Part II – Research Dr. Siddiqui tells Angela that her test results will be back in a few days and that she will give her a call when she knows something. You go home and do some research on various thyroid conditions so that you’ll have a good idea of what is going on with Angela. You find information on hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, Graves’ Disease, iodine deficiency (primary hypothyroidism), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and various tumors. You make a chart to help yourself sort out the different disorders. Questions 3. Describe hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. List at least three symptoms of each. 4. What is a goiter? 5. Please fill out the chart below. Record whether the hormone levels are expected to be high, low, or either. For antibody/immunoglobulins and goiter, answer yes, no, or possible. (The antibodies and immunoglobulins in question are those specific to the thyroid disorder.) Primaryhypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) Graves’Disease Hashimoto’s Disease TRH-secretingtumor TSH-secretingtumor TRH-suppressingtumor TSH-suppressingtumor TRHlevels TSHlevels T3and T4levels Antibodies or immunoglobulins present? Goiterpresent? Ispatient hyper- or hypothyroid? 6. Use the chart below to record whether the hormone levels are expected to be high, low, or either. For antibody/ immunoglobulin and goiter, answer yes, no, or possible. Hypothyroidism Hyperthyroidism TSHlevels T3and T4levels Antibodies or immunoglobulins? Goiterpresent? 7. If you gave a person with primary hypothyroidism (iodine deficiency) an injection of TSH would T3 and T4 levels increase? Why or why not? 8. Some patients with HPT axis problems develop a goiter. Describe two different scenarios/conditions in which a goiter would be present and explain physiologically why/how the goiter occurs within each scenario/condition. Make sure to include axis feedback in your answer. Part III – Test Results Angela’s test results come back and Dr. Siddiqui gives you a copy to look over. Please use the data below and the initial information about Angela to answer the following questions. A. Barber – Test Results Test Result Normal Range Serum thyroxine (T4)(ug/dl) 1.8 4.6-12 Thyrotropin(TSH)(IU/mL) 0.3 0.5-6 TPOand Tg antibodies Normal Normal TSI(immunoglobulins) Normal Normal Serum Triiodothyronine (T3) (ng/dl) 57 80-180 BloodPressure 98/60 90-120/60-80 Hematocrit(%) 39 36-45 Hemoglobin (g/100 ml blood) 12.9 11-14 Glucose(mg/dl) 102 70-110 Sodium (mmol/L) 136 135-145 Potassium(mmol/L) 4.5 3.5-5.0 Questions 9. Are any of Angela’s values outside the normal range? If so, which ones, and are they high or low? 10. Is Angela’s thyroid axis functioning properly? If not, does she have symptoms consistent with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism? Part IV – Diagnosis Questions 11. Dr. Siddiqui asks you what you think is wrong with Angela. What is your diagnosis? (Note: do not simply say hyper- or hypothyroidism; that portion of the question was already answered above.) 12. Angela does not hav.

1. Philosophy question
Explain the principle known as Ockham's Razor. Then, explain how Churchland appeals to that
principle in his Argument from Simplicity.
Finally, provide your critical evaluation of the situation. Do you agree or disagree with
Churchland's argument? Justify your choice by appealing to reasons and/or evidence.
Solution
The principle states that "Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily." Sometimes it is
quoted in one of its original Latin forms to give it an air of authenticity:
"Pluralitas non est ponenda sine neccesitate"
"Frustra fit per plura quod potest fieri per pauciora"
"Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem"
In fact, only the first two of these forms appear in his surviving works and the third was written
by a later scholar. William used the principle to justify many conclusions, including the
statement that "God's existence cannot be deduced by reason alone." That one didn't make him
very popular with the Pope.
Many scientists have adopted or reinvented Occam's Razor, as in Leibniz's "identity of
observables" and Isaac Newton stated the rule: "We are to admit no more causes of natural
things than such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances."
The most useful statement of the principle for scientists is
"when you have two competing theories that make exactly the same predictions, the simpler
one is the better."
In physics we use the razor to shave away metaphysical concepts. The canonical example is
Einstein's theory of special relativity compared with Lorentz's theory that ruler's contract and
clocks slow down when in motion through the ether. Einstein's equations for transforming
spacetime are the same as Lorentz's equations for transforming rulers and clocks, but Einstein
and Poincaré recognised that the ether could not be detected according to the equations of
Lorentz and Maxwell. By Occam's razor it had to be eliminated.
The principle has also been used to justify uncertainty in quantum mechanics. Heisenberg
deduced his uncertainty principle from the quantum nature of light and the effect of
measurement.
Paul Churchland (1984) states that by itself Occam's razor is inconclusive regarding duality. In a
similar way, Dale Jacquette (1994) stated that Occam's razor has been used in attempts to justify

2. eliminativism and reductionism in the philosophy of mind. Eliminativism is the thesis that the
ontology of folk psychologyincluding such entities as "pain", "joy", "desire", "fear", etc.,
are eliminable in favor of an ontology of a completed neuroscience.
Consider, for example, the following parallel argument from Paul Churchland (1988, p. 32): I
cannot doubt that Mohammed Ali was a famous heavyweight boxer but can doubt that Cassius
Clay was a famous heavyweight boxer. Following Descartes, it ought to be that Ali is not Clay
(though in fact Clay was a famous heavyweight and identical to Ali). By way of reply, surely it is
possible for an evil demon to deceive me about whether Mohammed Ali was a famous
heavyweight boxer. So, the dualist might insist, the case of mind is unique in its immunity from
doubt. It is only with reference to our own mental states that we can be said to know incorrigibly.