4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01 https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet     Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet   Module 11 ­What are mitochondria and ribosomes? What are their functions?   ­Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship between them   ­List the DNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair. How is this important for DNA function?   ­List the components of a nucleotide.   ­Describe DNA structure.   ­Explain protein synthesis including transcription and translation, mRNA and tRNA.   ­What is a codon?   ­Where in the cell does transcription take place? Where in the cell does translation take place?   ­What are the building blocks of a protein? How many different kinds are there? How does the sequence of DNA determine the order of these building blocks?   ­Explain the difference between point mutations and frame shift mutations, and discuss their effects on the information coded in DNA.   ­List three structural differences between DNA and RNA. What is the difference in function of DNA and RNA?   ­List the RNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair.   ­How many chromosomes are found in a normal human somatic cell? How many chromosome pairs are found in a normal somatic cell? How many chromosomes are found in a human gamete?   ­What are homologous chromosomes?   4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological Anthropology E01 https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lecture-exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 2/5 ­What are the two sex chromosomes? Which two do males have? Which two do females have?   ­Which parent (male or female) determines the sex of the baby? Explain why this is the case.   ­What mRNA strand would transcribe the following DNA segment:       T A A G A T T G C A T C   ­Describe two ways that genetic variation is “shuffled” during meiosis.   ­Describe the process of mitosis.   ­Describe the process of meiosis.   ­List the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Be specific about the number of cell divisions, location in the body, # of daughter cells, how many and what chromosomes in daughter cells, etc.  ­What are reduction division and crossing over? Why are they important to meiosis?   ­What is trisomy 21? Explain nondisjunction and how it can lead to trisomy 21.   ­What is a karyotype?   Define each term and then compare & contrast (i.e., describe how similar or different):       ­somatic cell vs. gamete cell       ­prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells       ­autosomal chromosome vs. sex chromosome       ­point mutation vs. frame­shift mutation       ­nucleus vs. cytoplasm       ­haploid vs. diploid Module 12 ­Define the following terms and be able to identify them functionally in examples: homozygous, heterozygous, dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype.   ­What does it mean if an .

1. 4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
Anthropology E01
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exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696194 1/5
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet
Module 11
-What are mitochondria and ribosomes? What are their function
s?
-Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship betw
een them
-List the DNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair. How is thi
s important for DNA
function?
-List the components of a nucleotide.
-Describe DNA structure.

2. -Explain protein synthesis including transcription and translatio
n, mRNA and tRNA.
-What is a codon?
-Where in the cell does transcription take place? Where in the c
ell does translation take place?
-What are the building blocks of a protein? How many different
kinds are there? How does the sequence of DNA
determine the order of these building blocks?
-Explain the difference between point mutations and frame shift
mutations, and discuss their effects on the
information coded in DNA.
-List three structural differences between DNA and RNA. What
is the difference in function of DNA and RNA?
-List the RNA nucleotides and discuss how they pair.
-How many chromosomes are found in a normal human somatic
cell? How many chromosome pairs are found
in a normal somatic cell? How many chromosomes are found in

3. a human gamete?
-What are homologous chromosomes?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
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-What are the two sex chromosomes? Which two do males have?
Which two do females have?
-Which parent (male or female) determines the sex of the baby?
Explain why this is the case.
-What mRNA strand would transcribe the following DNA segme
nt:
T A A G A T T G C A T C
-Describe two ways that genetic variation is “shuffled” during
meiosis.
-Describe the process of mitosis.
-Describe the process of meiosis.

4. -List the difference between mitosis and meiosis. Be specific ab
out the number of cell divisions, location in the
body, # of daughter cells, how many and what chromosomes in
daughter cells, etc.
-What are reduction division and crossing over? Why are they i
mportant to meiosis?
-What is trisomy 21? Explain nondisjunction and how it can lea
d to trisomy 21.
-What is a karyotype?
Define each term and then compare & contrast (i.e., describe ho
w similar or different):
-somatic cell vs. gamete cell
-prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells
-autosomal chromosome vs. sex chromosome
-point mutation vs. frame-shift mutation
-nucleus vs. cytoplasm
-haploid vs. diploid

5. Module 12
-Define the following terms and be able to identify them functio
nally in examples: homozygous, heterozygous,
dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype.
-What does it mean if an individual is purebreeding?
-Define gene, locus and allele, and explain the relationship betw
een them.
-Discuss Mendel’s two principles of inheritance: segregation an
d independent assortment.
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
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-What is a polygenic trait? What is the phenotype like for polyg
enic traits?
-Discuss the genetic basis for the different blood types: A, B, O,
and AB.
-What is codominance? Discuss how the ABO blood groups are

6. an example of this situation.
-Describe how the ABO blood type determines how an individua
l could give or receive blood.
-Explain how simple phenotypic traits may disappear in one gen
eration but reappear in the next. What mode of
inheritance is that?
-Be able to recognize autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive
and sex-linked traits in a pedigree analysis,
and to determine genotypes of key individuals.
-Know the key features that distinguish autosomal dominant, aut
osomal recessive, sex linked inheritance; for
example, skip a generation or not, different between males and f
emales, etc.
-Explain the concept of a sex-linked trait.
-Explain why X-linked recessive traits are more common in mal
es than in females.
-Work through the forensic DNA/RFLP exercises (that were in a
n extra credit discussion). Be sure that you are
able to work this kind of problem.

7. Modules 13
-List and explain the four forces of evolution (i.e., processes tha
t redistribute genetic variation or cause
changes in allele frequencies over time), and be able to identify
which force is at work from an example
situation.
-What are sources of new variation in a population and what are
sources that shuffle pre-existing variation
within a population?
-Discuss the following for sickle cell anemia:
What is sickle cell anemia?
What is the genetic basis for sickle cell anemia?
What are the different phenotypes for people of different gen
otypes? What is the difference between sickle
cell anemia and sickle cell trait?
What is the fitness of people with different genotypes? Comp
are and contrast fitness in a regular
environment with a malaria environment.
How is sickle cell anemia an example of natural selection?
What is a balanced polymorphism and how is sickle cell ane

8. mia an example of one?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
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-What are the conditions that must be met for a population to N
OT be evolving?
-What is the Hardy-Weinberg theory of genetic equilibrium? Ho
w is it used?
-Compare and contrast polymorphism and polygenic.
-Define biological determinism.
-Define eugenics.
-What does it mean that humans are all members of the same pol
ytypic species?
-What are some of the problems in trying to define biological hu
man “races?”
-What is a cline?

9. Module 14
-Define homeostasis.
-Define hypoxia.
-Compare and contrast adaptation and acclimatization.
-What is different time frame for adaptation and acclimatization
?
-What is the adaptive basis for human skin color? (I.e., discuss t
he relationship between skin color, melanin,
sunlight and Vitamin D)
-What is melanin? What is a melanocyte?
-What was selective pressure for darker skin in the equator? Wh
at was selective pressure for lighter skin in
Northern latitudes?
-Describe human’s physiological adaptation and acclimatization
to both HOT and COLD temperature stress.

10. -Describe Bergman’s and Allen’s rules and how they relate to lo
ng term body shape adaptation.
-Discuss how lactose intolerance is an example of biocultural ev
olution.
-Why are some people able to digest lactose throughout their liv
es and others lose that ability after childhood?
4/30/2019 Lecture Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
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-Describe a human’s adaptation and acclimatization to high altit
ude stress.
-What life history stage/s is/are unique to humans?
-Discuss what happens during the different human life history st
ages.
-Describe what is unique about brain growth during the first yea
r of life in humans.
-How does diet influence growth and development, including ag
e of menarche?

11. -What is menopause and why might it have evolved?
4/30/2019 Lab Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
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Lab Exam 4 Study Sheet
Lab Exam 4 Study Sheet
Hens Chapter 2 ‑ Lab 11
-Chromosome number:
if given a chromosome number in somatic cells, determine ch
romosome number in
gamete cells;
if given a chromosome number in gamete cells, determine chr
omosome number in
somatic cells;
if given a chromosome number in somatic cells, determine ch
romosome number in

12. daughter cells after mitosis;
if given a chromosome number in somatic cells, determine ch
romosome number in
daughter cells after meiosis;
if given a haploid chromosome number, determine the diploid
chromosome number;
if given a diploid chromosome number, determine the haploid
chromosome number.
-Identify normal and syndrome, male and female karyotypes fro
m pictures.
-Review DNA base pairing, and RNA base pairing.
-Given a DNA sequence, determine the complementary DNA se
quence.
-Given a DNA sequence, determine the complementary mRNA s
equence.
-Given an mRNA sequence, determine the anticodon.
-Given an mRNA sequence, determine the amino acids coded fo
r (you will be given the chart from the lab

13. manual that lists mRNA codons and amino acids).
-Given a DNA sequence, determine the amino acids coded for (y
ou will be given the chart from the lab manual
that lists mRNA codons and amino acids).
-Review graded lab. Work through all problems you missed to
make sure you know where you went wrong. Ask
questions about anything you don't understand.
4/30/2019 Lab Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
Anthropology E01
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Hens Chapter 3 ‑ Lab 12
-Define the following terms and be able to identify them functio
nally in examples: homozygous, heterozygous,
dominant, recessive, genotype, phenotype.
-Be able to do Punnett square crosses for genetic scenarios and r
eport the genotypes of parents and offspring
as necessary, and the phenotypes of parents and offspring as nec
essary. **There are MANY MANY problems on

14. the exam that will require you to do a Punnett square. Be sure y
ou are comfortable with this, and ask questions
if you are not!
-Be able to do Punnett square crosses for a sex linked trait and r
eport the genotypes of parents and offspring
as necessary, and the phenotypes of parents and offspring as nec
essary.
-Review graded lab. Work through all problems you missed to
make sure you know where you went wrong. Ask
questions about anything you don't understand.
Hens Chapter 4 ‑ Lab 13
-Be able to recognize autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive
and sex-linked traits (X and Y) in a picture of a
pedigree chart, and to determine genotypes of key individuals, o
r how offspring of each sex would be affected,
etc.
-**A lot of students have trouble with sex linked traits and how
male offspring or female offspring are affected
- be sure you understand how to work through this. Watch this v
ideo if you don't know how to do a Punnett
square for sex-linked traits:

15. https://youtu.be/jLfOBc-PVtc (https://youtu.be/jLfOBc-PVtc)
(https://youtu.be/jLfOBc-PVtc)
-Review the lecture that covers pedigree types and know key wa
ys to distinguish autosomal dominant,
autosomal recessive, and sex linked traits.
-Describe how the ABO blood type determines how individuals
with different blood types could give or receive
blood.
-Understand ABO blood type genotypes and phenotypes. For ex
ample, what genotypes cause phenotypes A, B,
AB, and O.
https://youtu.be/jLfOBc-PVtc
https://youtu.be/jLfOBc-PVtc
4/30/2019 Lab Exam 4 Study Sheet: Intro Biological
Anthropology E01
https://ucdenver.instructure.com/courses/396703/pages/lab-
exam-4-study-sheet?module_item_id=1696196 3/3
-What is codominance and how is it seen in blood types?
-Work through genetics problems of ABO blood groups, determi
ning genotypes and phenotypes of offspring and

16. parents as necessary.
-Review graded lab. Work through all problems you missed to
make sure you know where you went wrong. Ask
questions about anything you don't understand.
.