2. Definition
Burn is a coagulative necrosis of the cell
protoplasm due to exposure to abnormal
physical or chemical agent associated with
peripheral vasodilatation leading to rapid
loss of fluid into and from the tissues.
3. Burns are caused by dry heat and scalds
are caused by wet heat.
Both burns and scalds damage the body by
removing the layer of skin that protects the
body from infection.
Symptoms
Extreme pain
Swelling around site of burn
Redness and blistering
5. First degree burn
Second degree
Superficial
Deep
Third degree
6. First Degree Burn
Affect only the outer layer of the skin.
red and painful.
They swell a little.
They turn white when you press on the skin.
7. Second degree burn:
Affect both the outer and underlying layer of
skin
thicker burns, are very painful and typically
produce blisters on the skin.
The skin is very red or splotchy, and may be
very swollen.
8. Third degree burn
Extend into deeper tissues.
They cause white or blackened, charred
skin that may be numb.
10. Calculating TBSA (extent)
ADULTS: RULE OF NINES
Head & neck 9 %
Anterior trunk 18 %
Posterior trunk 18 %
Bilateral anterior arm, forearm and hand 9 %
Bilateral posterior arm, forearm and hand 9 %
Genital region 1%
Bilateralanterior leg and foot 18 %
Bilateral posterior leg and foot 18 %
11. Children: Rule of Nine
A child under one year has 9 % taken from
the lower extremities and added to the head
region. Each year of life, 1 % is distributed
back to the lower extremities until age 9
when the head region is considered to be the
same as an adult.
12.
13. Stop further injury
Extinguish or remove burning clothing
Cold water lavage or soaks used for only 10 to
15 minutes for pain relief of second degree
burns of 10% or less of TBSA , avoid
hypothermia
14. If the skin is unbroken, run cool water over
the area of the burn or soak it in a cool
water bath (not ice water).
Keep the area submerged for at least 5
minutes. A clean, cold, wet towel will also
help reduce pain
15. Calm and reassure the person.
After flushing or soaking, cover the burn
with a dry, sterile bandage or clean
dressing.
Protect the burn from pressure and friction.
16. Ibuprofen or Acetaminophen
Moisturizing cream
Tetanus !!!
If a second-degree burn covers an area more
than 2 to 3 inches in diameter, or if it is
located on the hands, feet, face, groin,
buttocks, or a major joint, treat the burn as a
major burn
17. Major burns:
If someone is on fire, tell the person to stop, drop,
and roll.
Wrap the person in thick material to smother the
flames (a wool or cotton coat, rug, or blanket).
Douse the person with water.
Call 123.
18. Cover the burn area with a dry sterile bandage (if available)
or clean cloth. A sheet will do if the burned area is large.
If fingers or toes have been burned, separate them with
dry, sterile, nonadhesive dressings.
Elevate the body part that is burned above the level of the
heart.
Protect the burn area from pressure and friction.
19. Make sure the person is breathing.
Take steps to prevent shock.
Continue to monitor the person's vital signs
until medical help arrives.
20. Stop further injuy
Maintain ventilation
Administer humidified oxygen by mask
Examine airway looking for sign of inhalation inj.
Carbonaceous material in upper airway
Edema or inflammatory change in upper airway
Maintain airway
21. Stop further injury
Maintain ventilation
CPR if no pulse or heart action is
detectable
22. Intravenous fluid therapy (in Hospital)
Required for patients with burns greater than 20%
Secure a no. 16 or 18 plastic cannula in adequate vein
Place indwelling urethral catheter and attach to close
drainage system
Estimate fluid need for the 1st 24 hour (4 ml lactated
ringer ‘s sol. /kg body weight / % of TBSA ( ½ amount in
1st 8 hours then the rest of next 16 hour)
Plan administration to obtain 30-50 ml urine /hour in pt.
wt greater than 30 kg ( 1 ml urine / hour for pt less than
30 kg)
23. Maintain peripheral
circulation
Remove rings and bracelet
Clinical signs of impaired circulation
include
Cyanosis
Impaired capillary refilling
Progressive neurological
signs, i.e. parethesias and
deep tissue pain
24. Nasogastric intubation
Place tube and attach to suction if there is vomiting or
if burns involve more than 25% of TBSA
Analgesic medication
Given as needed
Give only intravenously and in small doses
Tetanus prophylaxis
25. Do Not
Do NOT apply ointment, butter, ice,
medications, cream, oil spray, or any
household remedy to a severe burn.
Do NOT breathe, blow, or cough on the burn.
Do NOT disturb blistered or dead skin.
26. Do NOT remove clothing that is stuck to the skin.
Do NOT give the person anything by mouth, if there is a
severe burn.
Do NOT immerse a severe burn in cold water. This can
cause shock.
Do NOT place a pillow under the person's head if there is an
airways burn. This can close the airways.
27. Electrical burn.
Low voltage
High voltage
1st separation from the electrical source
Evaluate cardio-vascular system
Evaluate peripheral circulation
Evaluate internal burn
Associated trauma
28. Chemical burn
Alkaline
Acids
Copious water lavage ( avoid water lavage for
Na metal H2so4 , HCL)
Prolonged eyes irrigation
Remove all contaminated cloth
Cover with oil
29. Radiation burns
bland ointment
Avoid dryness or irritating substance
Narcotics as needed for pain
Splinting of the involved area to reduce pain
with motion
30. Burn to airways
Causes:
inhaling smoke,
steam,
superheated air,
or toxic fumes, often in a poorly ventilated
space.
31. Symptoms:
Charred mouth; burned lips
Burns on the head, face, or neck
Wheezing
Change in voice
Difficulty breathing; coughing
Singed nose hairs or eyebrows
Dark, carbon-stained mucus
32. FIRST AID to airway burns
Call 123
improve the casualty’s air supply
recovery position