Running head VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN MALE VS CHRISTIAN FEMALE ON ABORT.docx

Running head: VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN MALE VS CHRISTIAN
FEMALE ON ABORTION 1
VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN MALE VS CHRISTIAN FEMALE ON
ABORTION 2
Empirical References.
· Take out the 4 references in the green section in the paper
since it is not empirical. (References in the green section all
need to be removed except one)
· Only keep 1 and used your 4 to put into the lit review section.
· Take Empirical references out of data analysis section
· Participants section: Be more descriptive in the participants
section. Include how many males, how many females, what ages
are they, and what religion are they.
· Measure section- Include the interview questions (organize
them by the relationship they have)
· Edit and format the paper in the order
· Paper Format:
· *Introduction
· *Literature Review(Articles need to have 5 empirical
research)
· *Current Study
· *Participants (attached in images)
· *Method:
· Participants,
· Measures,
· Data Collection,
· Data Analysis
·

The Views of Christian vs Christian Female on Abortion
Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
The Views of Christian vs Christian Female on Abortion
Gender Differences in Christians’ Views on Abortion
Western culture today is composed of a wide variety of
religions dominating the sociopolitical and personal beliefs of
individuals in the United States. One of the more prevalent
issues, Abortion, is one that is heavily discussed across all
political and social platforms, with different factors skewing
views towards the more pro-life beliefs or the pro-choice beliefs
(Campbell, 1980, p. 371). However, as the issue of abortion
continues to be debated, it becomes clear that there exists a
wider spectrum of opinions regarding abortion beyond just pro-
life and pro-choice. This spectrum includes the differences
between not only religious views on abortions, but also between
males and females within a particular religion. As it is
understood, Christianity’s ideals and morals heavily disapprove
and disagree with abortion, favoring the pro-life arguments.
However, it is evident that in recent years, there exists a notable

difference in the arguments and positions of Christian males and
Christian females regarding the topic of abortion. Christian
males typically hold a more traditional stand, believing that
abortion is the ending of a fetus’ life, whereas Christian women,
when surveyed, show greater ambivalence toward the issue
((Frohwirth, Coleman, & Moore, 2018, p. 382)
Religion, Gender, and Abortion
In the United States, the topic of abortion is often very closely
related to dominant religious views and morals (Campbell,
1980, p. 370). Larger percentages of Protestant, Christian, and
Catholic followers showed a strong disagreement with abortion,
but evidently, there exists many female religious followers who
have also experienced an abortion. In fact, Catholic and
Protestant women share the same rate of getting an abortion as
women not affiliated with any religion at all (Frohwirth,
Coleman, & Moore, 2018, p. 391). It then begs the question of
where the religious beliefs end, and where personal gender-
specific assertion of rights begin. The debate and stigma
surrounding abortion is affected and caused by many different
things, one of them being religion (Campbell, 1980, p. 375). In
Christianity, its beliefs very strongly oppose abortion. However,
there is no explicit explanation on where this opposition to
abortion is derived from. There is no statement in the bible that
specifically claims that abortion is wrong, yet this is one of the
ideas that is prevalent within the Christian community (Ruble,
2012). For this reason, many individuals practice this belief and
claim it to be one of the pillars of their values: a fetus is a
living being that ought to be protected. However, it becomes
controversial when Christian women are confronted with an
unexpected or unwanted pregnancy. Where a Christian male
could easily ground himself back to his original religious
morals, a Christian woman is also confronted with the
consideration of her individual life, her circumstances, and her
decision independent from her religious backgrounds
(Frohwirth, Coleman, & Moore, 2018, p. 386-389).
Contrasting Christian Views.

In understanding the differences between Christian
males and Christian females’ views on abortion, it is necessary
to discuss the stigma that surrounds abortion. Because
individuals are often influenced and dominated by the values of
their society, and this is where they begin to conceptualize what
is “stigmatized,” and what is not (Ruble, 2012).
These core values of society are often based off of religion, and
because the United States has shown to be a fairly religious
country, it follows that the topic of abortion would become so
controversial. Christian women are not exceptions to the
possibility of desiring an abortion despite their religious
background. Christian women could also face the same
circumstances of women not affiliated with any religion and
may need an abortion at one point in their lives. Christian
women are then forced to deal with their necessity to assert
their rights as a female, their independence to make their own
decisions, but also deal with the strong stigmatization from
their religion. Christian men, however, do not have to consider
these same possibilities. For this reason, it is often found that
Christian women are more likely to be ambivalent and unsure
about where they stand on abortion, whereas Christian men are
more likely to be static and traditional in their views (Campbell,
1980, p. 373).
Women and Abortion.
Christian women show greater signs of ambivalence and
liberalism when confronted with the topic of abortion, because
the management of religious or moral beliefs conflict with the
experience or contemplation of abortion. Women who are non-
religiously affiliated deal with the same stigmas of abortion
from surrounding communities as Christian women. Christian
women have conveyed more alignment with the pro-life
movements primarily due to fear of the opinions of their
religious family members or community, rather than their own
perceived ideals (Ruble, 2012). The emerging “Christian
feminist” ideal expresses how a woman exists and has a right to
live with intention according to her own life, not solely on her

religion’s beliefs (Frohwirth, Coleman, & Moore, 2018, p.
382). This growing belief is justified in the unfairness of how,
based on traditional Christian views, a woman is expected and
required to deliver a child once it is conceived, yet a man has
no such obligation for impregnating her. Modern Christian
women are beginning to see the unfairness with such
conservative views, and thus, have begun developing more
liberal positions aligning more with the pro-choice movement
(Ruble, 2012).
Christian Males’ Perspectives. Christian Males frequently
display more traditional and static arguments regarding the
topic of abortion. The vast majority consider the issue of
abortion in consideration to a very general audience, in that
there is no individuality to each woman who may choose to seek
out an abortion (Ruble, 2012). Individuality could refer to the
particular circumstances of a woman, whether it be financially,
emotionally, or mentally. The more conservative views of the
typical Christian male toward abortion fail to consider the
individual solutions to individual problems of an unexpected or
unwanted pregnancy. This may be due to the fact that it is a
decision they will never be forced to consider, and therefore the
necessary empathy and contemplation is not there, as a
Christian woman would’ve had (Weeden & Kurzban, 2014).
Concluding the Controversy. The discussion of abortion and its
disparities in the views between males and females in the
Christian religion, it becomes a consideration of identity. A
Christian woman is constantly facing the duality of her identity
as a woman who desires the assertion of her rights, as well as
her role as a Christian follower who is surrounded by its
community values. A Christian man does not have to assert
those same rights, because one does not ever contemplate the
possibility of becoming pregnant or seeking out an abortion. For
this reason, Christian women show greater ambivalence and
empathy towards the pro-choice movement, whereas Christian
men show more opposition to the pro-choice movement and
strong agreement with the pro-life movement, deriving a large

portion of their argument on their religious ideals of protecting
all life (Frohwirth, Coleman, & Moore, 2018, p. 393).
According to the pro-life movement’s beliefs, women,
regardless of religious affiliation, are expected to deliver a baby
to full term. Men, however, are never asked to fulfill this same
obligation. Due to the contrast in responsibility based on
gender identities of individuals, there can exist differences even
within one religion regarding a topic as controversial as
abortion.
Participants
The study focuses on participants from the age of 19 years to 30
years. These are individuals who are considered adults and their
views are important in the collection and evaluation of data.
They have experience concerning the various issues surrounding
moral development in Christianity. They also have the freedom
to give their views regarding the concept of abortion and its
relationship to gender perceptions.
Data Collection and Method
Concerning data collection, the study uses descriptive research
in its collection of data. The study is more of a qualitative data
than a quantitative one since it focuses on using descriptive
techniques compared to statistical inferences. The study
employs questionnaires to collect data from the participants. It
is specifically about the data it collects. It looks at the age,
gender, and marital status associated with the participants.
Measures
The study is critical in understanding how both modern
Christian men and women perceive the concept of abortion in
society. It looks at abortion as a moral issue that affects
different beliefs associated with Christianity. The study
understands the differences women and men in Christianity have
towards the religion. It serves as a guideline through which
researchers and individuals may comprehend the issue.
Data Analysis
Based on their changing views, modern Christian women and
men look at the aspect of seeking an abortion as having the

same simple reason as a pregnant woman who wishes to no
longer be so. Despite the contemporary public discourse, the
above reason may not be enough. Modern Christian women are
not the ones who make important decisions relating to their
religions. They still live under the influence of their men, who
are not open to the changing nature of society. Despite their
changing perception, they are asked continuously to justify their
abortions (Cherry, 2014). Their justification surrounds the
response related to a default assumption that abortion has a
wrong moral status as men think about it. But this is not for all
modern Christian women and men, despite most men arguing
that abortion is wrong. The liberal ones from developed nations
tend to look at the assumption as being incorrect (Sumerau,
Grollman, & Cragun, 2018). Men who look at the concept of
abortion as being wrong to have their arguments supported by a
specific theological framework that revolves around the values
of motherhood over needs, decisions, and interests of individual
women.
According to Dean & Aune (2015), modern Christian men and
women supporting abortion are more into policy. They
understand the need and nature of living in a country whereby
the constitution legalizes abortion. Therefore, such men and
women comprehend the significance of healthcare in supporting
the needs of a woman who does not want to be pregnant. Such
men and women uphold the rights of women with much dignity
and argue against societal and cultural debate that shame and
judge women for having abortions. Modern Christian men and
women’s positive perception of abortion support the fact that
women are rational, capable, and responsible moral agents that
understand their role in protecting life. However, they also have
to protect themselves against wishes that are detrimental to their
current and future developments. They understand that
paternalistic presumptions that pregnant women as lacking
moral capacity to protect life are wrong (Rossinow, 2015).
Information about the wrongful nature of abortion for them is a
fallacy of the past yielded by selfish paternalistic interests and

views of the society.
References
Campbell, L. (1980). Abortion - A Christian Feminist
Perspective. New Blackfriars,61(724), 370-377. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43247177
Cherry, M. (2014). The emptiness of postmodern, post-Christian
Bioethics: An Engelhardtian reevaluation of the status of the
field. Christian Bioethics, 20(2), 168-186.
Dean, J., & Aune, K. (2015). Feminism resurgent? Mapping
contemporary feminist activisms in Europe. Social Movement
Studies, 14(4), 375-395.
Frohwirth, L., Coleman, M., & Moore, A. M. (2018). Managing
Religion and Morality Within the Abortion Experience:
Qualitative Interviews with Women Obtaining Abortions in the
U.S. World Medical & Health Policy,10(4), 381-400.

doi:10.1002/wmh3.289
Rossinow, D. (2015). Prophecy and Progress: C hristianity and
Dissent in Modern A merica. Journal of Historical Sociology,
28(1), 90-103.
Ruble, S. (2012). The Gospel of Freedom and Power: Protestant
Missionaries in American
Culture after World War II. CHAPEL HILL: University of
North Carolina Press.
Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5149/9780807837429_ruble
Shields, J. (2009). The Democratic Virtues of the Christian
Right. PRINCETON; OXFORD: Princeton University Press.
Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7rmdh
Sumerau, J., Grollman, E., & Cragun, R. (2018). “Oh My God, I
Sound Like a Horrible Person”: Generic Processes in the
Conditional Acceptance of Sexual and Gender Diversity.
Symbolic Interaction, 41(1), 62-82.
Weeden, J., & Kurzban, R. (2014). The Hidden Agenda of the
Political Mind: How Self-Interest Shapes Our Opinions and
Why We Won't Admit It. Princeton University Press. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq15d
Contracts
Ch. 16-17
Instructions: Please answer the following questions. Your
responses will be graded based upon accuracy; professionalism
(grammar, spelling); and thoroughness of explanation. When
complete, please make sure your name is on your assignment,
save as a Microsoft Word file, and submit it in your assignment
folder. Feel free to submit this assignment prior to its due date.
Late assignments will NOT be accepted.

1. List the contracts that must be evidenced in writing or they
cannot be enforced.
Usually, oral contracts are enforceable. However, the Statute of
Frauds and Parol Evidence Rule are contracts that must be
evidenced in writing.
The Statute of Fraud requires that six kinds of contracts be put
in writing in order to be enforceable. If a contract falls into one
of these categories, the contract is “within the statute” and must
be in writing. If the contract does not fall into one of these six
categories, the contract is “outside the statute” and does not
need to be in writing.
The six categories of contracts that must be written down in
order to satisfy the Statute of Frauds are:
1. contracts for the sale of an interest in land,
2. contracts for the sale of goods for $500 or more (under the
U.C.C.),
3. contracts in consideration of marriage,
4. contracts that cannot be performed within one year of the
contract being made,
5. contracts of suretyship,
6. contracts where an estate executor agrees to pay estate debts
from his personal funds.
Any kind of writing will be adequate to satisfy the Statute of
Frauds. However, the writing must contain the essential terms
of the contract, including who the contracting parties are, the
subject matter of the contract and the terms and conditions of
the agreement. Also, the writing must be signed by the party to
be charged (i.e., the contract must be signed in order to hold a
party liable to it). If any party to the contract does not sign it,
that party cannot be held liable under the contract.
The parol evidence rule must also be evidenced in writing in
order to be enforced. The parol evidence rule governs the extent
to which parties to a case may introduce into court evidence of
a prior or contemporaneous agreement in order to modify,

explain, or supplement the contract at issue. The rule excludes
the admission of parol evidence. This means that when the
parties to a contract have made and signed a completely
integrated written contract, evidence of antecedent negotiations
(called "parol evidence") will not be admissible for the purpose
of varying or contradicting what is written into the contract.
2. Sarah entered into an oral agreement to work for Jones Day
Law Firm in New York for five years. She packed up her stuff,
resigned from her current employer and sold her home. When
she arrived in New York, she was told that the hiring partner
had been terminated and they will not be hiring her. Sarah told
the partners that she was told that she would receive a bonus for
moving of $5000. Although the moving bonus was standard
practice, the partners refused to pay Sarah because the contract
was not in writing. Using IRAC determine if Jones Day Law
Firm is correct that they do not have to pay Sarah because of the
Statute of Frauds.
Issue:
Rule:
Analysis:
Conclusion:
3. Junior Jones contracted with Betsy Brown to live at one of
her rental properties for a year. While Junior was viewing the
property, Betsy told Junior if he rented the property today
should would throw in free house keeping for a year. Junior
decided to sign the lease for a year. However, the lease did not
mention the free house keeping. Junior sued Betsy for the
house keeping services he was promise. Using IRAC and the
parol evidence rule determine the outcome of the law suit.
Issue:
Rule:
Analysis:
Conclusion:

4. The parol evidence rule will not apply in what
circumstances?
The parol evidence rule does not bar parol evidence when (1)
the writing is ambiguous, (2) the writing is not a true statement
of the agreement of the parties because of fraud, duress, or
mistake, or (3) the existence, modification, or illegality of a
contract is in controversy.
5. When the court is looking at the rules of construction and
interpretation, what six things to they look at in the contract?
When courts are looking at the rule of construction and
interpretation, they are looking for the following:
1) intention of the parties,
2) whole contract,
3) contradictory and ambiguous terms,
4) implied terms,
5) conduct and custom,
6) and avoidance of hardship.
6. Morris made an oral contract with Marty’s Mechanic Shop to
work as its manager for two years. Marty wrote Morris a letter
stating they had made an oral agreement for Morris to be the
manager and it listed the salary, start date and all other terms
that was discussed. Marty later refused to recognize the
contract. Morris sued for breach of contract and offered Marty’s
letter in evidence of proof of the contract. Using IRAC
determine whether the contract was binding.
7. List all the nonassignable rights.
8. Bailey obtained a life insurance policy. He named his sister
Hailey as the beneficiary. Hailey and Bailey had an argument
and Bailey removed her as his beneficiary. When Bailey died,
Hailey sued the insurance company for her money as Bailey’s
beneficiary. Using IRAC determine the outcome?

9. My neighbor decided to fix up his house. I was excited
because that meant it would improve my properties value. My
neighbor contracted with TDH Associates to repair his roof,
paint his house and do some landscaping. TDH Associates do
not fulfill their obligations. Using IRAC, if I sue TDH
Associates what is the outcome?
10. Marissa rent an apartment from Cabana Bay in January. The
lease was for a year. In June, Marissa received a job offer in
another state. She did not want to break her lease, therefore she
sub-leased or assigned her lease to Olivia. Marissa did not get
permission from Cabana Bay. Olivia moves in and pays rent
from June to October. Cabana Bay sues Marissa for the two
months of rent. Marissa believes she is not liable for the rent
because she assigned her lease to Olivia. Using IRAC,
determine whether Marissa correct.
Interview Protocol
Research Question: What are the views of Christian
males+females on abortion?
1. How close are you to your faith?
2. How do you feel about the laws on abortion?
3. Do you believe abortion is a religious or moral issue?
4. When do you think human life begins?
5. Do you believe all life is valuable?
6. What stage of development should an unborn child have
human rights?
7. Can a teenager girl have an abortion without her parent’s
consent?

8. What time frame should abortion be permitted?
9. Can abortion be viewed as murder or homicide?
10. Can you own a life?
11. What are some emotional and psychological problems one
may develop after the abortion
procedure.

Running head VIEWS OF CHRISTIAN MALE VS CHRISTIAN FEMALE ON ABORT.docx

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