Legal and ethical issues, copy right, creative commons, plagiarism

7. • Copyright protects 2 types of rights:
• Economic rights - allows right owners
to derive financial reward from the
use of their works by others.
• Moral rights - allows authors and
creators to take certain actions to
preserve and protect their link with
their work.

8. The author or creator may be the owner of the
economic rights or those rights may be transferred to
one or more copyright owners. Many countries do not
allow the transfer of moral rights.
The copy right period depends on several factors for
example the type of work, whether the work has been
published or not, and whether the work was created
by an individual or a corporation. As a general rule,
copyright protection for published literary, dramatic
and musical works lasts for the life of the author plus
an additional 50-70 years.

9. A person who copies CD’s, does not pay for shareware or
those who share MP3 files or software with friends are like
stealing property. While this person might never consider
shoplifting or burglary, there does not exist any moral,
ethical or economic difference between the theft of
intellectual property and that of physical property.
The economic losses due to copying and piracy are
enormous as the artists and creators lose income,
government lose tax revenues, price rise for those who do
pay to theft by others.

10. • Creative Common License
• Creative common (CC) is a global non-profit organization which
provides free legal tools i.e., Copyright licenses. It is an
organization that provides ready-made licensing agreements
that are less restrictive than the “all rights reserved” terms of
standard international copyright. Creative Commons (CC) was
established in 2001.

11. •These copyright licenses enable sharing and reuse of creativity and knowledge.
These legal tools allow us to reuse the work of others. The vision of CC is to help
people to realize the full potential of the internet.
• CCs offer other legal and technical tools that also facilitate sharing and discovery of
creative works such as CC0, a public domain dedication.
• CC0 is for rights holders who wish to put their work into the public domain before
the expiration of copyright.
• Open licensing allows us to use the materials that would not be easily permitted
under copyright alone. It is essential to know that open licensing is a concept
within copyright law.

12. • CC is known as a “some rights reserved” license rather than the “all rights reserved”
approach.
• CC provides tools to assign the appropriate license on a work in the digital environment.
• CC tools allow sharing of creative or intellectual work with free, easy-to-use copyright
licenses in a standardized way on conditions of your choice
• Creative commons licensing makes it easier and legal to share copyrighted work online.
• CC licenses help copyright owners to share their work while keeping the copyright.
• They allow the copyright owner to say exactly what other people can do with it.
For example, a CC license might say that other people can copy and distribute the
copyright owners work if they give them credit.

13. • License
Descriptions
• Attribution: The work can be copied, modified,
distributed, displayed and performed but the
copyright owner must be given credit.
• Non-commercial: The work can be copied,
modified, distributed and displayed but no profit
can be made from it.
• No Derivative works: The work can be copied,
distributed, displayed, and performed but cannot
be modified.
• Share-alike: The work can be modified and
distributed but must be covered by an identical
license

14. • Six Different
Types
of Licenses
1. CC BY: This license allows re users to
distribute, remix, adapt and build upon the
material in any medium or format, so long as
attribution is given to the creator. The license
allows for commercial use.
CC BY includes the element
BY- Credit must be given to the creator
2. CC BY-SA: This is like CC BY. But if you remix,
adapt or build upon the material, you must
license the modified material under identical
terms.
CC BY-SA includes the following elements:
• BY- Credit must be given to the creator.
• SA – Adaptations must be shared under the
same terms.

15. 3. CC BY-NC: This license allows the re-users
to distribute, remix, adapt and build upon
the material in any medium or format for
non-commercial purposes only so long as
attribution is given to the creator.
• This includes the following elements:
• BY-Credit must be given to the creator
• NC- Only non-commercial uses of the work
are permitted

16. • 4. CC BY-NC-SA: This license allows re-users to distribute, remix,
adapt and build upon the material in any medium or format for non-
commercial purposes only so long as attribution is given to the
creator. If you remix, adapt or build upon the material, you must
license the modified material under identical terms.
• CC BY-NC-SA includes the following elements:
• BY- Credit must be given to the creator.
• NC- Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
• SA- Adaptations must be shared under the same terms.

17. 5. CC BY–ND: This license allows re-users to copy and distribute the material
in any medium or format in un adapted form only, and only so long as
attribution is given to the creator.
• CC BY – ND includes the following elements:
• BY – Credit must be given to the creator.
• ND- No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.
6. CC BY-NC-ND: This license allows re-users to copy and distribute the
material in any medium or format in un adapted form only, for non-
commercial purposes only.
• CC BY-NC–ND includes the following elements:
• BY – Credit must be given to the creator.
• NC- Only non-commercial uses of the work are permitted.
• ND- No derivatives or adaptations of the work are permitted.

20. • Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is presenting someone
else’s work or ideas as your own,
with or without their consent, by
incorporating it into your work
without full acknowledgement. All
published and unpublished
material, whether in manuscript,
printed or electronic form, is
covered under this definition.
Plagiarism may be intentional or
reckless, or unintentional. Under
the regulations for examinations,
intentional or reckless plagiarism is
a disciplinary offence.

21. • Plagiarism may lead to:
• rejection and retraction from publications
and conferences.
• loss of credibility and professional standing
• expulsion from a university or loss of a job
Two behaviors of plagiarism;
• submitting someone else’s text as one’s own
or attempting to blur the line between one’s
own ideas or words and those borrowed
from another source
• carelessly or inadequately citing ideas and
words borrowed from another source

22. • Types of Plagiarisms
• Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement:
• Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation
marks or indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited. It must
always be apparent to the reader which parts are your own independent work
and where you have drawn on someone else’s ideas and language.
• Cutting and pasting from the internet without clear acknowledgement:
• Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and
included in the bibliography. It is important to evaluate carefully all material
found on the Internet, as it is less likely to have been through the same process of
scholarly peer review as published sources.

23. • Paraphrasing:
Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few
words and changing their order, or by closely
following the structure of their argument, is
plagiarism if you do not give due acknowledgement
to the author whose work you are using.
• Collusion:
This can involve unauthorised collaboration
between students, failure to attribute assistance
received, or failure to follow precisely regulations
on group work projects. It is your responsibility to
ensure that you are entirely clear about the extent
of collaboration permitted, and which parts of the
work must be your own.

24. • Inaccurate citation:
• It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of the discipline. As
well as listing your sources (i.e. in a bibliography), you must indicate, using a
footnote or an in-text reference, where a quoted passage comes from.
• Auto-plagiarism
You must not submit work for assessment that you have already submitted
(partially or in full), either for your current course or for another qualification of
this, or any other, university, unless this is specifically provided for in the special
regulations for your course. Where earlier work by you is citable, i.e., it has
already been published, you must reference it clearly. Identical pieces of work
submitted concurrently will also be considered to be auto-plagiarism.
• Stealing
• If you take a sentence, or even a unique turn of phrase, and pass it off as your
own, this is stealing

25. • Patchworking
• Using words and phrases from a source text (that may or may not be acknowledged)
and patch them together into new sentences.
• Insufficient Paraphrasing
• Taking an author's words and changing them slightly, without quoting the actual
text, is plagiarism.
• Misquoting
• When you quote another author in your own work, always be sure to quote exactly
what was said. Direct quotes are when you use an author's exact words. Indirect
quotes are when you report the spoken or written words of an author, but not
his/her exact words. Both must be cited!
• Duplicating Publications/Self plagiarism
• You cannot reuse/recycle your own paper for use in another assignment without
explicit permission from the instructor. If you cite your previous work, remember to
cite yourself. This is self-plagiarism.

26. • Plagiarism
Detection
Software
• Many universities now use plagiarism
checking software.
• These help to detect plagiarism of the works
by their students, faculty and staff.
• This software allows large numbers of
documents to be compared to facilitate
detection.
• Some are free & some come at a cost.
Grammarly, WhiteSmoke, ProWritingAid etc.
are examples

27. Prevention of Plagiarism
Use plagiarism checker before submission
Teach students how to write from a source than
telling students that copying is a crime
Teach students the importance of crediting all
resources they are using
Credit the original author in intext citation and
in reference list.