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Civil Engineering
Surveying
Roy Frank

Planning A Survey
 Planning requires a well rounded
understanding of surveying practices
 Process:
1. Choice of accuracy required (depends on use
to be made)
1. Basic Control
2. Topographic
3. Photogrammetry

Planning A Survey
2. Existing Control
1. Search records for existing control in area
1. Illinois Geological Survey – Urbana, IL
2. National Geodetic Survey – Rolla, MO or Rockville,
Maryland
2. Reconnaissance:
1. Search Procedure:
1. Description often dated
2. Can use GPS receiver (Lat. And Long)
3. Probe, detectors – often problems - brass

Planning A Survey
4. Choice of Instruments and Methods
1. Depends on availability, location, existing
features, and accuracy
4. Computation and Drafting

Accuracy and Errors
 Accuracy depends on:
1. Precise instruments
2. Precise Methods
3. Good Planning
 Example: Angle turned with theodolite,
pointed with care; readings checked thus
good precision. Angle’s of 2-3” expected,
real results angle’s 15” = accuracy

Errors
 3 Types
1. Blunders
2. Systematic Error
3. Accidental Error
 Blunder is a mistake, to help eliminate:
1. Every value to be recorded must be checked
by some independent field observation

Errors
2. Once check indicates that there is no blunder,
field record must never be changed or
destroyed
3. An overall check must be applied to every
control survey. Make as many overall checks
as possible.

Errors
 Systematic Error – an error that under the same
conditions will always be of same size and sign.
 Basic Rules to Eliminate:
1. All surveying equipment must be designed and used so
that whenever possible systematic errors will be
eliminated automatically
2. Systematic error which can not be eliminated must be
evaluated and their relationship to conditions that cause
them must be determined.
 Example: Temperature Corrections

Errors
 Accidental Errors – (random errors)
represent the limit of precision in the
determination of a value
 Corrected be laws of probability
 Compass Rule and Least Squares

Hydrographic Surveys
1. Surveys and mapping of bodies of water and
shorelines
2. Rivers and Lakes – Process different
1. Rivers
1. Normal process is to establish 2 parallel lines of control
points on opposite sides
2. River Portion: 2 processes
1. EDM similar to radial
2. Dual instrument with position by angle and intersection
2. Lakes
1. Normal process same as river but generally do not have
current problems

Overall Process:
1. Establish control points both horizontal and
vertical
2. Preplan where sections are to be taken (this is
basis for control points on shore)
3. Cross sections taken
4. If EDM, radials taken from control points due to
difficulty in obtaining shots under 300’
5. May have to combine cross sections and radial
location to pick up anomalies not covered by
cross sections

Gauging Stations
 Purpose is to install either manually read or
automatic gauges to determine stream, river,
lake, or ocean elevations
 Process:
1. Establish system of BM’s throughout area
gauges will be installed
2. Establish elevation mark at site for installation
3. After gauges are installed, check elevation of
each

Topographic Surveys
 6 Basic Methods
1. Radial
2. Plus/Offset
1. Plus Offset
1. Establish baseline (Often centerline), establish
points at station interval 50’, 100’, 200’
2. Tie planimetric data by distance down line plus
distance right or left (looking up stationing)
3. Establish elevations on station points then
elevation out a predetermined distance with
shots at breaks

Topographic Surveys
4. Due additional section to locate features in between
stations
5. Equipment: Tape, Level, Rod, Transit, - Right Angle
Prism?
2. Grid Method
1. Take cross Section Groups and Combine
2. Establish Grid baseline – often property line
3. Establish Perpendicular line
4. Both Marked at grid interval (25’, 50’)
5. Planimetric tied plus/offset in each grid
6. Grid laid out by double taping
7. Field notes 1 – 2 grids/page

Topographic Surveys
3. Photogrammetry
1. Limitations
1. Trees – Leaves off – no large growths of
coniferous
2. Ground Cover – grass, thick weeds and vines,
snow
3. Clear Sky
4. Tall Buildings
 Due to these Limitations Illinois only has on the
average of 2 weeks flying time

Topographic Surveys
 Scale – Photo
 S = (f/H’)
 Coordinates From Photos
 XA = (xa/f)(H-ha)
 YA = (ya/f)(H-ha)
 Height of an object
 r = radial dist. to top
 d = radial dist. to top – radial
dist. to bottom
 h= d (H’) / r

Topographic Surveys
4. GPS: Total Station System
1. Basic of GPS
1. Topo with GPS
2. Topo: Trimble Total Station (RTK)
2. Limitations:
1. Must be able to maintain satellite signal – Trees,
Building
2. Signal Reflection (Multipath) – Buildings,
Fences, Roofs
3. Debate over elevation (0.15’ +/- my belief)

Topographic Surveys
5. Trace Contour
1. Used to identify several contours around an
area
5. Plane Table Surveys
1. Rarely used
2. Method prepares a manuscript map in the field

Mapping and Map Drafting
 2 Basic Types of Maps used in
Engineering
1. Line Drawing
2. Photogrametrically prepared manuscript or
orthophoto map

1. Datum in Mapping:
 Datum used to correlate measurements, to
determine elevations and horizontal positions
for points at different locations
 Topographic Maps using Symbols Show:
1. Spatial configuration of Earths surface
(contours)
2. Natural Features (Lakes, Rivers, etc.)
3. Physical Changes caused by man

2. Planning Maps
 Used in planning Engineering work or overall
planning at the urban, Regional, or National
Levels
2. Plotting Contours:
 Interpolation:
1. Estimation
2. Computation

4. Contours
 Characteristics of Contours:
1. Horizontal distance between contour lines is inversely
proportionate to the slope
2. Uniform slopes have contours evenly spaced
3. Along plane surfaces (manmade) contour lines are
straight and parallel
4. Contour lines are perpendicular to lines of steepest slope
5. All contours close upon themselves
6. Different contours do not merge or cross one another
(except vertical walls, overhangs, cliffs) on map

 Factors that influence choice of map scale
1. Clarity with which features can be shown
2. Cost (larger scale – higher cost)
3. Correlation of Map data with related maps
4. Desired size of map sheet
5. Physical factors (number and character), nature
of terrain, required contour interval

5. Map Classifications
 Based on American Society of Civil
Engineering, Surveying, and Mapping Division
1. Design Maps:
 Used to design and construct
5. Information shown on Maps:

1. The following should be on a map:
1. Direction of Meridian (North)
2. Graphical Scale (Bar in case of reduction)
3. Legend or key of symbols
4. Title Block (identifiers)
5. Contour Interval
6. Datum to which both Horizontal and Vertical are
Referenced
7. If coordinate base used – what system

2. If map is to become public record (subdivision).
It must contain in addition to the above:
1. Length of each line
2. Direction of each line (bearing or angles)
3. Subdivision numbering system (lot and block)
4. Location and Kind of monuments
5. Names of property owners (on site and adjacent)
6. Full description of Boundary
7. Certificate of Surveyor that map is correct

Planning and Estimating from Topo
Maps
1. Purpose of Topo maps
2. Profiles
3. Grade contour
4. Drainage Area
 Limits determined by following characteristics:
1. Begins and ends at the point in the stream to which it
applies
2. Passes through every saddle that divides drainage area
3. Often follows ridges
5. Reservoir Capacity

Earthwork Computations by Average
End Area
Prepare Cross Sections
Differentiate between existing & proposed
Planimeter Cross Sections
Amount of cut & fill for each cross section
Beginning and end stations have 0 value
Compute Volume
Conversion Constant: 1.852 = (100/27)/ 2 = {(Sta. Dist.)/ [CF/CY]} / 2

Earthwork by Average End Area
 EARTHWORK BY AVERAGE END AREA
(EXAMPLE)
 END AREAS:
STATION CUT EMBANKMENT
0+00 0 0
1+00 10 156
2+60 50 795
3+00 197 1526
4+80 5 110
5+00 0 0

SAMPLE END AREA
STATION SUM SUM
CUT FILL CUT FILL D/100 CUT FILL CUT FILL
0+00 0 0
10 156 1.0 10 156 10 156
1+00 10 156
60 951 1.6 96 1522 106 1678
2+60 50 795
247 2321 0.4 99 929 205 2607
3+00 197 1526
202 1636 1.8 364 2945 569 5552
4+80 5 110
5 110 0.2 1 22 570 5574
CUT: 570 X 1.852 = 1056 Cubic Yards
EMBANKMENT: 5574 X 1.852 = 10324 Cubic Yards
Compaction Factor = 25%, 10324 CY X 1.25 = 12905 CY Fill

U.S. Rectangular System
 “IDEAL” Process:
1. Area divided by establishment of Principal
Meridians and Baselines
2. Area divided into 24 mile square tracts
quadrangle using guide meridians and
Standards of Parallel (correction lines)
3. Divide 24 mile² tracts into 16 townships each 6
miles square
4. Divide townships into 36 one mile square
sections

Easements
 Easement is a Legal document which
allows someone to do something to and
or through your property
 Types:
1. Access (ingress/egress)
2. Construction
3. Water rights
4. Utility

Easement must Describe
1. What it is for (purpose)
2. Who between
Must be signed by all who’s name appears on deed
2. Width of easement
3. Duration – specified number of years or
perpetual or life
4. Description of where located
Based on Rectangular system unless subdivision

Description Method for Waterline
Easements
 A strip 30 feet wide over, under, and across
the _____ side of the _____ ¼ of the
_____¼ of Section, ___, T__ __, R__ __of
the ___ P.M., __________ County, Illinois
said strip lying ______ of and adjacent to
the _______ right of way line of the existing
public road.

Global Positioning System
(GPS)
 Worldwide system of navigation satellites
by U.S. Department of Defense
 Started in 1982
 Civil GPS Service (CGS)
 Views civil users in 3 groups:
1. Professional
2. Commercial
3. Recreational

(GPS)
 Provides info in 4 categories:
1. Planning information
2. Current status information
3. Historical information
4. Responses to user questions

(GPS)
 Information may be obtained from:
1. DOT/RSPA
ATTN DMA 26
Room 8405
Washington, DC 20590
2. Commandant
USCG Headquarters
G-NRN-2
2100 2nd Street SW
Washington, DC 20593

(GPS)
 Information may be obtained from:
3. National Geodetic Survey
NOAA; N/CG 142
Rockwall 306
Rockville, Maryland 20852

(GPS)
 Satellites broadcast on 2 bands
 L1 modulated with P code (Precise Positioning
Service – PPS)
 L2 modulated with C/A code (Standard
Positioning Service – SPS)
 C/A mode intended for general use and
capable of providing single point positioning
 P mode is much more accurate but is
reserved for military and government use

(GPS)
 Planning GPS Surveys – as important as
the sophisticated needed to collect the
data
 Planning Phases:
Presurvey reconnaissance; 2 stations site
requirements; 3 connections to existing
geodetic control; 4 network design; 5 satellite
availability; 6 observing schedule

(GPS)
 Reconnaissance (presurvey)
 Important to minimize delays or changes in observing
schedule
1. Office planning
1. Obtain station descriptions
2. Prepare control diagrams
2. Preliminary Reconnaissance
1. Determine recoverability of existing control stations
2. Provide sketch showing existing and proposed
stations
3. Suitability of existing stations for use by GPS

(GPS)
 Station site Selection (critical factors)
1. Obstructions with elevations greater than
15º-20º above horizontal should be
avoided
2. Station mark must be suitable for
occupation by tripod

(GPS)
 Networks Design
1. Design depends on
1. Surveys order and purpose
2. Number of receivers available
3. Desired spacing between stations
2. It is best to connect at least 3 existing
geodetic control stations

(GPS)
 Field Operations
1. Survey team structure – determined
totally by operation method
 Numbers depends on:
1. Number of receivers
2. Number and length of observation stations
3. Time spent transporting equipment
4. Logistics and administrative needs

(GPS)
2. Transportation
3. Monumentation
4. Power supply
5. Weather

(GPS)
 Total Process:
1. Establish receivers and have all track
simultaneously
2. Data cleaned – search for ambiguities in
data to identify correct integer values
3. All vector solutions are computed
1. 2-3 are accomplished by built in receiver
computer
4. Data given by longitude and latitude

New System: NAVSTAR
 L2C – civil signal – added to L2 with P code
 Block II RM Satellites – Launch 2005-2009
 L5 – New Frequency – more powerful and
larger bandwidth
 Provides easier signal acquisition and tracking
 Block IIF Satellites
 Functional in mid 2013

GPS Field Data Collection Techniques
1. Static – minimum 3 receivers
 Occupation/session 1-3 hours
 PDOP < 6 with 4 satellites
 Occupy 3 stations then move 2, leap frog techniques
2. Pseudo Static – can work with 2 receivers
 Occupy for 2-5 minutes, each station must be occupied
twice approximately 2 hours apart
 Can loose satellite lock for short periods

GPS Field Data Collection Techniques
3. Kinematics – 2 or more receivers
 Occupy 1-3 minutes
 Must track same 4 satellites minimum prefer 5
 1 rec. at base, rover occupies 1 min. move, occupy 1
min. and at end go back to beginning and repeat
4. Stop and Go Kinematics – 2 bases and 1 rover
 Occupation time 1-10 sec
5. Real Time (RTK) – base with radio transmitter
and rover with radio receiver
 Occupation 1-10 sec.
 PDOP < 6

Municipal Surveys
1. Control Monuments and Associated Maps
1. Value: used by planners, engineers, architects,
utilities, and surveyors
2. Planning Maps
3. Steps of Fieldwork
1. Establish Network of Major Control Mon.
2. Run traverse connecting major control points
3. Run levels and establish BM’s along traverse
network

Order for project
 Monuments: Iron pin with bronze cap in 12’ dia
PCC and extending min 18” below frost line (min
48”)
 Traverse: 1st order (1:200,000 – 1:500,000)
 Stations generally 1000’ – 1500’ apart
 Leveling: base on NGS datum
 3-wire differential most often used
 Avoid objects that are not permanent (fire hydrants, power
poles, etc.)

Products:
1. Base Map – shows all control station,
traverse stations, BM’s, Streets, ROW,
and Public Property
2. Topo Map
3. City Property Survey (location of all
existing monuments)
4. Underground Map (utility map)

Basic Route Survey and Design
1. Concept for Route
2. Reconnaissance Study
1. Small scale mapping of region (1”-500’ to 1”-
200’)
2. Identify Alternative Routes (corridors)
3. Corridor Study
4. Public Hearings on selected corridor

3. Alignment Design
1. Preliminary medium scale mapping of corridor
2. Paper location study
3. Choose desired alignment
4. Field location survey
1. Set PI’s
2. Measure angle and distance between PI’s
3. Choose and design curves
4. Compute alignment
5. Set centerline stations (Hubs at 100’ STA. + PC & PT)
5. Modify alignment if needed

4. Roadway Design
1. Supplemental Large Scale Mapping
1. Horizontal mapping
2. Cross section baseline
2. Design typical sections
3. Design roadway items
4. Draft plans
5. Compute quantities
6. Prepare specifications

5. Right of way surveys
1. Requires parcel and strip maps
1. Determine ROW widths required
2. Perform property surveys
3. Prepare legal descriptions
4. Stake parcels

6. Construction surveys
1. Reference PI, PT, PC
2. Slope stake for rough grade
3. Stake drainage and structures
4. Layout roadway items
5. BlueTop for subgrade of final grade
6. Progress measurements and cross sections for
pay quantities
7. As built surveys

Sewer Projects
1. Firm under contract
2. Preliminary studies
1. General layout map
2. Buildings located on general layout
3. Treatment site search
4. Preliminary paper layout
1. Make sure every building and potential building
site can be served
2. Manhole system placed on general layout

Sewer Projects
5. Preliminary filed work
1. Preliminary profiles
1. BM system established
2. Manholes set
3. Profiles run
4. Basement elevations acquired
2. Design mapping
1. Final plans
3. Treatment area
4. Boundary survey
5. Complete topo of area

Sewer Projects
3. Design process
1. Sewer line design
1. Preliminary profiles drawn
1. Basement elevations plotted
2. Manholes placed on profiles
3. Slope between manholes computed
4. Problem areas – alternate service routes selected
1. Manholes set in field
2. Profiles run
3. Revert to 3A

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant design
1. Topo map prepared
2. Type system verified
3. Treatment system sized based on existing and
projected population
4. System designed
2. Plans drafted
1. Sewer plans normally prepared on plan/profile
sheets

Sewer Projects
2. Treatment plant drawn using plan sheets and
cross sections
3. Quantities computed
4. Specifications
1. Written instructions on how every item to be built
2. Include contract documents and bid proposal
4. Bidding procedure
1. Notice of bid advertised on local paper
2. Pre-bid meeting

Sewer Projects
3. Bidding
1. Each contractor submits sealed bid
2. Bids opened and tabulated
3. Engineer reviews proposals
4. Engineer recommends which bid to accept
3. Contract awarded

Sewer Projects
5. Construction
1. Surveying
1. Contractor required to hire surveyor for stakeout
2. Manholes referenced
3. Staking methods
1. Batterboard method
2. Laser method
4. Measurement of quantities
5. As Built

Water distribution systems
1. Put under contract – water district formed
2. Preliminary studies
1. General layout prepared
2. Water district signs up users
3. Water source located
4. Waterlines placed on general layout
1. Hydraulic gradient plotted from USGS topo

5. Pump station and water storage sites
1. Property acquired by perpetual easement or purchased
2. Boundary survey performed for each site
3. Topo each site
3. Field work
1. Plan preparation
1. Normally photogrammetrically
1. Flight plan sent on general layout
2. Take photos and post measure horizontal control
3. Plan sheets marked on photos using template

2. Waterlines placed on plan sheets
1. Crossings and easements
1. Every location where waterline crosses paved
road, railroad – has to be topo, cross sectioned,
and tied to nearest stationing or milepost
2. Crossings plotted and permits applied for –
railroads, state DOT, township and county roads
3. Easement descriptions prepared

4. Final design
1. All waterlines and appurtenances on plans,
easements, acquired and in docket form, rock
excavation on plans
2. System driven to make sure nothing missed
2. Tanks and P.S.
1. Designed and sized

5. Bidding
6. Construction
1. Water distribution system
1. Waterline stakeout
1. Each easement plotted on plans
2. Crossings as permitted staked
2. Quantities
2. Tanks and PS
1. Foundation staked
2. Must be checked for plumb
5. As built

Architectural Projects
1. Firm Under contract
2. Preliminary fieldwork
1. Boundary survey
1. Description provided
2. Fieldwork
1. Monument search, traverse site
2. Compute data and analysis
3. Final stakeout
3. Easement and encroachment search
4. Plat of survey

2. Topo – grid method most common
1. Grid pattern 25’ – 100’
2. BM – USGS
3. Entire tract topo and adjacent areas to access
4. Utilities – nearest tied in
5. Include all objects above, on or below, ground
6. Prepare topo map
7. Field check map

3. Construction
1. Control
1. If large building – you may want to establish
TBM’s on control Mon.
2. Stakeout
1. Convert architects dimensions to engineering
2. Layout clearing and excavation limits
3. Layout underground piping

4. Layout footings and foundations
5. Layout building corners and supports
6. Locate roads and parking areas
7. Locate lighting and other project extras
3. As built

Structure and Terrain Movement
 Used to monitor:
1. Movement of buildings ( x, y, and z)
2. Movement of bridges
3. Movement of dams
4. Landslides and earthquakes
5. Amusement park rides

 Description – error within system must be
less than smallest movement to be
observed
 2 groups of monuments installed
1. Reference or control monuments
2. Deformation or movement monuments

 Control – generally concrete pillars
extending 3-4 feet out of ground with
tribrach permanently attached
 Movement monuments – for earthquake or
landslide may be similar deep monuments

 Equipment:
1. GPS
2. Turned angles
3. Angle/Distance
4. Leveling

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