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3. Group
Is any collection of people who
interact on the basis of shared
expectations regarding one another’s
behavior (Korn-blum, 2000).

4. Social OrganizationSocial Group
Unit of interacting personalities with interdependence of roles
and statuses existing between and among themselves.
Collection of people where members interact on a regular
basis, guided by structure and agreements, defined by roles
and responsibilities.

5. Social Group Organization
•Is a pattern of relationship between and
among individuals and social group

6. Two terms sometimes confused with “group”
Aggregate
Consist of individuals who temporarily share the same physical
space but who do not see themselves as belonging together.
Category
Is an statistic. It consist of people who share similar characteristics,
such as all college women who wear glasses or all men over six feet
tall.

7. Different types of groups

8. Primary group
Are characterized by warm personal ties among members
(Hess et al., 1996)
The family is the first and ideal example of a primary
group: it gives its members a sense of being special and its
survival depends on their shared identity and concern for
one onother ( Stone, 1998 in Hess et al., 1996)

9. Secondary groups are characterized by few emotional ties
among members and limited interactions involving only a
part of the self.
Examples include most classrooms, offices, and voluntary
associations such as PTAs or church congregations (Lindsey
and Beach, 2012)

10. Secondary groups
-either large or small, although they are mostly large. Some small
secondary groups may become increasingly primary over time as the
members get to know each other better.
Moreover, primary groups are often embedded in or emerge from
secondary groups.
In addition to the distinction between primary and secondary groups,
sociologists also call attention to how people view their own and other
groups. William Graham Sumner (1906 in Sullivan, 1995) coined the
terms “in-group” and “out-group” to distinguish between groups that
generate quite different feelings.

11. In-group
Is one that we feel positively toward and identify
with, and that produces a sense of loyalty or “we”
feeling.

12. Out-group
Are those to which we do not belong and that we
view in a neutral or possibly hostile fashion. We
view out-groups as “they”, as different from and
less desirable than ourselves.

13. Reference group
Are composed of people we look to in order to evaluate
our own behavior. They serve two closely related but
distinct functions:
• Normative function
• Comparative functions

14. Normative function
- Providing guidance concerning how to act.
Comparative function
- We can assess ourselves in relations to others.
When these functions are provided by a single person,
we call that individual a Role Model.

15. Institutions A social Institution is a set of widely shared
beliefs, norms, or procedures necessary for
meeting the basic needs of society.
The most important institutions are:
• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Economy
• Politics

16. According to David F. Aberle et al.,(2005) have identified five
major tasks that a society or relatively permanent group must
accomplish if it is to survive:
Replacing personnel
Teaching new recruits
Producing and distributing goods
and services
Preserving order
Providing and maintaining a sense of purpose