end

23. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 22
‫ال‬ ‫بنشوف‬ ‫مش‬ ‫إحنا‬mandibular nerve‫كامل‬☒
‫بنشوف‬: ‫برنشاته‬ ‫من‬ ‫فقط‬ ‫نيرڤين‬
1- Lingual nerve
2- Inferior alveolar nerve
‫علي‬ ‫نايمين‬ ‫نيرڤين‬ ‫تالقي‬ ‫لما‬medial pterygoid muscle‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بيجوا‬ ‫واالتنين‬ ،
‫يبقي‬‫ال‬inside‫و‬medial◄lingual
‫وال‬outside‫و‬lateral◄inferior alveolar‫ال‬ ‫لو‬ ‫وساعات‬ ،mandible‫بنالقيه‬ ‫موجودة‬
‫جواها‬ ‫داخل‬

24. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 23
1) Anterior abdominal wall :
‫الماسلز‬ ‫هنقسم‬‫ل‬ ‫هنشوفها‬ ‫اللي‬
 3 large lateral muscles ( ‫جوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫وواحدة‬ ، ‫برا‬ ‫من‬ ‫اتنين‬ )
1) External abdominal oblique
‫ودي‬‫فيها‬ ‫الفايبرز‬ ‫اتجاه‬(downward, forward and medially)‫ال‬ ‫ألن‬origin‫فوق‬
‫وال‬insertion‫جيبك‬ ‫في‬ ‫إيدك‬ ‫حاطط‬ ‫كأنك‬ ‫اتجاهها‬ ، ‫تحت‬
2) Internal abdominal oblique
( ‫فيها‬ ‫الفايبرز‬ ‫اتجاه‬upward , forward and medially‫ال‬ ‫ألن‬ )origin‫تحت‬
‫وال‬insertion‫فوق‬،‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫وبنالقيها‬external oblique
3) Transversus abdominis
) ‫جوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫بنشوفها‬ ‫ودي‬ ( ‫بالعرض‬ ‫ماشية‬ ‫ماسل‬
 One muscle at the midline
- Rectus abdominis
‫مربعات‬ ‫ومتقسمة‬ ، ‫بالطول‬ ‫النص‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ماشية‬ ‫عضلة‬
‫ال‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫بيكون‬ ‫وحواليها‬Rectus sheath
 Formation of the rectus sheath ‫مهم‬ ‫سؤال‬
- Formed mainly by internal oblique muscle that split into anterior &
posterior layers
- Anterior layer + aponeurosis of external oblique = anterior wall of
rectus sheath
- Posterior layer + aponeurosis of transversus abdominis = posterior wall
of rectus sheath
Abdominal
wall

25. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 24

26. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 25
2) Posterior abdominal wall :
a) Muscles :
-‫موجودة‬ ‫ماسلز‬medial‫لل‬lumbar vertebrae‫علطول‬◄Psoas major
-‫موجودة‬ ‫ماسل‬lateral‫لل‬psoas major‫الليڤل‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫وفي‬◄Quadratus lumborum
-‫موجودة‬ ‫ماسل‬lateral‫لل‬psoas major‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫وتحت‬iliac fossa◄Iliacus
o Action :
- Psoas major & iliacus → Flexion of the thigh
- Quadratus lmborum → fixes 12th
rib during inspiration & laterally flexes
vertebral column
o Nerve supply :
- Psoas major → L1 , L2 , L3
- Iliacus → femoral nerve ( L2 , L3 , L4 )
- Quadratus lumborum → T12 , L1 , L2 , L3 , L4

27. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 26
b) Vessels :
1- Abdominal aorta ( large lumen on the left )
Single branches from its anterior aspect :
 Coeliac trunk
‫خالص‬ ‫فوق‬‫عند‬upper border of L1
 Superior mesenteric artery
‫عند‬ ‫علطول‬ ‫تحته‬lower border of L1
 Inferior mesenteric artery
‫عند‬ ‫بمسافة‬ ‫وبعدهم‬ ‫خالص‬ ‫تحت‬L3
**‫الزقين‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫دول‬ ‫اتنين‬ ‫أول‬ ‫هتالقي‬ ، ‫مقطوع‬ ‫منهم‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫كان‬ ‫أو‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫تعدهم‬ ‫عارف‬ ‫مش‬ ‫لو‬
‫ده‬ ‫لوحده‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫تالقي‬ ‫كبيرة‬ ‫مسافة‬ ‫هتنزل‬ ‫وبعدين‬ ، ‫بعض‬ ‫ف‬inferior mesenteric
‫ال‬ ‫هنا‬superior mesenteric‫ال‬ ‫وهنا‬ ‫مقطوع‬inferior mesenteric‫مقطوع‬

28. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 27
2- Inferior vena cava
‫ال‬ ‫يمين‬ ‫علي‬ ‫موجود‬aorta‫وال‬ ،lumen‫مقفول‬ ‫بتاعه‬collapsed
C)Nerves :
‫ال‬ ‫هي‬ ‫بتاعنا‬ ‫المفتاح‬psoas major‫النيرڤات‬ ‫هنقسم‬ ،٣: ‫لها‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫مكانهم‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫مجموعات‬
1) From anterior aspect of psoas major ► genitofemoral nerve
‫عليها‬ ‫ماشي‬ ‫يفضل‬ ‫وبعدين‬ ‫الماسل‬ ‫من‬ ‫بيطلع‬ ‫يعني‬
2) Medial to psoas major (2)
‫وفوق‬ ‫رفيع‬◄Obturator nerve
‫ب‬ ‫وطالع‬ ، ‫وتحت‬ ‫أتخن‬2roots‫حرف‬ ‫عاملين‬Y◄Lumbosacral trunk

29. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 28
3) Lateral to psoas major (4)
‫لتحت‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالترتيب‬
‫ال‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫فيهم‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫أعلي‬last rib‫علطول‬◄Subcostal nerve
‫ال‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫لحد‬ ‫ونازل‬ ‫تحته‬iliac crest◄L1 ( iliohypogastric & ilioinguinal )‫ألن‬
‫هنقول‬ ‫فاالمتحان‬ ، ‫بعض‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ماشيين‬ ‫بيكونوا‬ ‫االتنين‬L1‫النيرڤين‬ ‫اسم‬ ‫وجنبها‬
‫من‬L2,L3‫لل‬ ‫ورايح‬ ‫بالعرض‬ ‫ماشي‬ASIS(anterior superior iliac spine)◄
nerve of the thighLateral cutaneous
‫وال‬ ، ‫خالص‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫آخر‬trunk‫وواضح‬ ‫كبير‬ ‫بتاعه‬◄Femoral nerve

30. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 29
‫ال‬ ‫ده‬genitofemoral
‫الماسل‬ ‫من‬ ‫طالع‬
‫ال‬ ‫واضح‬ ‫وهنا‬lateral cutaneous‫رايح‬
‫لل‬anterior superior iliac spine
‫طالعين‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫االتنين‬ ‫وهنا‬
medial‫لل‬psoas major

31. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 30
1. Stomach :
-‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫موجودة‬left side
-‫فيها‬222(2 curvatures, 2 openings , 2 surfaces)
-‫عشان‬‫انهي‬ ‫ده‬ ‫أحدد‬surface‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫بحطها‬anatomical position‫علي‬ ‫ساعتها‬ ‫وبعتمد‬
‫ال‬curvatures‫وال‬openings
‫ا‬‫ال‬‫أو‬:
‫ال‬greater curvature‫ال‬ ‫ناحية‬ ‫أكتر‬ ‫موجود‬left
‫وال‬lesser curvature‫موجود‬right
‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ثاني‬:
-‫انهي‬ ‫أحدد‬ ‫عشان‬opening‫ال‬ ‫إن‬ ‫عارفين‬ ‫احنا‬ ‫دلوقتي‬ ، ‫تحت‬ ‫وانهي‬ ‫فوق‬cardiac
opening( ‫دي‬physiological orifice‫فيها‬ ‫بتتخن‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫هي‬ ‫مش‬ ‫الماسلز‬ ‫يعني‬ )
-‫بينم‬‫ال‬ ‫ا‬pyloric opening‫دي‬‫فيها‬ ‫بيحصل‬thickening in muscle
←‫ال‬ ‫يبقي‬ ‫وبالتالي‬pyloric‫من‬ ‫أتخن‬Cardiac
‫االخر‬ ‫من‬ ‫يعني‬١‫كل‬ ‫هتحدد‬ )curvature‫شمال‬ ‫وال‬ ‫يمين‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫وده‬
٢‫انهي‬ ‫دي‬ ‫هتحدد‬ )opening‫تحت‬ ‫وال‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫مكانها‬ ‫ودي‬
‫ويبقي‬‫ال‬ ‫كدة‬surface‫أدامك‬ ‫اللي‬anterior‫ال‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫واللي‬posterior
Organs
‫في‬ ‫شكلها‬ ‫ده‬
‫ال‬anatomical position
‫ال‬ ‫تحس‬ ‫والمفروض‬orifice
‫اتلخبطت‬ ‫لو‬ ‫عشان‬ ً‫ا‬‫طبع‬
‫بينهم‬‫االمتحان‬ ‫في‬

32. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 31
1) Cardiac orifice
-‫متكتبش‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫شاورلك‬ ‫لو‬ ‫بالك‬ ‫خلي‬esophagus
 Surface anatomy of cardiac orifice ?
- 1inch to the left of the midline at level of T10
2) Fundus
 Clinical significance :
‫حتة‬‫للفهم‬‫ال‬ ‫انه‬ ‫عارفين‬ ‫احنا‬ ، ‫السيكشن‬ ‫في‬ ‫قالتها‬ ‫الدكتورة‬ ‫كدة‬fundus‫ده‬full of gas‫فبيظهر‬ ،
‫ال‬ ‫في‬X-ray‫واخدة‬ ‫كدة‬ ‫سودة‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫كأنه‬dome shaped‫مكانها‬ ‫دي‬ ‫الحتة‬ ‫إن‬ ‫فيعرفوا‬left‫،وبكدة‬
‫األشعة‬ ‫ف‬ ‫والشمال‬ ‫اليمين‬ ‫فين‬ ‫حددوا‬ ‫يبقي‬
 Ligament attached to it ?
- Gastro-Phrenic ligament
 Surface anatomy
- Left 5th
intercostal space , 3.5 inches from midline
‫ال‬ ‫بتاع‬ ‫نفسه‬ ‫هو‬ (apex of the heart‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫وبردو‬ ،3points‫بتاعت‬‫ال‬
surface anatomy of the liver)

33. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 32
‫وعشان‬‫متنسهاش‬‫مكان‬ ‫أقرب‬‫لقلب‬‫بس‬ ‫الراجل‬ ‫مش‬ ( ‫آدم‬ ‫بني‬ ‫اي‬:D)‫معدته‬
3) ‫السؤال‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫علي‬
 Pointed part ? - body
 Pointed surface ? - anterior surface
 Structures related to this surface ?
- Diaphragm
- Anterior abdominal wall
- Liver
Pyloric part ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬٣‫حتت‬
4) pyloric antrum
‫حتة‬dilated‫كدة‬
5) pyloric canal
‫علي‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫حتة‬antrum‫وال‬orifice
6) pyloric orifice
 Surface anatomy of pyloric orifice ?
- 0.5 inch to the right of the midline at level of L1
—————————-
‫ممكن‬‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫يمسك‬curvatures: ‫دول‬ ‫من‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ويسأل‬
 Structures attached to it ? ( Ligaments )
- Great curvature → gastro-phrenic , gastro-splenic , greater omentum
- Lesser curvature → lesser omentum
 Structures related to it ? ( Vessels )
- Greater curvature → right & left gastro-epiploic Vessels (arteries &
veins)
- Lesser curvature → right & left gastric vessels (arteries & veins)

34. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 33
‫ال‬ ‫علي‬ ‫يشاور‬ ‫كمان‬ ‫ممكن‬posterior surface:
 Structures related to posterior surface ? ( stomach bed )
: ‫كدة‬ ‫األرقام‬ ‫بترتيب‬ ‫دي‬ ‫بالرسمة‬ ‫نحفظهم‬ ‫نحاول‬ ‫تعالوا‬
1) Pancreas
‫ال‬ ‫وبعدين‬pancreas‫له‬ ‫ده‬head‫ف‬ ‫راشقة‬part of duodenumnd
2‫رقم‬ ‫هي‬ ‫اللي‬2
‫وله‬tail‫في‬ ‫ماسك‬‫ال‬spleen‫رقم‬3
4)Splenic artery‫ال‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫ماشي‬pancreas
5)mesocolonTransverse‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫نازل‬anterior border‫لل‬pancreas
6)Transverse colon‫فيه‬ ‫متشعلق‬
7)‫ال‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫موجود‬spleen‫ال‬left kidneyupper part of
8)‫فوقها‬left suprarenal gland
9)‫خالص‬ ‫ورا‬ ‫وعندنا‬diaphragmleft crus of
11)‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫أدامهم‬ ‫دول‬ ‫كل‬lesser sac‫ال‬ ‫أدامها‬ ‫اللي‬stomach
———————————
‫ال‬ ‫علي‬ ‫يسأل‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫آخر‬stomach‫ا‬‫ا‬‫عموم‬:
 Arterial supply ?
They are derived from branches of coeliac Trunk
1) Left gastric artery
2) Right gastric artery
3) Short gastric arteries
4) Left gastro-epiploic artery
5) Right gastro-epiploic artery

35. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 34
 Venous drainage ?
1) Right & left gastric veins
2) Short gastric veins
3) Left gastro-epiploic vein
4) Right gastro-epiploic vein
 Lymphatic drainage ?
- Gastric lymph nodes → celiac lymph nodes
 Neve supply ?
- Sympathetic : from celiac plexus around celiac trunk
- Parasympathetic : from anterior & posterior gastric nerves ( vagus )
2. Liver :
Anatomical position :
‫ال‬ ‫تحدد‬ ‫الزم‬ ‫حاجة‬ ‫أهم‬surface
- Liver is supported with inferior vena cave
‫ال‬ ‫يعني‬liver‫بال‬ ‫متشعلق‬IVC‫ال‬ ‫من‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫االمتحان‬ ‫في‬ ‫بيجي‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ،IVC‫معاه‬
‫ال‬ ‫هتحط‬ ‫يبقي‬liver‫ال‬ ‫تخلي‬ ‫بحيث‬IVC‫واقف‬‫ورا‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫و‬
- Anterior surface : smooth – posterior/ inferior : impressions
- Right surface : base - left : apex

36. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 35
 Anterior / Superior / Right surface :
: ‫عليهم‬ ‫بيجي‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫السؤال‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫غالب‬
 Structures related to this surface ?
- Anterior surface → Anterior abdominal wall
- Superior surface → heart , pericardium
- Right surface → 7th
to 11th
ribs
+ ‫ال‬ ‫متنساش‬‫حاجات‬‫المشتركة‬‫بينهم‬
Diaphragm , base of right lung and pleura
 Surface anatomy of right border ?
- From right 7th
– 11th
ribs ( mid axillary line )
‫ال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بردو‬ ‫يسألك‬ ‫وممكن‬Falciform ligament‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫بنشوفه‬ ‫وده‬Anterior & superior
surfaces‫ال‬ ‫بيقسم‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫وطبع‬ ،liver‫إلي‬Right & left lobe‫ناحية‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بردو‬ ‫يشاور‬ ‫ممكن‬ ‫يعني‬ ،
‫ويقولك‬ ‫فيهم‬Identify lobe ?

37. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 36
 Posterior surface :
 Embryological origin of ligamentum venosum ?
Obliterated ductus venosus
‫ال‬bare area‫حتة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫عبارة‬‫ب‬ ‫متغطية‬ ‫مش‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫بتلمع‬ ‫مش‬ ‫متقشرة‬peritoneum‫وه‬ ،‫مهمة‬‫وممكن‬
‫يجي‬‫فيها‬‫كذا‬‫سؤال‬:
 Borders of bare area ?
- Upper & lower borders → two layers of Coronary ligament
- Base → groove for IVC
- Apex → right triangular ligament
 Ligaments attached to it ?
- Upper layer of coronary ligament
- Lower layer of coronary ligament
- Right triangular ligament
 Lymphatic drainage ?
- Subphrenic lymph nodes or posterior mediastinal lymph nodes

38. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 37
 Mention other bare areas / mention other areas not covered by
peritoneum ?
H shaped 5 areas → groove for IVC , porta hepatis , fossa of gall bladder ,
fissure for ligamentum teres and ligamentum venosum
‫ال‬ ‫غير‬ ‫تانية‬ ‫حاجات‬ ‫في‬ ‫يسأل‬ ‫ممكن‬bare area:
 Borders of Caudate lobe ?
- Right → groove for IVC
- Left → fissure for ligamentum venosum
- Superiorly → ligamentum venosum
- Inferiorly → porta hepatis
 Tuber omental related to ? Lesser omentum
 Structures passing through porta hepatis ? ( from anterior to posterior )
- Right & left branches of Hepatic duct
- Right & left branches of Hepatic artery
- Right & left branches of Portal vein ( posterior )
 Structures attached to porta hepatis ?
- Lesser omentum

39. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 38
 Inferior surface :

40. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 39
‫عشان‬‫ال‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫في‬ ‫متتلخبطش‬impression:
-‫حاطط‬ ‫لو‬‫ال‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫علطول‬ ‫الدبوس‬gallbladder←)partnd
duodenal impression ( 2
-‫ال‬ ‫عند‬ ‫شاور‬ ‫لو‬angle←colic impression
-‫يبقي‬ ‫فوقها‬renal & supra renal impression‫دي‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫اوي‬ ‫وواضح‬ ،
 Structures related to Quadrate lobe ?
1) Transverse colon
2) Pylorus
3) Lesser omentum
 Borders of Quadrate lobe ?
- Anteriorly → inferior border of liver
- Posteriorly → porta hepatis
- Right → gall bladder fossa
- Left → fissure for ligamentum teres
 Embryological origin of ligamentum teres ?
- Obliterated umbilical vein

41. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 40
‫ال‬Gall bladder‫يا‬ ‫أسئلة‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫وبيجي‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫بردو‬: ‫ما‬
 Parts of gall bladder ?
- Fundus
- Body
- Neck
 Blood supply ?
- Cystic artery ( from right branch of hepatic artery)
 Venous drainage ?
- Cystic vein ( which drains to right branch of portal vein )
 Surface anatomy?
- Fundus of gall bladder at Tip of right 9th
costal cartilage

42. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 41
‫عندنا‬٣: ‫ده‬ ‫السيكشن‬ ‫في‬ ‫عينات‬
‫ال‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫هنشوف‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫أول‬Duodenum + Pancreas
) ‫سوا‬ ‫يجوا‬ ‫الزم‬ ، ‫لوحدها‬ ‫فيهم‬ ‫واحدة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بتيجي‬ ‫مش‬ (
‫ال‬duodenum‫حر‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫علي‬‫ف‬C‫ال‬ ‫جواها‬Pancreas
‫أول‬ ‫في‬‫ال‬duodenum‫ال‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫بيكون‬Pyloric sphincter.‫من‬ ‫بنعرفها‬ ‫انما‬ ، ‫هنا‬ ‫عليها‬ ‫بنتسأل‬ ‫مش‬ ‫بس‬
‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫الماسلز‬ ‫من‬ ‫جامدة‬ ‫هنالقيها‬ ‫حسيناها‬ ‫لو‬ ‫إننا‬sphincter
‫ال‬ ‫نحدد‬ ‫نبتدي‬parts‫ال‬ ‫بتاعت‬duodenum
-‫ال‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫حتة‬Pylorus‫ال‬ ‫فوق‬ ‫وموجودة‬head of Pancreas←partst
1
-‫بعدها‬ ‫بالطول‬ ‫نازلة‬ ‫حتة‬←partnd
2
-‫بالعرض‬ ‫وماشية‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫حتة‬←partrd
3
-‫لفوق‬ ‫اآلخر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫طالعة‬ ‫حتة‬←partth
4
 What is the vertebral level of duodenum ?
( L1 → L3 )
- First part : L1
- Second part : from L1 to L3
- Third part : L3
- Fourth part : from L3 to L2
Organs

43. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 42
 What are their lengths ?
1st
→ 2 inches
2nd
→ 3 inches
3rd
→ 4 inches
4th
→ 1 inch
‫وال‬relations‫االمتحان‬ ‫ف‬ ‫فيهم‬ ‫هتتسأل‬ ‫وأكيد‬ ، ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫جد‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫جد‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بتاعت‬(page 72,73(
‫يجيب‬ ‫ممكن‬partnd
2‫جواه‬ ‫فتحة‬ ‫علي‬ ‫ويشاورلك‬ ‫مفتوح‬◄Ampulla of Vater
‫ال‬ ‫ايه‬ ‫نفتكر‬ampulla of vater: ‫دي‬
- Right & left hepatic ducts → Common hepatic duct
- Common hepatic duct + Cystic duct → Common bile duct
- Common bile duct + pancreatic duct → main bile duct → opens in 2nd
part of duodenum ( Ampulla of Vater )

44. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 43
‫دي‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫في‬ ‫جزء‬ ‫لتاني‬ ‫نيجي‬‫ال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫اللي‬Pancreas
 Identify ?
-‫اللي‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫أول‬‫ال‬ ‫بيحاوطها‬duodenum← head of pancreas
-‫حتة‬ ‫وفيه‬projection‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫موجود‬ ‫تحت‬head←uncinate process
-‫ال‬ ‫بعد‬head‫حتة‬ ‫هنالقي‬constricted‫كدة‬ ‫ضيقة‬←neck of pancreas
-‫بعدها‬←body of pancreas
-‫خالص‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫وآخر‬←tail of pancreas
‫ال‬ ‫وبردو‬relationsً‫ا‬‫جد‬ ‫مهمة‬ ‫دول‬ ‫من‬ ‫حتة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫بتاعت‬(page 103: 105)
‫كام‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بس‬ ‫هنأكد‬relation: ‫ومننساهمش‬ ‫مهمين‬
 What is the posterior relation to the neck of pancreas ?
- Formation of Portal vein from splenic & superior mesenteric veins
 Relations of the body of pancreas ?
- Superior → Splenic artery
- Posterior → Aorta & superior mesenteric artery, splenic & left renal
vein , left psoas major, left crus of diaphragm , left kidney , left
suprarenal gland and left sympathetic chain

45. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 44
 Relations of tail of pancreas ?
- Spleen and lieno-renal ligament
 Contents of lieno-renal ligament?
- Tail of pancreas
- Splenic Vessels
‫ال‬ ‫وهي‬ ‫عينة‬ ‫لتاني‬ ‫نيجي‬small intestine:
‫ال‬ ‫في‬ ‫متشعلقة‬ ‫بتيجي‬mesentery‫المروحة‬ ‫زي‬ ‫عامل‬ ‫وشكله‬‫وال‬ ،intestine‫مفتوحة‬ ‫بتيجي‬
‫ال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫أفرق‬ ‫عشان‬ileum‫و‬Jejunum
: ‫بس‬ ‫بحاجتين‬ ‫بينهم‬ ‫هفرق‬ ‫العملي‬ ‫ف‬ ‫أنا‬ ‫إنما‬ ، ‫الكتاب‬ ‫ف‬ ‫طويلة‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫عندنا‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫طبع‬
Jejunum Ileum
Thickness of the wall Thick Thin
Mucosal circular folds
( plica circularis )
Well defined ill defined ( almost flat )

46. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 45
 Blood supply of Jejunum & ileum ?
- Superior mesenteric artery
 Structures crossed by root of mesentery ?
1) 3rd
part of duodenum
2) Abdominal aorta & right gonadal Vessels
3) IVC
4) Right psoas major
5) Right ureter
6) Right genitofemoral nerve
 Contents of mesentery ?
1- Superior mesenteric artery
2- Superior mesenteric vein
3- Coils of small intestine
4- Extra peritoneal tissue & fat
5- Sympathetic nerve fibers
6- Mesenteric LN ( 3groups : large , middle , small )

47. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 46
‫عينة‬ ‫آخر‬‫ال‬ ‫هي‬ileo-cecal junction‫ال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫نفرقها‬ ‫عشان‬ ‫ودي‬ ،stomach، ‫ومنتلخبطش‬
>> ‫منها‬ ‫طالعة‬ ‫اللي‬ ‫بالحتة‬ ‫هنعرفها‬Appendix
**‫باصص‬ ‫هنا‬ ‫أنا‬ ‫بالك‬ ‫خد‬‫ورا‬ ‫من‬ ‫العينة‬ ‫علي‬**
-‫ال‬organ‫ده‬ ‫نفسه‬←Caecum
-‫وانا‬‫ضهرها‬ ‫في‬‫يبقي‬←Appendix‫هنا‬ ‫مكانه‬ ‫يعني‬retrocecal
-‫ال‬caecum‫ك‬ ‫لفوق‬ ‫يكمل‬←ascending colon
-‫ال‬ ‫ف‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫واللي‬caecum‫ده‬←terminal ileum
 What is the surface anatomy of the base of the appendix ?
- ( McBurney’s point ) :
A point at the junction of lateral 1/3rd
and medial 2/3rd
of a line
connecting the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS ) & the umbilicus .
 Blood supply of the appendix ?
- Appendicular artery from → ileo-colic branch of → superior mesenteric
artery
 Blood supply of caecum ?
- Anterior & posterior caecal arteries from → ileo-colic branch of →
superior mesenteric artery

48. ANATOMY PRACTICAL 47
 Venous drainage of caecum ?
- Into superior mesenteric vein → portal vein
 Relations of the caecum ?
- Anteriorly : Anterior abdominal wall , greater omentum , and coils of
small intestine
- Posteriorly : 2 muscles : psoas major & iliacus
2 nerves : Femoral & Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
 Mention other positions of the appendix ?
- Pelvic
- Subcecal
- Pre or post ileal
 Structures opens into caecum ? And mention site of communication?
- Terminal ileum → postero-medial aspect of caecum ( at ileo-cecal
orifice , guarded by ileo-cecal valve )
- Appendix → postero-medial aspect of caecum , inferior to ileo-cecal
opening
- Ascending colon → continues upward with it