AssignmentsAssignment 1Read Chapter 2 Introduction to C++ .docx

Assignments
Assignment 1
Read Chapter 2: “Introduction to C++ Programming” and
complete exercise 2.16 on page 79. Add comments in your
program in C++ comments format. Write a one page report that
explains how your program works. Your paper must be
formatted according to, APA style as outlined in the Ashford
Writing Center. Make sure that your program reads numbers
from the user and calculates the results correctly. Add your
name, the course ID and name, and the instructor’s name in the
printout using string operation. Your program should be able to
read the input and print the results properly.
Submit your source code and executable file.
Please copy and paste your code into a Word or PDF document
for submission. (the Waypoint system does not accept .cpp
(C++) or .exe (executable) file types)
Assignment 2
In the textbook, on page 400, solve problem 7.18: What does the
following program do?. Copy the sample program and compile
it, then find the results. Submit a report which is more than one
page length to explain how the program works and how you can
improve it. Your report should be formatted according to APA
style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Write
comments in C++ comments format in the source file, to explain
what the functions are and how they work.
Please copy and paste your code into a Word or PDF document
for submission. (the Waypoint system does not accept .cpp
(C++) or .exe (executable) file types)

Final Assignment
Create the following program which converts Fahrenheit to
Celsius. Your program must have the following functions:
· Read integer Fahrenheit temperatures from the user. You need
to check whether the input is the correct one or not. If the user
enters the incorrect number, ask it again.
· Use the formula: Celsius = (Fahrenheit – 32) * 5.0 / 9.0
· The output Celsius should be a floating point with two digits
of precision.
· The Celsius temperatures should be displayed with a sign of
positive or negative.
· The program should ask the user to continue or not. If the user
wants to do the conversion again, use repetitive statements such
as DO WHILE, FOR, or IF THEN ELSE to do the conversion
again.
· Add comments to explain the functions of the program.
Write a user manual of more than two pages to explain how to
use your program. Format your manual according to APA style
as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. Your program should
run without any errors.
Submit your source code file. Please copy and paste your code
into a Word or PDF document for submission. (the Waypoint
system does not accept .cpp (C++) or .exe (executable) file
types)

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Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the
book’s Companion
Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel).
Preface xxi
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet
and the Web 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Computers: Hardware and Software 3
1.3 Computer Organization 4
1.4 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing 5
1.5 The Internet and the World Wide Web 5
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level
Languages 6

1.7 History of C 7
1.8 C Standard Library 8
1.9 C++ 9
1.10 Java 9
1.11 Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada 10
1.12 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, C# and .NET 10
1.13 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 11
1.14 Typical C Program Development Environment 12
1.15 Hardware Trends 14
1.16 Notes About C and This Book 15
1.17 Web Resources 16
2 Introduction to C Programming 23
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 24
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 28
2.4 Memory Concepts 33
2.5 Arithmetic in C 34
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 38
3 Structured Program Development in C 54
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Algorithms 55
Contents
x Contents
3.3 Pseudocode 55
3.4 Control Structures 56
3.5 The if Selection Statement 58
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 59
3.7 The while Repetition Statement 63

3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled
Repetition 64
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise
Refinement
Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 66
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise
Refinement
Case Study 3: Nested Control Structures 73
3.11 Assignment Operators 77
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 78
4 C Program Control 97
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Repetition Essentials 98
4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition 99
4.4 for Repetition Statement 100
4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 103
4.6 Examples Using the for Statement 103
4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 107
4.8 do…while Repetition Statement 113
4.9 break and continue Statements 114
4.10 Logical Operators 116
4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators
119
4.12 Structured Programming Summary 121
5 C Functions 140
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Program Modules in C 141
5.3 Math Library Functions 142
5.4 Functions 144
5.5 Function Definitions 144
5.6 Function Prototypes 148
5.7 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 151

5.8 Headers 151
5.9 Calling Functions By Value and By Reference 152
5.10 Random Number Generation 153
5.11 Example: A Game of Chance 158
5.12 Storage Classes 161
5.13 Scope Rules 164
5.14 Recursion 167
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 170
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 174
Contents xi
6 C Arrays 195
6.2 Arrays 196
6.3 Defining Arrays 198
6.4 Array Examples 198
6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 212
6.6 Sorting Arrays 216
6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using
Arrays 218
6.8 Searching Arrays 223
6.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays 229
7 C Pointers 253
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 254
7.3 Pointer Operators 255
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 257
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 261
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Call-by-Reference 267
7.7 sizeof Operator 270
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 273
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays 275

7.10 Arrays of Pointers 280
7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 280
7.12 Pointers to Functions 285
8 C Characters and Strings 309
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 310
8.3 Character-Handling Library 312
8.4 String-Conversion Functions 317
8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 322
8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling
Library 326
8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 329
8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 331
8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 337
8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library 341
9 C Formatted Input/Output 356
9.2 Streams 357
9.3 Formatting Output with printf 357
9.4 Printing Integers 358
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 359
xii Contents
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 361
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 362
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 363
9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String 366
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 368
9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf 369
10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations and

Enumerations 382
10.2 Structure Definitions 383
10.3 Initializing Structures 386
10.4 Accessing Structure Members 386
10.5 Using Structures with Functions 388
10.6 typedef 388
10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing
Simulation 389
10.8 Unions 391
10.9 Bitwise Operators 394
10.10 Bit Fields 403
10.11 Enumeration Constants 406
11 C File Processing 417
11.2 Data Hierarchy 418
11.3 Files and Streams 420
11.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File 421
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 426
11.6 Random-Access Files 430
11.7 Creating a Random-Access File 431
11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 433
11.9 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 436
11.10 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program 437
12 C Data Structures 454
12.2 Self-Referential Structures 456
12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 456
12.4 Linked Lists 458
12.5 Stacks 466
12.6 Queues 472
12.7 Trees 478

13 C Preprocessor 495
Contents xiii
13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 496
13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 496
13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 497
13.5 Conditional Compilation 499
13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 500
13.7 # and ## Operators 500
13.8 Line Numbers 501
13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants 501
13.10 Assertions 502
14 Other C Topics 507
14.2 Redirecting I/O 508
14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 509
14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 511
14.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 512
14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit 514
14.7 volatile Type Qualifier 515
14.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants 516
14.9 More on Files 516
14.10 Signal Handling 518
14.11 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and
realloc 520
14.12 Unconditional Branching with goto 521
15 C++ as a Better C; Introducing
Object Technology 528

15.2 C++ 529
15.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers 530
15.4 C++ Standard Library 532
15.5 Header Files 533
15.6 Inline Functions 535
15.7 References and Reference Parameters 537
15.8 Empty Parameter Lists 542
15.9 Default Arguments 542
15.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 544
15.11 Function Overloading 545
15.12 Function Templates 548
15.13 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 551
15.14 Wrap-Up 554
16 Introduction to Classes and Objects 560
16.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members
561
xiv Contents
16.3 Defining a Class with a Member Function 562
16.4 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 566
16.5 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 569
16.6 Initializing Objects with Constructors 576
16.7 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 579
16.8 Separating Interface from Implementation 583
16.9 Validating Data with set Functions 589
16.10 Wrap-Up 594
17 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 601
17.2 Time Class Case Study 603
17.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 609

17.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 611
17.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 612
17.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default
Arguments 615
17.7 Destructors 620
17.8 When Constructors and Destructors are Called 621
17.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap—Returning a
Reference to a
private Data Member 624
17.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 627
17.11 Wrap-Up 629
18 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 635
18.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 636
18.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 645
18.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 651
18.5 Using the this Pointer 654
18.6 static Class Members 659
18.7 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 664
18.8 Wrap-Up 666
19 Operator Overloading 672
19.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 674
19.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 675
19.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Function
676
19.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction
Operators 678
19.6 Overloading Unary Operators 681
19.7 Overloading Binary Operators 682
19.8 Dynamic Memory Management 682
19.9 Case Study: Array Class 684
19.10 Converting between Types 696

Contents xv
19.11 Building a String Class 697
19.12 Overloading ++ and -- 698
19.13 Case Study: A Date Class 700
19.14 Standard Library Class string 704
19.15 explicit Constructors 708
19.16 Proxy Classes 711
19.17 Wrap-Up 715
20 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 727
20.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 729
20.3 protected Members 732
20.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes
732
20.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 733
20.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without
Using Inheritance 738
20.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee–
BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy 743
20.4.4 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Data 748
20.4.5 CommissionEmployee–BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Data 755
20.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 762
20.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 770

20.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 771
20.8 Wrap-Up 772
21 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 778
21.2 Polymorphism Examples 780
21.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy
781
21.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class
Objects 782
21.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects
789
21.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class
Pointers 790
21.3.4 Virtual Functions 792
21.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-
Class
and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers 798
21.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 799
21.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 799
21.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 801
21.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 803
21.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 806
21.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 808
21.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee
811
xvi Contents
21.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class
BasePlusCommissionEmployee 813

21.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 814
21.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic
Binding
“Under the Hood” 818
21.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and
Runtime Type
Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and
type_info 822
21.9 Virtual Destructors 826
21.10 Wrap-Up 826
22 Templates 832
22.2 Function Templates 833
22.3 Overloading Function Templates 837
22.4 Class Templates 837
22.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class
Templates 844
22.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 845
22.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 845
22.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 846
22.9 Wrap-Up 846
23 Stream Input/Output 851
23.2 Streams 853
23.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 853
23.2.2 iostream Library Header Files 854
23.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 854
23.3 Stream Output 857
23.3.1 Output of char * Variables 857

23.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 857
23.4 Stream Input 858
23.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 858
23.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 861
23.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 861
23.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 861
23.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 862
23.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 863
23.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 864
23.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 865
23.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 866
23.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 868
23.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 868
23.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 869
23.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 871
23.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 872
Contents xvii
23.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation
(scientific, fixed) 873
23.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 874
23.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 874
23.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member
Function flags 875
23.8 Stream Error States 877
23.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 879
23.10 Wrap-Up 879

24 Exception Handling 889
24.2 Exception-Handling Overview 891
24.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 891
24.4 When to Use Exception Handling 897
24.5 Rethrowing an Exception 898
24.6 Exception Specifications 900
24.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 901
24.8 Stack Unwinding 901
24.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 903
24.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 904
24.11 Processing new Failures 904
24.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 907
24.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 909
24.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 911
24.15 Wrap-Up 912
A Operator Precedence Charts 919
B ASCII Character Set 923
C Number Systems 924
C.1 Introduction 925
C.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal
Numbers 928
C.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary
Numbers 929
C.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal
929
C.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal
930
C.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation
932
D Game Programming: Solving Sudoku 937

D.1 Introduction 937
D.2 Deitel Sudoku Resource Center 938
D.3
Solution
Strategies 938
xviii Contents
D.4 Programming Sudoku Puzzle Solvers 942
D.5 Generating New Sudoku Puzzles 943
D.6 Conclusion 945
Appendices on the Web 946
Appendices E through I are PDF documents posted online at the
book’s Companion
Website (located at www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel).
E Game Programming with the Allegro C Library I
E.1 Introduction II
E.2 Installing Allegro II
E.3 A Simple Allegro Program III

E.4 Simple Graphics: Importing Bitmaps and Blitting IV
E.5 Animation with Double Buffering IX
E.6 Importing and Playing Sounds XVI
E.7 Keyboard Input XX
E.8 Fonts and Displaying Text XXV
E.9 Implementing the Game of Pong XXXI
E.10 Timers in Allegro XXXVII
E.11 The Grabber and Allegro Datafiles XLII
E.12 Other Allegro Capabilities LI
E.13 Allegro Resource Center LII
F Sorting: A Deeper Look LVIII
F.1 Introduction LIX
F.2 Big O Notation LIX
F.3 Selection Sort LX
F.4 Insertion Sort LXIV
F.5 Merge Sort LXVII
G Introduction to C99 LXXVIII
G.1 Introduction LXXIX
G.2 Support for C99 LXXIX
G.3 New C99 Headers LXXX
G.4 // Comments LXXX
G.5 Mixing Declarations and Executable Code LXXXI
G.6 Declaring a Variable in a for Statement Header LXXXII

G.7 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals LXXXIV
G.8 Type bool LXXXVII
G.9 Implicit int in Function Declarations LXXXVIII
G.10 Complex Numbers LXXXIX
G.11 Variable-Length Arrays XC
Contents xix
G.12 The snprintf Function: Helping Avoid Hacker Attacks
XCIII
G.13 Additions to the Preprocessor XCV
G.14 Other C99 Features XCVI
G.15 Web Resources XCIX
H Using the Visual Studio Debugger CIV
H.1 Introduction CV
H.2 Breakpoints and the Continue Command CV
H.3 Locals and Watch Windows CIX
H.4 Controlling Execution Using the Step Into, Step Over, Step
Out
and Continue Commands CXII

H.5 Autos Window CXIV
H.6 Wrap-Up CXVI
I Using the GNU Debugger CXVIII
I.1 Introduction CXIX
I.2 Breakpoints and the run, stop, continue and print Commands
CXIX
I.3 print and set Commands CXXIV
I.4 Controlling Execution Using the step, finish and next
Commands CXXVI
I.5 watch Command CXXVIII
I.6 Wrap-Up CXXX
Index 947
This page intentionally left blank
Welcome to the C programming language—and to C++, too!
This book presents leading-
edge computing technologies for students, instructors and
software development profes-

sionals.
At the heart of the book is the Deitel signature “live-code
approach.” Concepts are
presented in the context of complete working programs, rather
than in code snippets. Each
code example is immediately followed by one or more sample
executions. All the source
code is available at www.deitel.com/books/chtp6/.
We believe that this book and its support materials will give
you an informative, inter-
esting, challenging and entertaining introduction to C.
As you read the book, if you have questions, send an e-mail to
[email protected];
we’ll respond promptly. For updates on this book and its
supporting C and C++ software,
and for the latest news on all Deitel publications and services,
visit www.deitel.com.
New and Updated Features
Here are the updates we’ve made for C How to Program, 6/e:
• “Making a Difference” Exercises Set. We encourage you to

use computers and the
Internet to research and solve problems that really matter. These
new exercises are
meant to increase awareness of important issues the world is
facing. We hope
you’ll approach them with your own values, politics and beliefs.
• Tested All Code on Windows and Linux. We’ve tested every
program (the exam-
ples and the exercises) using both Visual C++ 2008 and GNU
GCC 4.3. The
code examples and exercise code solutions were also tested
using Visual Studio
2010 Beta.
• New Design. The book has a new interior design that
graphically serves to orga-
nize, clarify and highlight the information, and enhances the
book’s pedagogy.
• Improved Terminology Sections. We’ve added page numbers
for the defining oc-
currences of all terms in the terminology lists for easy
reference.

• Updated Coverage of C++ and Object-Oriented Programming.
We updated
Chapters 15–24 on object-oriented programming in C++ with
material from our
just published C++ How to Program, 7/e.
• Titled Programming Exercises. We’ve titled all the
programming exercises. This
helps instructors tune assignments for their classes.
• New Web Appendices. Chapters 15–17 from the previous
edition are now search-
able PDF Appendices E–G, available on the Companion Website
(see the access
card at the front of the book).
Preface
www.deitel.com/books/chtp6
www.deitel.com
xxii Preface
• New Debugger Appendices. We also added new debugging

appendices for Visual
C++® 2008 and GNU gdb.
• Order of Evaluation. We added cautions about order of
evaluation issues.
• We replaced all uses of gets (from <stdio.h>) with fgets,
because gets is now
deprecated.
• Additional Exercises. We added more function pointer
exercises. We also added
the Fibonacci exercise project that improves the Fibonacci
recursion example (tail
recursion).
• Secure C Programming Resource Center. We’ve posted a new
Secure C Program-
ming Resource Center at www.deitel.com/SecureC/. We’ve also
added notes
about secure C programming to the introductions in Chapter 7,
Pointers, and
Chapter 8, Strings.
• Game Programming with Allegro. We updated the chapter on

game program-
ming with the Allegro C library. In particular, we added
instructions on installing
the Allegro libraries for use with Visual C++® 2008 and GNU
GCC 4.3.
• Coverage of the C99 Standard. We updated and enhanced the
detailed appendix
on C99, which was reviewed by John Benito, Convener of ISO
WG14—the
Working Group responsible for the C Programming Language
Standard. Each
C99 concept is now keyed to the section where it can be taught
earlier in the
book. C99 is not incorporated throughout the book because
Microsoft does not
yet support it and a large percentage of C courses use
Microsoft's Visual C++®
compiler. For additional information, check out the C99
Standard section in our
C Resource center at www.deitel.com/C/. You'll find features of
C99, articles
from experts, the differences between Standard C and C99,
FAQs, downloads

and more.
• C++-Style // Comments. We discuss C++-style // comments
early for instructors
and students who’d prefer to use them. Although Microsoft C
does not yet sup-
port C99, it does support C99’s comments, which are borrowed
from C++.
• C Standard Library. Section 1.8 now references P.J. Plauger’s
Dinkumware web-
site (www.dinkumware.com/manuals/default.aspx) where
students can find
thorough searchable documentation for the C Standard Library
functions.
Other Features
Other features of C How to Program, 6/e, include:
Game Programming with the Allegro C Game Programming
Library
Appendix E introduces the Allegro game programming C
library. This library—originally
developed by Climax game programmer Shawn Hargreaves—
was created to be a powerful

tool for programming games in C while still remaining
relatively simple compared to oth-
er, more complicated graphics libraries such as DirectX and
OpenGL. In Appendix E, we
use Allegro’s capabilities to create the simple game of Pong.
Along the way, we demon-
strate how to display graphics, play sounds, receive input from
the keyboard and create
timed events—features you can use to create games of your
own. Students and instructors
www.deitel.com/SecureC
www.deitel.com/C
www.dinkumware.com/manuals/default.aspx
Web-Based Materials xxiii
alike will find Allegro challenging and entertaining. We include
extensive web resources
in our Allegro Resource Center (www.deitel.com/allegro), one
of which offers more
than 1000 open-source Allegro games.
Sorting: A Deeper Look

Sorting places data in order, based on one or more sort keys.
We begin our presentation
of sorting with a simple algorithm in Chapter 6. In Appendix F,
we present a deeper look
at sorting. We consider several algorithms and compare them
with regard to their memory
consumption and processor demands. For this purpose, we
introduce Big O notation,
which indicates how hard an algorithm may have to work to
solve a problem. Through
examples and exercises, Appendix F discusses the selection
sort, insertion sort, recursive
merge sort, recursive selection sort, bucket sort and recursive
Quicksort.
Web-Based Materials
This book is supported by substantial online materials. The
book’s Companion Website
(www.pearsonhighered.com/deitel; see the access card at the
front of the book) contains
the following appendices in searchable PDF format:
• Appendix E, Game Programming with the Allegro C Library
• Appendix F, Sorting: A Deeper Look

• Appendix G, Introduction to C99
• Appendix H, Using the Visual Studio Debugger
• Appendix I, Using the GNU Debugger
Dependency Charts
The dependency charts in Figs. 1–2 show the dependencies
among the chapters to help
instructors plan their syllabi. C How to Program, 6/e is
appropriate for CS1 and CS2 cours-
es, and intermediate-level C and C++ programming courses. The
C++ part of the book
assumes that you have studied the C part.
Teaching Approach
C How to Program, 6/e, contains a rich collection of examples.
We concentrate on demon-
strating the principles of good software engineering and
stressing program clarity.
Live-Code Approach. C How to Program, 6/e, is loaded with
“live-code” examples. Most
new concepts are presented in the context of complete working

C applications, followed
by one or more executions showing program inputs and outputs.
Syntax Shading
For readability, we syntax shade the code, similar to the way
most integrated-development
environments and code editors syntax color code. Our syntax-
shading conventions are:
comments appear like this
keywords appear like this
constants and literal values appear like this
all other code appears in black
www.deitel.com/allegro
xxiv Preface
Code Highlighting
We place gray rectangles around the key code.
Using Fonts for Emphasis. We place the key terms and the
index’s page reference for each

defining occurrence in bold blue text for easy reference. We
emphasize on-screen compo-
nents in the bold Helvetica font (e.g., the File menu) and C
program text in the Lucida
font (for example, int x = 5;).
Web Access. All of the source-code examples are available for
download from:
Fig. 1 | C chapter dependency chart.
www.deitel.com/books/chtp6/
Introduction
1 Introduction to Computers,
the Internet and the Web
Intro to Programming
2 Intro to C Programming
Control Statements,
Functions and Arrays
3 Structured Program

Development in C
4 C Program Control
5 C Functions
6 C Arrays
Pointers and Strings
8 C Characters and Strings
7 C Pointers
5.14–5.16 Recursion
12 C Data Structures
F Sorting: A Deeper Look
Data Structures
Other Topics, Game Programming and C99
C Chapter

Dependency
Chart
[Note: Arrows pointing into a
chapter indicate that chapter’s
dependencies.]
G Introduction to C99
E Game Programming with
the Allegro C Library
10 C Structures, Unions, Bit
Manipulations and Enumerations
Aggregate Types
Streams and Files
11 C File Processing
9 C Formatted Input/Output
13 C Preprocessor
14 Other C Topics

www.deitel.com/books/chtp6
Teaching Approach xxv
Quotations. Each chapter begins with quotations. We hope that
you enjoy relating these
to the chapter material.
Objectives. The quotes are followed by a list of chapter
objectives.
Illustrations/Figures. Abundant charts, tables, line drawings,
UML diagrams, programs
and program output are included.
Programming Tips
We include programming tips to help you focus on important
aspects of program devel-
opment. These tips and practices represent the best we’ve
gleaned from a combined seven
decades of programming and teaching experience.
Fig. 2 | C++ chapter dependency chart.

Good Programming Practice
The Good Programming Practices call attention to techniques
that will help you pro-
duce programs that are clearer, more understandable and more
maintainable.
Common Programming Error
Pointing out these Common Programming Errors reduces the
likelihood that you’ll
make them.
Error-Prevention Tip
These tips contain suggestions for exposing and removing bugs
from your programs; many
describe aspects of C that prevent bugs from getting into
programs in the first place.
Object-Based
Programming
C++ Chapter
Dependency
Chart

18 Classes: A Deeper
Look, Part 2
17 Classes: A Deeper
Look, Part 1
19 Operator Overloading
Object-Oriented
Programming
23 Stream
Input/Output
20 OOP: Inheritance
22 Templates21 OOP:
Polymorphism
24 Exception
Handling
15 C++ as a Better C;
Intro to Object Technology

16 Intro to Classes and Objects
[Note: Arrows pointing into a
chapter indicate that chapter’s
dependencies.]
xxvi Preface
Summary Bullets. We present a section-by-section, bullet-list
summary of the chapter.
Terminology. We include an alphabetized list of the important
terms defined in each chap-
ter with the page number of each term’s defining occurrence for
easy reference.
Self-Review Exercises and Answers. Extensive self-review
exercises and answers are includ-
ed for self-study.
Exercises. Each chapter concludes with a substantial set of
exercises including:

• simple recall of important terminology and concepts,
• identifying the errors in code samples,
• writing individual C statements,
• writing small portions of functions and classes,
• writing complete C functions, classes and programs, and
• major projects.
Instructors can use these exercises to form homework
assignments, short quizzes, major ex-
aminations and term projects. [NOTE: Please do not write to us
requesting access to the
Pearson Instructor’s Resource Center which contains the book’s
instructor supple-
ments, including the exercise solutions. Access is limited
strictly to college instructors
teaching from the book. Instructors may obtain access only
through their Pearson rep-
resentatives.

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