Explain the intercellular junctions found on the lateral surface of an epithelial cell starting from the apical pole and progressing to the basal pole of the cell. How is the terminal bar seen on a light microscope related? Solution Epithelia are tissues composed of closely aggregated cells that cover most body surfaces, cavities, and tubes. Surface epithelia form continuous sheets that can have one or multiple cell layers. Several different types of cell junctions mediate physical strength and cell communication within the epithelium. A basement membrane lies beneath the epithelium and separates it from underlying tissue; because blood vessels do not penetrate the basement membrane, nutrients like oxygen and metabolites reach the epithelium by diffusion. Epithelia are polarized, with an apical surface that faces the external environment and a basal surface that faces the basement membrane. Microvilli are small processes that project from the apical surface of most types of epithelial cells, greatly increasing the surface area. They are notably found at the intestinal brush border and in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Stereocilia are unusually long, non- motile microvilli that are found on the surface epithelium in the epididymis and ductus deferens. Cilia are actively motile processes with a complex internal structure found on the epithelial lining of the respiratory tract and the female reproductive tract. The basement membrane, a thin non-cellular layer, intervenes between the epithelium and the connective tissue. This membrane is 30 to 60 nanometers thick and made up of collagenous and non-collagenous glycoproteins and proteoglycans. It provides structural support for the epithelium and serves as a selective barrier for the movement of materials to and from the supporting tissue. Using light microscopy, terminar bar appears as a bar at the apical surface of the cell, wherein the structures listed cannot be resolved. With electron microscopy, the terminal bar can be visually disseminated into these structures. The terminal bar is located on the lateral surface of epithelial cells, where the lateral surface meets the apical surface. It should not be confused with the Terminal web, which is an actinous web underlying microvilli on specialized epithelial cells.

1. Explain, in your own words, the concept of cloud computing. Do you believe that cloud
computing will have a major impact on the IT function in organizations? Why or why not? In
your opinion, what are some factors that will hold back the growth of cloud computing?
Solution
Main concept of Cloud computing:
-->It is a distinct IT environment designed for the purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and
measured IT
resources.It is a distributed data processing in which some scalable information resources and
capacities are
provided as a service to multiple external customers throught internet technology.
The basic conectpts includes:
1.SaaS(Software as a service):
It is a business model of software license,which involves the development and support of
the
software vendor.Customers also have the opportunity of paid use of it,usually through the
internet.
2.Paas(Platform as a service):
It is an integrated platform for the development,deployment,testing and support of web-
applications.
presented as a service on the basis of the concept of cloud hosting service.
3.Iaas(Infrastructure as a service):
A computer infrastructure,typically presented in the form of virtualization.Is a service
within
the concept of cloud hosting.
Impact of cloud computing on IT functions:
1)The creation of a new generation of products and services. The economics of cloud computing
lets innovative companies
create products that either weren't possible before or are significantly less expensive than the
competition.Every improvement
in storage, processing power, or technology enables innovations that weren't possible before
and cloud computing makes these
opportunities unusually accessible. Smart companies will take notice.

2. 2)A new lightweight form of real-time partnerships and outsourcing with IT suppliers.a large
part of what used to be in-house
is now being done somewhere else and changing anything is hard. But unlike traditional
outsourcing of IT, cloud computing
will provide agility and control that traditional outsource cannot match for the most part.
3)A new awareness and leverage of the greater Internet and Web 2.0 in particular.When cloud
computing is adopted by an organization,
they will find themselves thrown into the pool with the rest of the online world in many ways,
whether this is the employment of
social tools, SaaS, non-relational databases or a host of other technologies in their new cloud.
And in the end, this will
them very well and allow many companies to acquire the skills and perspectives required to
compete effectively in the 21st century.
4)A reconciliation of traditional SOA with the cloud and other emerging IT models. A great post
this week from our very own
Joe McKendrick illustrates how SOA is evolving because of the cloud. The advent of cloud
technologies will have to be dealt
with and somehow encompassed by SOA initiatives that are already looking at their current
toolset of heavyweight approaches
and technologies with an eye towards seeking an onramp to change and improvement. Web-
Oriented Architecture fits very well
with cloud technologies which are heavily Web-based and it's a natural, lightweight way of
building SOA at virtually every
level of the organization.