Nt1330 Unit 5 Exercise 5.1

Nt1330 Unit 5 Exercise 5.1
Exercise 5 1. If a coworker is not doing their job and it is a partnership, and they lie on the partner
solely to do all of the work when there is nothing hindering them from completing the work. Then
the coworker who is forced to complete the work by themselves should inform the supervisor, about
the difficulties with working with this particular coworker. It should be in an email, so that the
supervisor doesn't see that the individual is taking it personally. The supervisor will not be able to
see their facial expressions, tone of voice, eye and body movement, but the individual has more
control over the message. Since it is business it should be impersonal, but it will include a high level
of detail; which can also be used for written ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a special reunion that an individual would like to attend, then they should send an email
their supervisor ahead of time requesting these particular days off from work. Although it is
asynchronous, if the individual does it ahead of time it should not be an issue. There is written
documentation that the individual requested these days ahead of time, why they wanted these days
off, and who will be completing their job while they are gone or all the work will be done ahead of
time. In other words, it includes great detail. 3. If an individual is trying to train a new employee to
operate a complicated computer program, they should use face–to–face interactions. Face–to–face
interactions, helps the trainee see what the trainer is doing hands on, and if the trainee is doing
something wrong or misinterprets something the trainer can explain it a different way or correct
them instantly. The trainer has more control over trainee's attention span so they are likely to retain
more information. 4. If a manager at a local business still hasn't given or the individual hasn't
received the refund that they were promised, they should make a telephone call. The telephone call
will grab the manager's attention, and it will give them an immediate response on the status of their
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Use Of Animal Models And Sirna Technologies On...
Andrew Wilson
The suitability of the use of animal models and SiRNA Technologies in autosomal dominantly
inherited neurodegenerative disease
Dr P Martin
Biomedical Science
Abstract: The treatment of dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease has been not feasible
until recent discovers of gene therapy. Discovers such as short interfering RNA (siRNA) which
cause gene silencing due to the molecule forming a complex with messenger RNA (mRNA),
resulting in the degradation of mRNA through pathways in the cell. The siRNA properties shows the
potential in the treatment of such diseases. However the advancements of such therapies require
mouse models to carry trails, to allow the development of safe and reliable treatment when given to
a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However the prevalence of such diseases is in areas where there are small community resulting in
interbreeding, for example Huntington's disease (HD) and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); are
prime examples of such incidents. This class of diseases causes the apoptosis of neurons and
surrounding cells. The outcome for the sufferers has often been death. However there is promising
developments in gene therapy, including SiRNA therapy in the treatment of these diseases.
Small Interfering RNA (SiRNA) was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello, receiving the
Nobel Prize in 2006 for their work. (Kaur et al, 2012) Typically SiRNA are between 21 and 23 RNA
nucleotides in length. SiRNA has the ability to cause the inactivity of a genes' expression in somatic
mammalian cells; has proven to be an exceptional tool for researchers for the control of disease–
causing genes and theoretical treatments of inherited diseases in the future. However siRNA can
only be used once the target mRNA sequence is known. (Sioud, 2004) However due to the Human
Genome Project, a large portion of the target genes have been sequenced allowing SiRNA to
become more practical.
The siRNA molecule is the product of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. The starting molecule
in the pathway is a long "triggering" double stranded RNA (dsRNA). The dsRNA is formed from
either an RNAi molecule inserted into the cell or a siRNA which complexes with a specific strand of
messenger RNA

Retrograde Amnesia In The Movie Memento
Memory Movie Review (Answers/ Responses)
A–1. Within the movie "Memento", the type of memory loss the main character, Leonard, in this
movie was suffering, is most likely "anterograde amnesia–the inability to form new Memories[1] "
due to him within the movie not being able to recall what has happened an hour after, in sequence of
events in the films' story. I would also argue that Leonard has "retrograde amnesia–– unable to
remember some or all of their past, especially episodic memories for recent events[2]" which could
be supported with the fact when he was questioned by Teddy, about his and his wife's past showing
in the movie he has doubt and no solid assurance of the past as he feels that he remembers it in two
different ways.
A–2. Retrieval Cue, " is a clue, prompt, or hint that can help trigger recall of a stored memory[3]". I
feel that Retrieval Cues are important in the function of long term memory as the opposite "retrieval
cue failure, which refers to the inability to recall long–term memories because of inadequate or
missing retrieval cues.[4]" shows that not having, or having a failure in retrieval cues can cause no
remembrance of the past, therefore having trouble with memory in general which is seen throughout
the film, Memento, in the struggles Leonard had, trying to recognize his situation, what is he doing
and why?
A–3. The theories of forgetting include :
"Decay theory–– we forget memories because we don't use them and they fade away over time

The Potato Virus Essay
Introduction
Potato virus X (PVX) is a plant RNA virus. Its infection cycle includes invasion of the host plant,
RNA replication, translation of viral proteins, cell–to–cell movement and release of new virions.
Upon infection, PVX releases its plus–strand RNA genome from the virion and produces a viral
replicase using host translation machinery. The replicase synthesizes minus–strand RNA.
Subsequently new plus–strand genomic RNA (gRNA) and subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are
produced. Movement and coat proteins are translated from the sgRNAs for encapsidation and
movement through plasmodesmata. In this mini–review, all aspects of the virus infection cycle of
PVX are discussed.
Classification
Potato virus X (PVX) is a small non–enveloped virus, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The 5'–terminus has a methylguanosine cap and the 3'–terminus consists of a poly(A) tail [7]. The
genome contains five open reading frames (ORFs), see figure 1A.
The 5' proximal ORF (ORF1) can be translated directly from the gRNA by host translation
machinery. ORF1 encodes a 165kDa replicase, which consists of three domains. These include a
methyltransferase–, helicase– and RNA–dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domain. Interestingly
the three domains remain as one protein, whereas it is often cleaved into separate subunits in other
plant viruses.
The other ORFs are translated from subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs), see figure 1B. ORF2–4 overlap
and are therefore called the triple gene block (TGB). The encoded proteins are TGB1, TGB2 and
TGB3 respectively. TGB1 is a 25kDa protein with a RNA helicase motif similar to the one found in
the viral replicase. TGB2/3 contain sequences for transmembrane domains and are ER–associated.
TGB1 is expressed from its own 2.1kb sgRNA (sgRNA1) whereas TGB2/3 are both expressed from
the same 1.4kb sgRNA (sgRNA2). This co–translation occurs through leaky scanning. All three
TGB proteins are associated with cell–to–cell movement through plasmodesmata (PD) [8]. ORF5 is
expressed from a separate sgRNA of 0.9kb (sgRNA3) and encodes the coat protein (CP). CP is
required both for encapsidation and cell–to–cell movement. Figure 1 – Schematic visualization of
the

Harassment And Verbal Abuse In The Workplace
Please accept this letter as resignation of my position of Concrete Finisher, effective immediately. I
am forced to resign because I can no longer tolerate the workplace harassment and verbal abuse
executed by my Supervisor – Victor Silva. On continuous basis, my Supervisor Mr. Victor Silva, has
harassed me and verbally abused me. The harassment and verbal abuse is evident by him
persistently screaming out derogatory and offensive comments that include but are not limited to
statements such as, "You fucking guy", "Go fuck yourself", and others. In addition, Mr. Victor Silva
has repeatedly stated that workers of different ethnicity and place of origin, except the Portuguese
workers, are "all shit". He stated these comments in my presence despite

RNA Interference in Biotechnology and Pharmacetics Essay
Almost all biology students learn the fundamentals of gene expression, DNA contains information
which is transcribed into RNA to create protein. Students however, are not taught of RNA
Interference, the biological process where RNA molecules inhibit a gene's expression, RNAi for
short. While RNAi is a fairly new discovery, its use in modern biological research is
groundbreaking. RNA Interference works by binding Double–stranded RNA molecules (siRNA) to a
complementary messenger RNA. The enzymes Dicer and Slicer then cleave the chemical bonds
which hold the messeger RNA in place and prevent it from delivering protein silencing instructions
thus, the term, Gene Silencing. This phenomenon was first discovered by Richard Jorgensen in 1990
when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sanofi plans on using antibodies to target PCSK9 which could lead to an alternative to the
commonly used statins drug. Out of the 32 patients in the most recent trial, 24 received a single dose
of the RNAi drug. The results showed that the expression of PCSK9 dropped to a staggering
average, 70% and a 40% decrease of LDL cholesterol levels. If the PCSK9 inhibition drug deems
successful it is still not sure whether the drug will perform well from a business aspect.
Another application of RNAi is in Parkinson's disease. Researchers at the National Institutes of
Health have successfully used RNA Interference to uncover several genes which possibly represent
new therapeutic targets for treating Parkinson's disease. These discoveries may also be useful to
other diseases cause by damage to the mitochondria. Researcher Richard Youle explains, "'we
discovered a network of genes that may regulate the disposal of dysfunctional mitochondria,
opening the door to new drug targets for Parkinson's disease and other disorders'"
(http://www.nih.gov/news/health/nov2013/ninds–24.htm). On certain occasions of Parkinson's the
gene parkin, which tags damaged mitochondria as waste, is mutated. This
3
mutilation leads to excess accumulation of unhealthy mitochondria in the body. Dr. Youle and his
colleagues worked alongside Scott Martin using robotics to introduce small interfering RNA

Why Potato Is Becoming The Most Important Crop
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the fourth highest produced crop in the world and the most
important non–cereal food crop, with world production estimated to be over 350 million tons in
2013 (http://faostat.fao.org). Potato is a versatile crop, and is utilized as not only food and feed but
also in industrial materials and fuels (Kikuchi et al. 2015). Potato is becoming the most important
crop in developing countries and its production is expanding more rapidly than that of most other
crops primarily because of increasing industrialization (Guchi et al. 2015). Potatoes in India are
grown under varied climatic conditions ranging from tropics, subtropics to temperate highlands.
Consequently, the spectrum of insect–pests and diseases is very large and limit potato production
upto 85% depending upon the weather/region. Fungal disease plays a pivotal role for yield losses.
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (oomycete pathogen), is the most destructive disease
of potato worldwide (CIP, 1989). During the last two decades, disease has increased globally and the
average global crop loss of potato has increased upto 21.8% (Fry and Goodwin, 1997; James, 1981;
Forbes, 2012). Worldwide losses due to late blight are estimated to exceed $5 billion annually and
thus the pathogen is regarded as a threat to global food security (Latijnhouwers et al. 2004).
Management strategies consist either in exclusion, avoiding contact between plant and pathogens, or
by pest eradication, and

Proactive Inequality In Psychology
Discussion on the data The results of this study provide an abundance amount of information, but
not all may correlate with the hypothesis. Also, there were a few underlying questions that would
hopefully be found in the results of this experiment. First, the question of which age group was more
susceptible to proactive interference cannot be determined because there is not an even amount of
ages found in this study; there would need to be a larger sample size with a more divers, yet equal
amount of ages to determine that. Another additional question was whether gender has an effect on
becoming more susceptible to proactive interference with working memory cannot be determined
because there is not an equal amount of genders for each age ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the data, 38% of participants finished the first test between 11 and 15 seconds and
25% of participants finished the first test between 16 and 20 seconds. Compared to the second test
25% of participants finished between 26 and 30 seconds and 25% of participants finished the second
test between 31 and 35 seconds. This shows that participant's time where double once they took the
second test. These results show no correlation with an increase of age and an increase in proactive
interference. However, these results show that there is proactive interference with the Stroop effect.
Some errors in this experiment that could have affected the results were inconsistencies of the
setting on where the experiment was taken. Although it was timed a participant could have taken
longer to press the finish button or make a mistake on how to conduct the experiment. To eliminate
these variables, the experiment could be completed at the same setting. Also, the timing of the
experiment could be improved by having there experimenter sit near the participants and once they
are done reading the words aloud the stopwatch could be stopped, providing more consistency.
Conclusion
The purpose of this study was to determine how the difference in age can affect the susceptibility to
proactive interference; the interference of past material inhibiting one's full potential to learn new
material, by using the Stroop effect. This study was designed to

Analyzing The Primary Cause Of Forgetting
A variant of the classic Brown–Peterson task was used to examine the primary cause of forgetting.
Thirty–four participants, in two waves of data collection, with their age ranging from 20 to 22 years,
recalled words after differing inter–trial intervals and retention intervals (ITI–RIs) along with
altering number of syllables. The number of syllables was changed from wave one to wave two.
These ITI–RIs were manipulated to illustrate the effect of time–based decay or temporal
distinctiveness on forgetting. Temporal distinctiveness did not yield significantly better recall
compared to decay, which suggests that the primary cause of forgetting in the short term can be
attributed to both decay and temporal distinctiveness. These results do not support earlier research
using the presentation and recall method that found temporal distinctiveness was the primary cause
of forgetting. Also, number of syllables did not significantly increase recall which contradicts the
word length effect.
Keywords: short–term memory, decay, forgetting, temporal distinctiveness, syllables
Primary Cause of Forgetting Over the Short Term
Forgetting in the short term, when we quickly lose information from memory, is a common
circumstance for all of us. After hearing a combination for a lock for example, and asked a few
moments later to open the lock, our memory of the combination may be lost because our attention
was diverted for those few seconds. Why does this happen and how can we

Essay about Exploration of Memory
Exploration of Memory
Forgetting is a common process that occurs near enough every day. The general definition of
forgetting is the inability to recall or recognise something that has been previously learned.
Forgetting occurs in both short and long term memory, and several explanations have been put
forward as to why forgetting occurs. There are two main theories concerning forgetting in long term
memory.
The first explanation was the decay theory, this suggests that information stored in memory can
eventually fade away. There is an assumption that a memory trace in our brain disintegrates over
time and so is lost. This idea of gradual deterioration comes with it's criticisms.
There is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The problem is that both of these variables occurred and the same time, and thus it is impossible to
tell whether better recall was due to sleep in the retention interval, or the time of day when recall
took place. It is, perhaps, also necessary to point out that this study is not very realistic – the
information participants were asked to remember is not like it would be in real life, and therefore the
experiment lacks ecological validity.
Further investigation into the decay theory, and extending Jenkins and Dallenbach's work, was
Hockey et al. (1972), this study found that recall was better in the morning. This means that the
original finding can be explained in terms of the time when testing took place rather than lack of
displacement while asleep. Another criticism is that if decay is a major explanation for forgetting
then why is it that we have so many long term memories? There is much evidence to suggest that
memories can be very long lasting (Bahrick et al.) , this evokes the fact that decay is an unlikely
explanation for most long term forgetting.
The final problem with this theory is that it is difficult to distinguish between the effects of decay
and interference in long term memory. If something does disappear from memory – how can we tell
whether it was due to decay, displacement or interference? To investigate this problem, a natural
experiment (on

Forgetting in Short-term Memory Essay
Forgetting in Short–term Memory
Forgetting can be a useful way in clearing out the un–wanted clutter from our memories. We do not
need to remember things like what we wore last Thursday.
Displacement
We must remember that according to Miller, the capacity of S.T.M is limited to about seven items (+
or – two.) Material that is circulating in our S.T.M that has not been sufficiently processed by our
L.T.M. can be pushed out or displaced by new incoming information.
Waugh and Norman (1965) used a technique known as the serial probe technique to investigate this
idea. This involved presenting individuals with a series of digits followed by the repetition of one of
these digits known as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At this stage, which corresponds with S.T.M, this trace is fragile and likely to be disrupted. If it is
not strengthened through with repeat neural activity e.g. rehearsal (usually verbal) the trace can fade
away over time. However if rehearsed a permanent structural change can take place and the trace is
no longer susceptible to decay. This means that according to Hebb trace decay can only account for
forgetting in S.T.M.
It is difficult to test decay theory without introducing confounding factors but a researcher known as
Reitman (1974) devised one she thought would be as pure a measure as possible. She decided that
participants should be given a task between learning and recall, which prevented rehearsal but did
not allow for further learning. She showed participants lists of five words for 2 seconds and then for
a further 15 seconds asked them to listen out for a faint tone over earphones. She thought that this
would require effort and attention but not allow for the chance of any new learning. Under these
conditions recall of the five words declined by about 24% over the 15 second period which led her
to conclude that the decline in performance was due to decay however it is impossible to say
whether or not any new information was learned by the individuals.
It is clear that S.T.M is a fragile store from which information can be quickly or easily

Rna Interference ( Rnai ) Drugs
RNA interference (RNAi) drugs are drugs that alter the protein production of the desired
cells/tissues by altering their RNA. The field of RNA interference is fairly recent with study of the
mechanisms that enable it starting in the 1990s and continuing today. Through the years, it has been
known as co–suppression, post transcriptional gene silencing, quelling, and others due to the ability
to deactivate or suppress certain genes, mostly in Eukaryotes. RNAi has proved to be a very
powerful instrument in medicine, biotechnology, genomics and others. The medicines currently
produced can actually stop the production of certain proteins to treat specific illnesses, essentially
making a genetic "off switch" for certain genes. A common focus of RNAi is targeting cancers, liver
disease, and Hepatitis C., by utilizing small single and double sided RNA segments that alter the
host RNA, allowing for little to no DNA change while stopping the function and reproduction of the
target. One of the only downsides to this kind of treatment is that it is nonreversible and must be
taken slowly to study its effects in total. This growing field is a perfect example of how simple
genetic concepts are able to help shape human health forever. In Elbashir, Lendeckel, and Tuschl's
article, they explore how 21– and 22–nucleotides RNAs mediate RNA interference by using an in
vitro Drosophila system; this article is still referenced today as an authoritative source for RNAi
research They show that the

Examining the Rna Interference Mechanism in the Dpy-13...
Examining the RNA Interference Mechanism in the dpy–13 Gene in C. Elegans Through Feeding
Mehdi Misto
Lab: Monday 1:00 – 4:50 PM
11 December 2012
Introduction: RNA interference, or RNAi, is a biological process in which RNA molecules reduce
the gene expression of an organism. This is done typically by causing the destruction of specific
mRNA molecules. RNAs are direct products of genes, these small RNAs can bind to other mRNA
molecules to either increase or decrease their activity like in the example of preventing an mRNA
from producing a protein. There are two types of RNA molecules that are central to RNAi, these
molecules are, micro RNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA).
The RNAi mechanism is found in many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This same procedure is repeated to transfer worms from the dpy–13 starter plate to the OP50 seeded
plate labeled "dpy–13". These plates are then both incubated upside down at 20˚C for 48 hours. This
incubation gives the worms time to grow in their new environment. In part 2 of the experiment we
are inducing RNAi through the process of feeding. To do so, a black pen is used to label the bottom
of an OP50 seeded plate with the date and "wild type". Another OP50 seeded plate is labeled with
the date and "dpy–13". A black pen is then used to label the bottom of the plate seeded with dpy–13
RNAi feeding strain with the date and "wild type". Five L4–stage worms from the plate of wild type
worms are then picked and moved to the OP50 seeded plate labeled "wild type". Any eggs or young
larvae that may have been accidentally transferred are to be picked off of the plate and then flamed
in a Bunsen burner. The same method is used to move five L4 wild type worms to the plate seeded
with the dpy–13 RNAi feeding strain, and once again to move five L4 dpy–13 worms to the OP50
seeded plate labeled "dpy–13". These plates are then incubated upside down at 20˚C. Part 3 of this
experiment calls to isolate the DNA from C. Elegans. To do so, we start by labeling three PCR tubes
with the group number. One of the tubes is labeled "W" for wild type, one is labeled "R" for

Summary: Current DBO Workplace Violence
It is the responsibility of all staff to promote and maintain a safe working environment. In the event
of a confrontation with an irate staff member over the request of a status update on assignment I
would attempt to utilize the following techniques to diffuse the situation. The steps would be
listening, approach with an open mind, speak in a calm voice and use appropriate body language,
control emotions, document, and work through the current DBO workplace violence processes. The
staff member should be given an opportunity to voice their opinion, problem, issue, frustration, or
concern in a professional manner. This would also allow me the opportunity of possibly identifying
the issue and understanding the issue including knowing the staff

Engstorm: A Case Study
followed. They should include oral reprimand, written warnings with a plan in place to show the
expected behavior, and clear disciplinary actions that must be acted upon as given. The plan of
action cannot be ignored or forgotten and left unenforced. The plan must change her behavior, or
end in termination of her employment.
An option available to help the office manager communicate more effectively would be to use a
mediator. Having a third party who is neutral will help everyone communicate more openly. Now
both sides will feel that they are not being ganged up on, and find another prospective that will help
ease the conflict. This will ensure that everyone understands what is expected of them, and have
another person to answer questions (McKenzie, 2015).
Improvement Outcomes
The organizational improvements for Engstorm would create increased production, more reliable
products with a decrease in defects, a more harmonious work environment where the mangers are
not worried about workplace violence, and longevity from the employees. By effectively applying
human behavior theories, the mangers at Engstorm should be able to motivate the employees to
improve their production output. When an employee is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through positive reinforcement daily, they can encourage all the employees to improve their
production rates individually. Even if one employee has a greater production rate, they should not be
used to make other employees feel that any improvement they make would not be worth their time
(Newstrom, 2015). This will encourage everyone to do a better job, which will have a bigger
increase in production. Every employee at Engstrom will have a different need for money and praise
to feel motivated to improve their work (Newstrom, 2015). For Engstrom to be successful in
motivating their employees, they need to be consistent, honest and give everyone the same

Device That Can Be Thought As A Gun
device that can be thought as a gun. The second screen has a surface that can record or detect any
wave or particle that manages to pass through the slits and strike the screen. As will be seen,
sometime the researcher will open just one slit and other times both slits. The experiment is
conducted in stages in order to contrast waves from particles.
In the first stage a series of bullets (particles) will be fired toward the barrier with one slit open. As
expected a vertical pattern of bullet holes will appear behind slit 1. After opening the second slit and
firing another volley, a second vertical pattern will appear right next to the first one. In other words
the bullets behave just like particles in accordance with classical physics as would be expected.
In stage two a monochromatic light (light with just one wavelength) will be emitted toward the
screen. This is in contrast to the light from a normal light bulb that is composed of many differing
wavelengths (making it difficult to observe the interference pattern). The second screen is coated
with a chemical that illuminates when impacted by light. When the monochromatic light is emitted
with only one slit open, a pattern of brightness appears just behind the slit. But with both slits open
an interference pattern is observed consisting of bright bands where constructive interference
occurred and dark bands where destructive interference occurred. Again, this is just what is
expected.
In the third stage

The Uses Of Beta Acids
The use of beta amino acids to replace the naturally occurring alpha equivalent has recently allowed
scientist to explore a more stable peptide mimic. The ability of beta–peptides to resist protease
degradation has vastly improved their ability to be drug candidates as well as other therapeutic
targets. As a result, it will be explored in this paper whether or not peptide mimics with beta peptide
backbones are able to function as transporting polymers for short interfering RNA (siRNA). siRNA
has the ability to silence any gene, and has already been shown to eliminate targets in many liver
diseases, including hepatitis B. The challenge in using siRNA is that not membrane permeable
because it is large and negatively charged. In order to harness the therapeutic benefits of siRNA, a
molecule to transport siRNA into the cell must be found. Arrowhead Chemicals in Madison, WI has
shown progress in synthesizing various peptides and polymers to tackle this problem. However, the
need for a more efficient and selective carrier is still crucial. In collaboration with Arrowhead
Chemicals, this research seeks to test oligomers with a beta peptide backbone for their efficiency in
transporting siRNA into a hepatocyte cell.
Be more vauge and broad. Other applications for beta oeotdes. More general. (short interfering).
Negatively charged, easily degraded in the body (proteases)
Introduction
Discovered in 1998 by Fire, Mello and colleagues, short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a small strand
of

motivation Essay
One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been trying to use
behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour of continually interfering with the
work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has so far tried moving the offender
physically away from her colleague, ignoring the interference (along with the colleague) in the hope
that it would stop, and rewarding the staff member when she does not interfere. This situation has
now been going on for six months, your manager has run out of ideas, and he has asked for your
help. What advice would you give from your knowledge of motivation theory?
One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been trying ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He has so far tried moving the offender physically away from her colleague, ignoring the
interference (along with the colleague) in the hope that it would stop, and rewarding the staff
member when she does not interfere. This situation has now been going on for six months, your
manager has run out of ideas, and he has asked for your help. What advice would you give from
your knowledge of motivation theory?One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of
his staff. He has been trying to use behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour
of continually interfering with the work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has
so far tried moving the offender physically away from her colleague, ignoring the interference
(along with the colleague) in the hope that it would stop, and rewarding the staff member when she
does not interfere. This situation has now been going on for six months, your manager has run out of
ideas, and he has asked for your help. What advice would you give from your knowledge of
motivation theory?One of your managers has an ongoing problem with one of his staff. He has been
trying to use behavioural modification to change the staff member's behaviour of continually
interfering with the work of one of her colleagues (whose job she used to do). He has so far tried
moving the offender

Rna Interference ( Rnai )
Introduction RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process where a double stranded RNA
(dsRNA) activates the degradation of the sequence–dependent RNA target cell, causing a
posttranscrip–tional gene–silencing mechanism or inhibition of cellular gene expression. 1 This
mechanism was first discovered in Caenorhabditis elegans in 1998 by Andrew Z. Fire and Craig C.
Mello, where they observed that the introduction of the dsRNA in the animal cell resulted in an
inhibition expression of the homologous gene, and this phenomenon opened new possibilities on
modulat–ing gene sequences in the medical industry. 2 However, there are some major setbacks with
the ongoing research of this siRNA molecules as therapeutic applications, including a possibility of
silencing the healthy genes other than the target ones when the siRNA binds to the complementary
mRNA strand. There are also some studies that have shown that with the application of the siRNA
as a drug, it produces some unwanted side effects where it could be lethal if there's an overdose or
can cause immunity to the siRNA, leading to the question: is siRNA as a form of a drug for
medicinal purposes actually safe?
Mechanism of the RNAi in action
The RNAi mechanism (Figure 1) is triggered with the introduction of the small interfering RNA
(siRNA) molecules via enzyme (Dicer) breakdown of the double stranded RNA (dsRNA), following
an incorporation of these siRNA into an RNA–induced silencing complex (RISC). When the siRNA
is

Legal Memo for Private Nuisance Claim Essay
Interoffice Memorandum
Privileged Attorney Work Product
To: Professor
From:
Date: November 3, 2009
Re: Alicia Carmody's claim against her Neighbor, Mr. John Ellis, for a private nuisance claim.
QUESTION PRESENTED Under Vermont Common Law does Mr. John Ellis' recently created
chicken coop in a residential neighborhood constitutes a private nuisance when Mr. Ellis' rooster and
the hens generate odors and noises that could be considered unreasonable and substantial
interferences with Ms. Alicia Carmody's enjoyment of her yard?
BRIEF ANSWER Probably yes. Mr. John Ellis lives in a residential neighborhood where the houses
are big and are on small lots very close to each other. From the facts presented against Mr. Ellis, ...
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Coty v. Ramsey Assocs., 149 Vt. 451, 457 (Vt. 1988). In Coty, when one is trying to determine
whether a particular type of interference is substantial the interference would have to be deemed as
having "definite offensiveness, inconvenience or annoyance to the normal person in the
community." Id. So, has to be determined if the recently constructed chicken coop in Mr. Ellis' yard
are substantial and unreasonable enough to create a private nuisance according to Vermont law. Id.
For a nuisance to be unreasonable it means that it would not be reasonable to permit the defendant to
cause such an amount of harm intentionally without compensating for it. W. Prosser, Law of Torts §
88, at 626–37,626 (5th ed. 2001). A. Mr. Ellis chicken coops are considered a substantial
interference with an individual's enjoyment of the individual's property. "The interference with the
other properties would have to offensive, inconvenience or annoyance to the normal person in the
community." Coty, 149 Vt. 451, 457 (1988). The fact that Ms. Carmody cannot go outside and enjoy
her yard because of the smell generated by Mr. Ellis' chicken coop creates an act that is
"inconvenient" for Ms. Carmody. Id. The crowing generated by the rooster in the morning and
throughout the day has become an annoyance to Ms. Carmody because the crowing is so continuous
throughout the day. Both the noise and the smell can be looked as being offensive to Ms.

Why The Scientific Community Is Interested On Studying...
1. Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non–coding RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and
animals (Brennecke et al, 2005). They consist of approximately 20 to 24 nucleotides of RNA. One
process by which miRNAs inhibit gene expression occurs through translational repression (Gu and
Kay, 2010). Further to translational repression, endonuclease cleavage can also help repression to
occur. According to Cheng et al (2015) 'dysregulated microRNA expression is correlated with many
human diseases'. This suggests that miRNAs can be used as a biomarker for cancer and some
diseases such as Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). This is one of the reasons why the scientific
community is interested in studying these molecules.
2. MicroRNA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A 60–70 nucleotide transcript is left and it is called the 'pre–miRNA' (precursor miRNA). Another
protein called Exportin 5 transports the pre–miRNA to the cytoplasm.
2.2. Biogenesis of miRNA in the Cytoplasm.
According to Bernstein et al (2001), pre–miRNA then are subsequently cleaved by the cytoplasmic
RNase III Dicer into ∼22–nt miRNA duplexes'. This duplex is more commonly known as the
miRNA:miRNA* duplex. We suggest that single–stranded miRNAs are initially generated as
siRNA–like duplexes whose structures predestine one strand to enter the RISC and the other strand
to be destroyed (Schwarz et al, 2003). This suggests that only one strand of the miRNA:miRNA*
duplex (called the miRNA guide strand) is the resulting mature miRNA. The other strand called the
miRNA* passenger strand is removed and destroyed. The process in selecting which strand is
involved in determining which target RNA's will be silenced is called Sorting. The
miRNA:miRNA* duplex binds to Argonaute 2 (the only Argonaute protein in the Argonaute family
of proteins which has 'slicing' activity) and is the location where sorting occurs. Argonaute 2, along
with the mature miRNA are essential components to the RISC complex. RNA interference is
implemented through the action of the RNA–induced silencing complex (RISC) (Gregory et al,
2005).
3. MicroRNA Mechanism
There are two ways of repressing gene expression using miRNA. The mRNA of a target gene is
complementary to

Identifying Human Hair and Animal Fair by Laser Diffraction
1. Introduction:
1.1 Overview
The ability to identify an animal by examining its fur is a useful one for taxonomists and biologists.
The hair of prey is often not digested by a predator, and so can be found in the predators scat and
measured to ascertain its diet (Anwar et al., 2011). An electron microscope can be used to obtain a
lot of data from hair, including its width and the shape and texture of its surface, however electron
microscopes are expensive and time consuming to operate (Sessions et al., 2009). Lasers are much
cheaper and can be used to easily measure the width of narrow objects by measuring the interference
pattern created when laser light is diffracted around the object. As a result, laser diffraction may be a
more preferable method for identifying hairs based on their width. This experiment hopes to show
that laser diffraction is an accurate enough method for obtaining the width of narrow objects, such as
animal and human hairs, to allow comparison between them.
1.2 Wave interactions
1.2.1 Diffraction:
Diffraction is a physical phenomenon that occurs when waves encounter an obstacle or gap between
obstacles. Depending on the wavelength of the wave and the size of the obstacle or gap waves bend
and spread out. Waves tend to diffract more around objects or gaps of a similar size to their
wavelength. How a wave will diffract when it meets an object can be modelled using Huygen's
construction. Huygen's construction is based on Huygen's principle of light

Boundaries In Beowulf
Humans Create Their Place in the World Through analyzing Beowulf, there is a common theme
throughout the book of proximity and transgression of boundaries. The author creates the proximity
of boundaries by having the Hall, (good), within walking distance of the forest, (bad), and the
transgression of boundaries by having Beowulf enter the mere. These examples within the text
correlate to boundaries that are seen within our modern world. Proximity of boundaries can be
viewed by the closeness of industry and community, and the transgressions can be seen with foreign
interference. These transgressions and proximities of boundaries illustrate how humans create and
protect their own place in the world by controlling proximity and transgressing boundaries when
necessary. In Beowulf, there are several boundaries that have an extremely near proximity to one
another. The most evident example of the proximity of boundaries is the forest and Hrothgar's Hall.
The forest was seen as a, "dark," and mysterious place that was associated with the evil creatures in
the book, whereas the Hall was associated with celebration and a sense of safety for the people. The
Danes built Hrothgar's hall with the realization that the forest was in close proximity to their place
of safety. This example illustrates that the Danes created their place within their environment.
Although there are some set boundaries that humans have no control over, such as night and day,
there is a large impact on how humanity creates boundaries and their place in the world. In our
modern–day world, there are numerous examples of how humans have pushed the limits of creating
boundaries within close proximity of one another. In Andrew Blackwell's novel, Visit Sunny
Chernobyl, he explores a refinery town within Texas called Port Arthur. Blackwell explains the
overwhelming proximity of the refineries to the city of Port Arthur, and even gives an example of a
child's playground and the immediacy of the refineries. He states, "Several hundred yards beyond
the playground were the storage tanks of the Motiva refinery, and beyond them the refinery itself,"
illustrating that humans created a refinery, associated with pollutants and darkness in our society,
within

Supervisor Supervisor
One of the reasons why a department has high attrition rate is its Supervisor. If you are in this
department and you find your superior unbearable, would you rather quit or stay? The following tips
will give you more time to contemplate on the reason he is behaving that way and how you should
conduct yourself when he is around. Observe your feelings when he is around Are you frightened,
insulted and annoyed when he is around? Why is that so? Is it the way he speaks and the way he
gives directions? Try to relax when he is around and do not get affected by what your colleagues tell
you about your boss, rather, reflect if his undesirable conduct affects your work. Give him the
benefit of the doubt. If you are not doing anything wrong, you should ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, you can still veer off from humiliation by talking to him in private if you want to discuss
some concerns. Do not give him a chance to degrade you in front of your colleagues; else, it will
affect your self–esteem. You can send him an email or chat to ask if he is ready for a short talk
before going to his desk. Avoid friction by filtering negative words when you are talking to him.
Stay respectful and utter positive language only as much as possible. Do not gossip Gossiping
makes the workplace disastrous. Do not start gossips or spread the unverified news about your boss.
If you hear one, do not comment, nor make any remarks. It will be very disappointing and will add
friction to your unhealthy relationship with your superior. Appreciate every good deed he does We
may not know the reason behind his arrogance and being obnoxious, but every person has a soft
side. If a person feels appreciated by other people, naturally he will reciprocate the feeling with
good behavior. Celebrate simple achievements of the team to remind him that there is always a
reason to have fun even in the office. Get motivation from other

Gene Silencing Protein Lab Report
Gene Silencing siRNA
RNA concentration (ng/ul)
The RNA concentration obtained using Nanodrop Softwear. Since the absorbance correlated with
sample concentration of DNA, RNA, or proteins, 260 wavelength contribute to the total amount of
DNA or RNA in the sample. Accordingly, the RNA concentration isolated from HEK 293 cells that
were treated with siGAPDH is 829.8 ng/μl as it is 0.8298 μg/μl (see the calculation below).
829.8 ÷ 1000 = 0.8298 μg/μl
RNA quantification (Absorbance 260/280)
The purity of RNA or DNA sample measure using the ratio of 260/280 wavelength. The 260
wavelength absorbed by all of RNA, ssDNA, and ds DNA and thus it contribute their concentration
in the sample. Whereas 280 wavelength absorbed protein or other contaminants ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, semi–quantified (level of expression and percentage of knocked down gene) to the
representative data using NF of si(–)28 calculated as below: siGAPDH Semi quantification
calculation for siGAPDH 28 cycle
Relative level of Expression of siGAPDH 28= GAPDH/ PTEN X NFsi(–)
6597.02/ 65712.19 X 1.39 = 0.1396 fold
Thus, the percentage of gene expression = 0.1396 X 100 = 13.96 % Therefore, the percentage of
GAPDH expression level knocked down by siGAPDH is 86.04 as calculation belwo:
100 – 13.96 % = 86.04 siPTEN Semi quantification calculation for siPTEN 28 cycle
Relative level of Expression of siPTEN 28= PTEN/ GAPDH X NFsi(–)
6662.26/ 42725.29X 0.72 = 0.1123 fold
Thus, the percentage of gene expression = 0.1123 X

Questions On A Texas Court Essay
DISCUSSION
A Texas court will likely find that Adam tortuously interfered with Blake's contract with WP. Under
Texas Law, the elements of tortious interference with an existing contract are: "(1) an existing
contract subject to interference, (2) a willful and intentional act of interference with the contract, (3)
that proximately caused the plaintiff 's injury, and (4) caused actual damages or loss." Prudential Ins.
Co. of Am. v. Fin. Review Servs., Inc., 29 S.W.3d 74, 77 (Tex. 2000). If the other associate can
prove proximate causation and actual damages, then Blake's tortious interference case will likely
prevail in a Texas court since Blake's contract was an existing contract subject to interference and
that Adam's interference had been willful and intentional.
I. Blake's age does not bar him from entering a contract with WP that is subject to interference
At the time of Adam's interference, Blake likely possessed an existing contract with WP that was
subject to interference. Further, Blake's age has no bearings whatsoever with regards to validity of
his contract with WP. Each of the elements of a valid contract are undisputedly present in Blake's
agreement with WP: an offer, an acceptance in strict compliance with the offer's terms, a meeting of
the minds, consent by both parties, and execution and delivery of the contract with the intent that it
become mutual and binding on both parties. See Stewart & Stevenson, LLC v. Galveston Party
Boats, Inc., Nos. 01–09–00030–CV,

The Rna Interference ( Rnai ) Pathway
The RNA interference (RNAi) pathway is an important biological system that is utilised by many
organisms as a method of regulating gene expression. But what exactly is RNAi? And what is the
importance of its use and application in biology?
RNAi is a cellular process that actively silences specific genes. This method of post–translational
gene regulation has been observed in many organisms including plants, fungi, some bacteria and
animals. RNAi inhibits protein synthesis of the target transcript by the use of small RNA molecules
that target messenger RNA (mRNA) within the cytoplasm following transcription by an RNA
polymerase. RNAi occurs during translation of the mRNA by inhibiting the action of Ribosomes
that catalyse this process within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upon binding the two strands of siRNA are separated, with one strand – known as the guide strand –
remaining bound to RISC and the other strand being degraded. The guide strand then directs RISC
towards its target mRNA for cleavage (Zamore, et al. 2000). This mechanism is extremely precise as
it relies on complimentary base pairing between the bound siRNA and its target mRNA. This
complementarity allows RISC to bind to the target mRNA where the Argonaute protein catalyses it's
cleavage, resulting in degradation of the target mRNA (Fig. 1).
This mechanism inhibits translation of the protein for which the target mRNA codes for and
therefore silences that specific gene. RNAi can also involve the use of coded short hairpin RNAs
(shRNAs), which are larger dsRNA molecules containing a loop section which folds back on itself
to form a double stranded molecule contains a sense and antisense strain. The shRNAs are cleaved
into siRNAs when they bind to RISC and can also found in examples of exogenous introduction
such as viral or experimental insertion. The ability to post translational control of gene expression
with a precise sequence specific manner has been exploited experimentally in researching gene
knockdown and loss of function gene analysis.
In 2006, Andrew Fire and Craig Mello were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
their work in RNAi in Caenorhabditis elegens. Their 1998 paper demonstrated RNAi of endogenous

Rna Interference Regulates Gene Expression
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 RNA interference regulates gene expression in eukaryotes
The flow of genetic information within a living organism was first stated by Crick as "DNA makes
RNA and RNA makes protein" (Crick 1956). In response to environmental stimuli, the dynamic
modulation of specific gene products (mRNAs and proteins) confers flexibility and adaptability to
prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses (Crick 1956). Proper gene regulation is essential for cell
growth, development, proliferation, and differentiation, which also lead to the creation of distinct
cell types and cell cycle stages that share the same genome but exhibit different gene expression
profiles (Chen and Rajewsky 2007). The increase or decrease of a certain gene ... Show more
1998). Interestingly, the phenomenon that the introduction of double–stranded RNAs "quelled" the
expression of endogenous genes contain homologous sequences had been observed and even
utilized as a tool to knock down gene expression by researchers long before the underlying RNAi
mechanism was identified and separated from the antisense silencing by Fire and Mello in 1998
(Fire et al. 1998). They consistently found that the introduction of double–stranded RNAs (dsRNAs)
was 100 or more folds effective than the single–stranded "sense" or "antisense" RNAs (ssRNA) to
silence the complement gene expression (Fire et al. 1998; Kennerdell and Carthew 1998). Moreover,
the dsRNA mediated gene silencing can be transferred between adjacent cells, and even inherited
through multiple rounds of cell division (Fire et al. 1998). Therefore, it is proposed that this so
called "RNA interference" is an inheritable and transferrable process that involves a catalytic
process, which differs from the previously known antisense silencing that ssRNAs directly bind to
the complement mRNA targets to repress translation by blocking ribosome access. Subsequently,
Tuschl and co–workers demonstrated that RNAi mechanism exists in mammalian cell lines for the
introduction of synthetic

Original Sin Theory Essay
Autobiographical Psychosocial History Weston Carpenter Mrs. Owen 5/1/17 Child Development
Growing up mischievous kids are very common to say the least. No one taught them to be like this it
was as if it was just in their nature. Its been discovered that there are 3 philosophical views on child
development. They are Original Sin, Tubula Rasa, and Innate goodness. The original sin theory
states that all children are born with the desire to sin due to Adam and Eve's sin in the Garden of
Eden. So this is saying that since our ancestors sinned its just in our nature to sin. Innate Goodness
states that every human being is born being naturally good and they seek to find experiences which
can help them grow or prosper. This theory really disagrees ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The theory I most agree with is the original sin, which states that all children are born with the
desire to sin. My reason for this is not only because of my religious views which plays a huge part in
my beliefs, but because of things I've witnessed in my life. After studying the original sin it truly
made sense to me why kids are taught to do good things, but they do bad things such as steal or cry
for attention on their own because it is just in their nature. Theories of personality Growing up my
whole life people have bragged on my personality. I have always thought of myself as a likeable
guy, but as we learned in class there isn't anybody that is liked by everyone. While I have a good
sense of humor and personality I have grown to know people with dry personality's that were more
laid back and not as friendly. When I think of someone the first thing that comes to my mind is his
or her personality. All a person's personality really is is what makes a person who they are. A
person's personality is what sets them apart from others and makes them

Four Theories Of Forgetting Essay
Forgetting is the inability to retrieve information. Forgetting occurs constantly across the human
population. Since the early times psychologists have tried to determine the causes of forgetting. It is
very difficult to study memory since there is no physical exam of the brain that can map memory
however; we now have some theories regarding what is remembered. All we can do is measure what
we can remember. Memory plays a vital role in our lives. It can dictate our feelings, emotions, and
response to environment. There can never be enough studies regarding this matter. This essay will
discuss the four theories of forgetting and what we can to to counteract its effects.
Testing Memory
As result of the early studies, psychologists came up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is presumed that the pathway would have lasting effects so that we can retrieve that information
through the same pattern. We can assume that these pathways decay throughout time. And thereby
forgetting what we learned A traditional way of viewing memory is in terms of memory traces
which sometimes persist and sometimes disappear The second theory is failure of retrieval is when
an individual has a memory that they cannot recall however it is not a loss of memory since it is part
of a long–term memory and still exists. This usually happens when the cues for a specific memory is
not present. (An examples would be when there is something on the tip of your tongue but you cant
remember and then later on you remember) (Because recall is more difficult than recognition, recall
is more thorough measure of memory. Relearning is the most sensitive measure of memory)
The next theory is when information stored in memory interferes with the information you are trying
to remember. There are two different types of interference that can happen.
Proactive interference is interference that occurs when old information causes a person to forget new
information – this is more of a problem when the information you are trying to learn and remember
are very similar
Retroactive interference is interference that occurs when new information causes a person

Too Much Water Is Poison For Flower Seeds Essay
"Too much water is poison for flower seeds." When I was in elementary school, this words made me
shocked. I believed that the more I watered them, the more beautifully the flowers would bloom, so
actually, I gave a lot of water to my flowers. However, because of my "too much care", I failed to
grow them.
Like this phrase, when we care about something "too much", it can be a poison. Of course, there are
many cases, but I think the most serious one is parent's "too much care", in other words, their
interference with children. In my speech, "too much care" means parents do what their children are
trying to do instead of them, even though they do not need their help. For example, when children
have trouble tying their shoes, then the parent immediately ties their shoelaces instead of letting
them learn to do it. Of course, children need parents' assistance, but is it really the best support for
children? Today, I would like to talk about parents' attitudes of interfering with children's attempts at
learning. Through my speech, I want parents and future parents to think of the circumstances that
enable your children to try a lot of things.
Some of you may say, "Interfere? I'll never do such a stupid thing!" but it is mistaken assumption.
According to NHK, more than 50% of the parents interfere with their children with meaning no
harm. So, it is a fairly common problem in Japan.
Parent's behavior can sometimes be poison to child's mental wellbeing. According

The Spectroscopy Lab Centralized On The Properties Of Waves
The spectroscopy lab centralized on the properties of waves and they relate to the emission
spectrum, however one must understand the Bohr model of the atom first. The Bohr model for the
atom depicts a planetary like structure, with a positively charged nucleus in the center with small,
negatively charged electrons rotating around in specific, fixed orbits at different distances from the
nucleus. When an electron transitions from a higher orbital, where it is in its excited state, back
down to a lower orbital where it is relaxed or in its ground state, it emits light. The emitted light is a
result of the electron releasing the previously absorbed energy. It is possible to observe an electron
in one state or another, however an electron never possesses the capability to be observed in
between states. Transitions between states that are closer together, produce a light of lower energy
transitions of a longer distance.
A spectroscope is able to display the emitted light by presenting the bright interference patterns of
the diverse wavelengths which make up the spectrum. By looking through the eyepiece, a spectrum
will appear on either side of the slit – the slit starts all of the light waves passing down the tube "in
phase" so that they arrive at the slits in the diffraction grating at the same time. When wavelengths
are in phase, they create constructive interference, which results in double the amplification, while
wave lengths that are out of phase produce destructive

The Responses Of Animals And Plants
Viruses are biological agents that are extremely small and highly infectious. It possesses the ability
in infecting all cell types, from complex eukaryotes such as plants and animals, to microorganisms
including archaea and bacteria. [1] However, it could only rely on infecting a host cell for viral
replication, which when infecting a host cell it incorporates its genetic materials into the host cell
DNA and uses the host's cellular component for replication, such that the cell produces viral proteins
and genetic materials for assembling new viron instead of its usual products. [2]
Upon viral infection, a series of immune responses will be provoked in the host cell, which these
responses may vary in different life forms. The aim of this essay is to explore the antiviral responses
in animals and plants; comparing the responses mechanisms that are common in both parties, as well
as investigating their relative unique responses.
Introduction – Viral infection in plants and animals
Some viruses could only infect certain or several species, while others is capable of infecting many.
The range of different types of cells that a virus could infect is regarded as its host range. Plant
viruses has a narrower host range such that they only replicate in living plant cells and fails to infect
animal cells. [3] On the other hand, while some animal viruses are known to be species–specific,
such as smallpox virus that could only infect humans; there are also viruses that has a board host

P1 / Hc Pro Of The Potyvirus Targets
P1/HC–Pro of the Potyvirus targets RISC assembly (Brigneti et al., 1998; Anandalakshmi et al.,
1998 ; Kasschau et al., 2003), 2b of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) binds to dsRNA and interferes
with spread of silencing signal (Brigneti et al.,1998 ; Qi et al., 2004), p19 of tombusviruses binds to
siRNAs (Voinnet et al., 1999; Silhavy et al., 2002 ; Qi et al., 2004), p38 encoded by the Turnip
crinkle virus binds AGO1 and inhibits the activity of DCL–4 (Thomas et al., 2003; Azevedo et al.,
2010), P25 of Potato Virus X interferes with the spread of silencing signal (Voinnet et al., 2000),
P23, S, γb, P15, P0, P1, P30, P69, NS and coat protein of closterovirus (Reed et al., 2003 ; Lu et al.,
2004), comovirus (Liu et al., 2004), hordeivirus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Contrary to RNA viruses that can be controlled only by PTGS, geminiviruses may be manipulated
by both PTGS and TGS. TGS is introduced when siRNAs corresponding to the promoter regions are
produced that direct methylation of the promoter followed by inhibition of transcription (Mette et
al., 2000). In a transient assay, TGS was reported to be effective against the begomovirus Mungbean
yellow mosaic virus (Pooggin et al., 2003).
Viral invasiveness is reported to be promoted by the ability of C1 to suppress PTGS (Cui et al.,
2005). It has been shown that C4 gene of Cotton leaf curl Multan virus and βC1gene of Cotton leaf
curl Multan betasatellite bind short RNAs, with a preference for the double stranded and single
stranded forms, respectively, suggesting that these suppressors sequester siRNAs and prevent their
incorporation into the RNA–induced silencing complex (RISC) involved in sequence specific
mRNA degradation (Hammond et al., 2000).
V2, a unique protein of monopartite begomoviruses has been shown to suppress PTGS in transient
assays (Zrachya et al., 2007). It was demonstrated that ability of V2 to interact with SISG3, the
tomato homologue of Arabidopsis SGS3 leads to suppression of PTGS (Glick et al., 2008).
Furthermore, it was shown that the Rep proteins encoded by two alphasatellites, Gossypium
darwinii symptomless alphasatellite and Gossypium mustelinium symptomless alphasatellite possess
suppressor activity (Nawaz–ul–Rehman et

Hi Catrice Case Study
Hi Catrice, I enjoyed reading your essay. It is sad to say, but your previous situation seems to happen
often. Therefore, I believe that a good strategy that you could have used would have been the Tit–for
Strategy where one cooperates until the other player defects. Since you were aware of your
coworker's strategy to undermine or sabotage your efforts toward a successful strategy. Furthermore,
this may have allowed you an opportunity to bond with someone and change his or her opinion of
your efforts. Also, it appears you and your coworker had dominated strategies towards completing
two different goals. I believe that you may have missed your opportunity to ease tensions between
yourself and your team member. Now, this is a person who

Incidental Forgetting : The Disitive And Positive Effects...
Forgetting is a natural phenomenon; as much as we remember, we forget even more. Historically,
memory research has focussed on the passive functions that lead us to forget; proposing time decay
of memories, the accumulation of similar events causing interference, and changes in our physical
environments inhibiting remembering the past. Thus, forgetting has a common assumption with
negative impacts; associating memory loss with hindrance and frustration. Yet, the case of AJ
demonstrates the exasperation from being dominated by hyperthymesia (excessively detailed
autobiographic memory), describing her memory as a "dominating burden" (Parker et al, 2006).
This case highlights the importance and vital functions of forgetting; people need to attend to the
present, and therefore they also need to forget aspects of the past. Experiences of forgetting involve
two main processes: incidental and motivated. Incidental forgetting occurs without the motive to
forget, whereas motivated forgetting occurs when actions are deliberately taken to inhibit
remembrance. Furthermore, not all memories are welcome in awareness, and so the phenomenon of
repression (a factor of motivated forgetting) is an example of how forgetting also serves a positive
and vital function in dealing with everyday life after trauma. Thus, the following essay will explore
and discuss the negative and positive effects of motivated and incidental forgetting. In particular,
focussing on the repression of unwanted memories

Essay on Decay Theory in STM and Theory of Duration in STM
Decay Theory in STM and Theory of Duration in STM
The theory suggests STM can only hold information for between 15 and 30 seconds unless it is
rehearsed Brown & Peterson (1959). After this time the information Decays (fades away). Waugh &
Norman (1965) used the Serial Probe Technique to test the theory.
Participants were given a series of numbers to learn. They were then given one of the numbers and
asked which number followed it. For example; participants were given the Probe word 7 and asked
what followed it, the answer is 3.
The numbers were presented at different speeds therefore the faster the numbers presented the better
the recall if Trace Decay theory is correct as the more likely ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Godden & Baddeley (1975) provided evidence for this by asking participants to learn a list of words
either on land or 15 ft underwater. They were better able to recall words if asked to do so in the
setting in which they originally learnt them.
2. Secondly, State–Dependent Retrieval suggests that recall is improved if the individual is in the
same physical and/or psychological state as when they first learnt the information.
Godwin (1969) investigated the effect of alcohol on recall and found individuals were better able to
recall information learnt when drunk if they were drunk. Other drugs seem to affect memory
similarly. Bower (1981) however found that the same principle applied to mood did not have such a
convincing effect but only a tendency to produce State–Dependent Retrieval.
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3. Thirdly, recall may be by the presence of cues or probes, clues or associations. This is referred to
as Cue–Dependent Retrieval, Tulving & Pearlstone (1966).
Interference in LTM
This idea suggests that information in LTM may become confused or combined with other
information during encoding thus distorting or disrupting memories.

Interference in LTM is thought to be either proactive where old memories disrupt new memories or
retroactive where new memories disrupt old memories. Both Proactive and

The Discovery That Double Stranded Rna Can Efficiently...
The discovery that double–stranded RNA can efficiently silence gene expression (RNA interference,
RNAi) was made by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in the worm C. elegans (Fire et al.,
1998). It has since been hailed as one of the most important innovations in modern molecular
medicine and accordingly, the pair were awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology in
2006. This discovery opened up a whole new field of biological research which has impacted all
aspects of medicine including neuroscience. The reason underlying this is that RNAi is now one of
the most powerful and widely used tools to selectively inactivate gene expression. This technique
has been used not only to enhance our understanding of gene function, but also as ... Show more
RNAi challenges this notion by demonstrating that RNA can also disrupt this flow of genetic
information and prevent protein expression. Since 1998 the exact mechanism of RNAi has been
thoroughly investigated, and it has been shown that the RNAi machinery, known as RNA–induced
silencing complex (RISC), is activated when two fragments of RNA combine to form double–
stranded RNA (Ramachandran et al., 2013). RISC then binds to one of these RNA fragments, which
acts as a template allowing RISC to search for its complementary sequence on the target mRNA. As
such, this fragment is known as the guide or 'antisense' strand (Wang et al., 2011). When RISC
detects its matching sequence, the target mRNA is cleaved by certain nucleases or degraded by the
cellular machinery, which effectively prevents translation of the transcript and silences expression of
the protein (Wang et al., 2011). As described, the initial step in this process relies on the formation
of an RNA duplex, which can occur in two pathways. Firstly, dsRNA can form in an endogenous
manner due to the presence of non–coding regulatory RNA called micro (mi)RNA. miRNAs were
discovered in the early 2000s as a result of Fire and Mello's work, and they function as important
post–transcriptional

Gene Silencing : Rna Interference
Gene Silencing Through RNA Interference
Gene silencing, the ability to selectively suppress the expression of a single gene, is something that
was once thought of as a "holy grail" in medical technology. The potential treatments for this
technology include, but are not limited to, inhibiting viral infections, cancer replication, and certain
genetic disorders. Considering the potency of each of these problems within the modern medical
field, the potential economic and physiological impact of gene silencing is massive (amounting to
billions of dollars in investment). With the recent discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) (Fire and
Mello) and the field's development within the last 20 years, the impossible is starting to become
possible. The underlying problem that RNAi addresses is the expression of malignant proteins
within the cell. Most current drugs are designed to affect the proteins after expression, where
continued administration of the drug is generally required to inhibit the effect of the constantly
produced protein. RNAi addresses the problem prior to expression of the protein. RNAi occurs
through a multi–level mechanism that ultimately results in the complete inhibition of protein
translation within the cytoplasm. With this medical tool, one can stop the problem before any
physiological symptom occurs. The mechanism for RNAi follows one of two major pathways: one
originating with foreign injected double–stranded RNA (dsRNA) and the other originating with
micro–RNA

Nt1330 Unit 5 Exercise 5.1

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Nt1330 Unit 5 Exercise 5.1