1. The National Transitions Of Care
The purpose of this paper is to bring forth awareness when it comes to patients and medication errors and further educates health care professionals
on the importance of communication especially during transition of care. According to Williams and Ashrcoft (2013) " An estimated median of
19.1 % of total opportunities for error in hospitals." Although not all medication errors occur during transition it is the time most prevalent for these
errors to occur. As per Johnson, Guirguis, and Grace (2015) "An estimated 60% of all medication errors occur during transition of care. The
National Transitions of Care Coalition defines a transition of care as the movement of patients between healthcare locations, providers, or different
levels of care within the same location as their conditions and care needs change, [and] frequently involves multiple persons, including the patient,
the family member or other caregiver(s), nurse(s), social worker(s), case manager(s), pharmacist(s), physician(s), and other providers." When it
comes to medication errors several things may occur such as adverse drug event, unexpected deterioration, and even death in severe cases. AHRQ
(2015) states, "an adverse drug event (ADE) is defined as harm experienced by a patient as a result of exposure to a medication, and ADEs account
for nearly 700,000 emergency department visits 100,000 hospitalizations each year." There are many ways that errors may occur such as dispensary
errors, prescription errors
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2. Implementing The Universal Protocol Procedure
In 2003, as an outcome of all the sentinel events reported to the Joint commission lead to the creation of the "The Universal protocol for preventing
wrong site, wrong procedures, and wrong person surgery" (Mulloy & Hughes 2008). So, one of the ways that could have potentially prevented the
situation from happening at the first place was implementing the universal protocol procedure. According to the protocol the conduction of proper pre
as well as post–operating procedures are extremely mandatory. Therefore, by enforcing a standardized routine pre–operating procedure such as
verifying the patient as well as the correct site for the procedure, by having the medical staff or preferably the physician marking the operating site
with his or her initials before the surgery will be an effective preventive measure (Mulloy & Hughes 2008). Also, by properly conducting a time–out
session where the patient is provided with a standardized briefing prior to the patient is sedated in the OR could also eliminate some the sentinel or
adverse events in the OR. Furthermore, follow a checklist, which not only pertains to the surgery itself, but also focuses on the other procedures
involved such as admissions, anesthesia equipment, and discharge (Mulloy & Hughes 2008). Using Technology to Improve Patient Safety Another
effective measure that could have potentially helped to avoid the situation at the first place was implementation of technology for instance having a
Electronic Medical
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3. Medical Errors
Medical errors have adverse effect on health care organization structure because it put a question mark on health profession's reputation. The medical
error definitely can cause harm to the patient or even the death. Medical errors can happen anywhere in healthcare system: in hospitals, clinics, surgery
rooms. Medical mistakes can arise from doctors, nurses, surgeons, hospital administration, and many others. Medical errors affect the health care
organizational structure, culture, and social in many ways. Medication errors have severe direct and indirect effects on health care organizational
structure, and culture is usually the outcome of breakdowns in a system of care. Many reasons can involve in medical errors such as, miscommunication
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* * * * * * * * * Identify and describe a health care news situation that affects a health care organization such as a hospital, clinic, or insurance company.
* Examine and evaluate how organizational structure and governance, culture and focus (or lack of focus) on social responsibility affected or
influenced what happened.
* Recommend what resources will be allocated to prevent this situation in the future and what ethical issues may be tied to this decision.
Recommend how you would change the structure, governance, culture, or focus on social responsibility to prevent this situation in the future.
Evaluate the effect of organizational structure and governance, culture, and social responsibility focus on what happened in your chosen situation.
Recommend how you would change the organization to prevent this situation in the future. Include the following components:
Many causes can involve in medical errors such as, miscommunication of drug order, mistakes made in medication, surgery, similar medication names,
laboratory results and diagnosis to name a few.
The "naming, blaming, and shaming" approach to dealing with errors has hindered medical error reduction, yet it is the most commonly used approach
to addressing errors in health care (koop,1999).
The use of scanning medications is an
5. Benefits And Treatment Of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Diazepam Paired With Psychotherapy Dissociative Identity Disorder is a disorder that is hardly talked about, however has extreme effects on patients
that suffer with it. However, this topic is important because it can lead to finding treatments that may be more effective for patients with DID. Past
studies have shown that the main treatment for Dissociative Identity Disorder usually involves therapy. The most popular types of therapy are
psychotherapy, hypnotherapy, and family therapy. Treatment for DID has a specific purpose which is to unite an individual with their personalities,
and form a functional identity (Pais, 2009). Additionally, a strength of past studies is that they usually do a follow up on patients. Another strength is
that the participants are usually all of different ages. One limitation is that there is never enough participants for research, another limitation is that
there aren't many treatment options to try on patients. Furthermore, is diazepam useful when paired with psychotherapy? Moreover, my study will be
unique because there has only been one case that tried lorazepam, which is a similar drug to diazepam, and it proved to be successful (Mushtaq, Shoib,
Arif, Shah, Mushtaq, 2014). Also, my study will have more than one patient, to have more accurate results. Finally, diazepam and psychotherapy could
be a good treatment for DID. Method
Participants/Subjects
It
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6. Dissociative Identity Disorder In The Movie Shutter Island
It is vital to study psychological disorders since individuals all over are constantly diagnosed with some form every day. In addition, by studying
them, researchers will learn more about how to care for these patients. One common disorder involves dissociative identity disorder, which is when a
person experiences multiple personalities (BOOK). In addition, this disorder involves some form of break in the consciousness usually caused by
trauma (book). By examining Leonardo DiCaprio's characters in the movie Shutter Island, directed by Martin Scorsese, a viewer can see post–traumatic
stress brought on his Dissociative Identity Disorder. Teddy Daniels, also known as Andrew Laeddis suffers fromposttraumatic stress disorder as he
produces symptoms in all three categories for PTSD: flashbacks, avoidance, and hypervigilance. To begin this analysis, it is important to offer a
synopsis of the movie. The main character, Teddy Daniels, plays a 30–year old U.S. Marshal who visits Ashecliffe Hospital for the criminally insane,
with his partner Chuck, to investigate the disappearance of a patient named Rachel Solondo. Rachel was admitted to the hospital after drowning her
three children. In addition, Teddy chose this assignment as a way to find Andrew Laeddis, the man who set fire to his apartment, unfortunately killing
Teddy's wife. Andrew Laeddis is also the most dangerous patient at Ashecliffe. Throughout the movie a viewer sees Teddy interacting with many people
leaving behind
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7. Medical Technology And The Future Health Of The Human Race
Disabilities and illnesses inhabit healthy lives, and without research and experimentation, there is no effective way to fight against them. In like
manner, medical technology does not yield to other complications, such as those presented in the working environment of hospitals and nursing homes.
Though some may argue that medical technology is too expensive, there is no monetary value to the future health of the human race. Medical
technology does not fail to increase general health, productivity in the workplace, and more importantly, save lives. According to the CDC, in 2014,
almost three million people died last year from illness in the United States. Without medical technology integrated into everyday life, more people will
suffer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adding to that, an ambitious dancer, Adrianne Haslet–Davis, received an advanced prosthetic leg and was then able to continue her career aspirations
without a medical complication holding her back. By expanding the amount of medical technology in day–to–day health care, it is safe to say that more
people will have the ability to live longer, happier lives. Without the recent development in medical prosthetic technology, people would have to sustain
suppressing disabilities such as blindness and deafness that can be completely cured today.
Medical technology leads to better overall health in today's lives. According to the
Medical Technology in Canada, with improved technology, trauma, hospital stays, and casualties are reduced. By the same token, neurological
outcomes in surgery are significantly increased by the same factor. Neurological surgery is extremely dangerous, complications post–surgery are
common and can be life–threatening, leading to disabilities and comas, or worse, death. As medical technology aids the healthcare industry, everyone
is to benefit from it. In that, with enhanced hospital treatments, surgical results, and lower mortality rates, the reliance upon medical technology is
critical to millions of lives. Without this development of technology, one can conclude that many lives would be affected by increased trauma,
casualties, and longer hospital stays. Medical technology
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8. Health Care Case Study
Is there a change needed and why? Having an increase in medication errors is evidence that change is needed. Patient safety takes priority in the care
of a patient. Safety is part of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. If safety of a patient isn't met first, the patient can have poor outcomes during their
recovery. Patients experiencing adverse reactions from medication errors not only affects their safety, but can become a financial burden on them. If a
patient has an adverse reaction that affects their health/illness, they may need to stay hospitalized longer, increasing their hospitalization cost. Increase
in medication errors is never a good situation, but in order to decrease the errors, Sarah must implement change. Change will help improve ... Show
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For example, I would collect the data from reported adverse medication reactions, put the data into the chart and compare the data to other type of
medication error results in the chart. Putting data into the chart would allow me to see which forms of medication error results is occurring the most.
The chart strategy will help indicated what type of change would be needed in order to minimize the results of medication errors.
What questions would you ask? List at least four questions. What type of outcomes are patients having as a result to medication errors?
How are the complications of influenza on first time patients, affecting medication errors?
How many times are medications being prescribed inappropriately? (for pharmacist)
What medications are being prescribed that are causing the most adverse effects?
Are there other implications to the increase in med errors? Such as workload, staffing, patient acuity, etc.
At what point would you involve other individuals, and why? Involving other individuals from the beginning would be important. By involving
others into the issue from the start, it will create a team of people who would be able to provide input to why the issue is occurring. From the time
the issue is known, having many people involved provides more resources to investigate reasons on what is causing medication errors. Involving
others as soon as possible can help find resolutions early before the problem continues to grow. Having others
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9. Is Medical Errors A Medical Error? Essay
In part one of this assignment, we took a closer look at medical errors, including why errors occur, and what is considered to be a medical error. In
the busy clinical setting, nurses are often interrupted by phone calls, patients, and even other staff members. Research shows that medical errors are
now one of the top three leading causes of death within the United States, therefore it is time to work on addressing this problem (Daniel, 2016).
Theory in nursing provide the "basis of understanding the reality of nursing; it enables the nurse to understand why an event happens" (McEwen &
Wills, 2014, p. 413). In part two, we described how the middle–range nursing theory of nursing intellectual capital could be applied to medical errors
and potentially help to prevent them from occurring in the future; even with the demand to lower health care costs. In this final paper, we are going to
take a closer look at how we can apply the borrowed theory from W. Edwards Deming on quality improvement to decrease medical errors. We will
discuss how Deming's theory can be applied to address this issue, along with the origins and other applications of Deming's theory.
Overview of the Issue
Throughout clinical practice environments there is always interruptions and distractions that take place. Whether it is a phone call, a patient coming up
to the desk, or even coworkers, nurses are constantly multitasking and getting interrupted which causes medical errors to occur. Amedical error is a
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10. Patient Safety In Health Care
Patient safety has been described as the prevention of errors and adverse effects to patients associated with health care (WHO, 2016). Medication
errors is a prevalent patient safety issue in today's health care environment. It is estimated that approximately 10,000 preventable errors and 2000
preventable deaths occur in the Republic of Ireland alone. That means 1 in 10 people experience a medication error once entering a hospital (Oglesby,
2012). Although some of these errors may be minor many can be detrimental as some medication have more adverse symptoms than others.
Clozapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug used in the treatment of schizophrenia. In particular this drug is rather difficult to maintain due to its
possible side effects
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11. The Importance Of Artificial Stutrition And Hydration
I will argue that withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration is not morally different from withdrawing other types of life–sustaining treatment. I will
argue the opinion using the ethical principle of beneficence, researching medical treatments of artificial nutrition and providing example of
life–sustaining treatments that are equally in similar to artificial nutrition and hydration. In the vignette of Ms. Conrad, I argue reasons for removing a
Nasogastric Intubation (NG) to reduce other medical complications that can occur, and the discomfort the tube could cause to the patient.
Life–sustaining treatment refers to all treatments which have the potential to postpone a patient's death. Examples of such treatments include those of
mechanical ventilation, dialysis, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, antibiotics, and artificial nutrition and hydration. I believe that withdrawing artificial
nutrition is not morally different from other types of life–sustaining treatment. Artificial nutrition and hydration is a medical treatment that allows a
person to receive nutrients when they are unable to take them by themselves. The treatment is provided by medical professionals through an
intravenous administration or by methods of inserting a tube in the patient's stomach. The reasons why this particular treatment is not morally different
is because the procedure is at inconvenience to the patient; not at the patient's comfort. Artificial nutrition and hydration does not offer the
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12. How Do Nurses Affect The Job Of A Nurse?
Problem Statement
The job of a nurse can be physically and mentally demanding. Nurses must be alert and focus on every aspect that pertains to a patient's care. Patients
are admitted into the hospital with varies conditions, so nurses must be able to adapt to each situation. Nurses are expected to deliver quality care
without any complications and each shift should be error free. Nursing errors may include but are not limited to medication errors, patient safety, and
documentation errors. When working twelve hour shifts, managing different patients and being exhausted the risk for medical error increases. Being
overworked causes many nurses to be dissatisfied with their job which reflects their performance. The performance of a nurse is an essential factor in
being able to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Even with this being the goal, medical errors occur and the number of adverse outcomes increase yearly. A significant amount of medical errors is
the result of nursing errors, causing harm to patient and an increase in treatment expenses (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2012). It has been found
that one in three patients that are admitted into the hospital will experience a medical error (Classen, et al, 2011). This alone proves the change
needed to create a safer environment for patients, regardless of the medical error severity. To combat this issue, the types of medical errors must be
identified. There are three categories of errors should be considered by healthcare facilities: errors that harm the patients, errors that do not result in
harm of the patient and errors that may harm but are diminished before reaching the patient (Hashemi, Nasrabadi, & Asghari, 2012). An explanation
must be made for these three categories in order to find a solution and stop them from occurring again. Another crucial factor in battling medical errors,
is to determine whether or not they are being report and nurse's definition of an
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13. Ethical And Legal Implications Of Making A Mistake Essay
Making a mistake is part of human character regardless of a person's career. While it is almost probable that one will make mistakes in their place of
work, it is the act of taking responsibility for these mistakes that really counts. When one makes an error occurs in the course of writing a drug
prescription to a patient, he or she needs to consider the ethical and legal implications of this act on the laws, for instance in Texas. One needs to
carefully consider what the law says about the resulting consequences of disclosure and non–disclosure of the said error. Furthermore, one should
consider how the mistake will affect one's career as a nurse in the State, the health of the patient and how the medical facility will also be affected.
Many patients have suffered due to medical errors and never get to know of such, this is due to the fear by the health professionals that they might
face a lawsuit if they admitted to these errors. In Texas, the State recognized that medical errors are a reality and that by reporting them, they mitigate
recurrence of these errors in the hospitals. The State came up with a patient safety program through developing a medical reporting program that was
enacted into law on June, 20, 2003.The program mandates the reporting of medical errors (adverse events) by all the hospitals, ambulatory surgical
centers, and mental hospitals in the State. The Texas Board of Nursing is mandated to regulate all nursing practices in the State. Section 301. 010:
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14. System evaluation paper
System Evaluation Paper
Donna Jackson
CIS/207
October 6, 2014
University of Phoenix
MGD is an automated pharmaceutical management product and service for hospitals and healthcare facilities in the United States, Europe, and the
Middle East (Bloomberg Business Week, 2014). Its automated medication dispensing systems include ServeRx system, which involves automation
software, medication and supply cabinets, bedside solutions, and computerized order entry devices for medication management (Bloomberg Business
Week, 2014). The computer also offers order entry module that promotes patient safety by eliminating transcription errors and providing real–time
information at the patient's bedside ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tower of many small drawers stands next to a computer screen and a solution closet. In those small drawers is a variety of commonly used drugs in a
hospital which are still supplied by the pharmacy technician daily. Once the doctor has placed the orders into the hospital information system they go to
the lab, pharmacy, and every department that is involved with the care of the patient. This action alone will remove several hours from the admission
time of the patient.
The medicine dispensary automation system helps increase pharmacy staff efficiency, support prevention of medication errors, and provide
documentation for regulatory compliance (PINT, 2011). The computerized systems combine the power of pharmacy carousel systems and bar code
packaging to automate the inventory ordering, receiving, stocking and picking processes (PINT, 2011). The right medications are stocked in the right
locations, and that security is maintained for controlled substances (PINT, 2011).
As the hospital has gained popularity and become more accepted by society in the last two decades, with more sick people the industry has had to
make changes in order to keep up with supply and demand. The enterprise has required better organization than ever with more people taking hands
full of medicine per day. The entire world is looking for a nurse to make a mistake with medications, so it seems. The many stipulations and rules that
the nursing staff faces meeting
16. Medication Error In Health Care
Medication Error This reflection will reflect on an incident that happened during my clinical placement. According to Gulland, A. (2013, Jul) the
most frequent reported error in health care settings are medication errors. The first stage of Gibbs (1998) model requires a description of events.
During my placement, I was working with a registered nurse in one of the hospital wards. I was asked by the registered nurse to administer insulin
to the patient. The nurse had already drawn up the insulin and asked me to give it. I asked the nurse if she is sure about it and I was told that the
patient had been having it every day and has already been checked by another registered nurse. After I gave the 24units of insulin, I was told by the
registered nurse that I had just administered the wrong dose of insulin as the correct dose was 2.4units and not 24units. Moving on to the second stage
of Gibbs (1998) model of reflection, whereby I will discuss my thoughts and feelings... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After evaluating the incident, I found that the negative aspect of the incident was that after administering the wrong dose of insulin the patient was at a
major risk and that the duty of care was not performed well. The positive aspects of this incident were that I learnt the importance of checking the
medication chart thoroughly and paying more attention to the numbers and units in the chart. It is also safe to administer medication using the five
rights of medication administration, such as the right patient, the right medication, the right dose, the right time and the right route (Medication
Handling in NSW Public Health facilities, 2013). (Cheragi, Manoocheri & Eshani, 2013) have stated that medication errors tend to occur from nurses
due to, tiredness, carelessness, high workload, stress and poor communication and as well as having a poor knowledge and
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17. The Medication Error Reporting Project
Zin Myo Han
Enjoli Flynn
English 105
06/18/14
The problem and solution "The medication error reporting project (MERP) estimates that confusion surrounding drugs with similar names accounts for
up to 25 percent of medication errors."(www.jcaho.org). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) says that" about 10 percent of all medication errors
reported result from drug name confusion. A patient taking the wrong drug is an impact to the safety goal."(www.fda.gov) The confusion of two
medications with similar names could occur with an unclear prescription, due to illegible writing or similar medication names that is not verified by
the doctor or by the pharmacist grabbing the wrong medication due to a similar name. Medication errors can occur between brand names, generic names
and brand–to–generic names (i.e, Toradol and Tramadol). An eight–year–old died, it was suspected, after receiving Methadone instead of
methylphenidate which is a drug used to treat attention deficit disorders. An eighteen year old man showed signs of potentially fatal complication after
he was given Clozapine instead of Olanzapine, two drugs used to treat schizophrenia. And a fifty–year–old woman was hospitalized after taking
Flomax, used to treat the symptoms of an enlarged prostate, instead of Volmax, used to relieve bronchospasm. That is the event that happened in my
country last couple of years ago. Since that patient was sent to our hospital, all the doctors was maelstrom because she took the drug
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18. Implementation Of An Electronic Prescribing System
In order to obtain relevant information for implementing an electronic prescribing system, a variety of sources were reviewed. As the HITECH Act
nationwide was contributory to the recent surge of adoption for e–Rx systems, the focus of the research was to find research data reflective of
successful implementation and practical guidance. In order to extract retrieve necessary information, a variety of sources were reviewed; journal
articles, review articles, meta–analysis, and national guidelines on implementing e–Rx systems. Due to the heightened interest for this particular topic,
there is a lot of valuable information and guidance available regarding adopting electronic health records (EHR) and e–prescribing systems on
HealthIT.gov website and Center of Medicare & Medicaid Services websites. In order to analyze different aspects of e–prescribing, five key areas were
reviewed in depth. The five areas consist of return on investment for implementing an e–Rx, current landscape of e–Rx systems, barriers to e–Rx's
across the board, necessary steps in ensuring successful implementation of e–Rx systems among providers, and current situation at the VA.
Understanding the five elements can better equip and engage stakeholders as they prepare for implementation of an e–Rx system. Without establishing
a solid understanding and weighing all the pros and cons, the pursuit of an e–Rx system may not guarantee a buy–in from its stakeholders, resulting in
a set–back or even a failed
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19. Organizational Systems Task 1
Organizational Systems Task 1
Western Governors University
Task 1
A. Nursing–sensitive indicators
By understanding nursing sensitive indicators, the nurses in this case could improve the structure, process, and outcomes of their nursing care. The
structure of nursing care is indicated by the supply of nursing staff and the skill level of the nursing staff. By the nurses having increased knowledge
of the issues hip fracture patients are prone to having, such as decrease mobility, increase need for surgical intervention, and increase risk of falls,
could help improve the quality of patient care. A patient with decrease mobility is at higher risk for pressure sores. The nurses in this case may have
prevented the one by proper ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now, the quality improvement department will need to determine what processes can be modified to improve outcomes. For example, if they see an
increase in pressure sores and prevalence of restraints. They could use computerized charting and order entry, along with the evidence–based guidelines,
to identify specific groups of patients who are vulnerable to developing pressure ulcers or closely monitoring use of restraints. With early identification,
automatic orders for preventive interventions can be implemented quickly. With the assistance of the automated consults and orders, the appropriate
equipment, the interdisciplinary task force, continuing education, and monitoring, the hospital system would be able to reduce unnecessary use of
restraints and hospital–acquired pressure ulcer prevalence rate (Cherry & Jacob, 2010).
Then, they would need to implement core measures and protocols. Continuously track performance and outcomes. Lastly, they can disseminate results
to throughout the hospital to increase quality improvement (Cherry & Jacob, 2010).
By educating staff on nursing sensitive indicators and the issues that need to be addressed, could advance the quality of patient care throughout the
hospital. In this case, educating hospital staff on ways to prevent restraint use and pressure sore prevention, the staff could have possible prevented the
use of restraints and the pressure sore. Also, by educating staff on how to use restraints would be
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20. Risk Management : An Organization Of Patient Safety
According to ECRI Institute (2014), risk management did not emerge as a distinct profession in healthcare, primarily in the hospital environment, until
the mid–1970s, when the number of malpractice claims against physicians and hospitals increased dramatically, and settlements and judgments
skyrocketed. In 1977, the American Hospital Association encouraged hospitals to implement riskmanagement programs as a solution to malpractice
problems, calling risk management the "science for the identification, evaluation, and treatment of the risk of financial loss" (Dankmyer and Groves;
Holloway and Sax). Risk management's focus was to protect the financial assets and reputation of organization (Kuhn and Youngberg). During the
patient safety ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Mrs. Parker, Memorial Hospital of York "Is dedicated to excellence in healthcare for our community. We believe that a comprehensive
quality improvement program is a primary means of organizational goals and promoting our mission of providing the community with an array of high
–quality health care services." Memorial hospitals promote and adopt the six aims for improvement as identified by the Institute of Medicine; 1. Safe, 2.
Effective, 3. Patient–centered, 4. Timely, 5. Efficient, and 6. Equitable. The six aims for improvement set forth by the Institute of Medicine are the
basic foundation for Memorial Hospital structure of the Quality program.
Memorial Hospital of York, defines quality as a never–ending cycle of continuous improvement (parker, 2015). They accomplish this goal by
proactively identifying and improving systems causes of medical errors. Some goals of the hospital quality program include; improving the quality and
safety of patient–care processes and outcomes and to organize data into useful information, including comparison to an internal and external data
source, among other few, (parker, 2015). All employees and departments are expected to be actively involved in the program, the Board of Trustees,
Administration, Department Leaders and leaders of the organized
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21. Birth Control : The Harm Effects Of Birth Control
Harming the Hormones
According to Professor Janet E. Smith, "98% of all women ages 15–44 have used some type of birth control." Birth control is not something most
women think hard about taking. In today's society, many people rather take the easy way out of most situations. Instead of dealing with short term pain
they rather seize it immediately without paying attention to the long–term effects. Birth Control is used for many different reasons such as preventing
pregnancy, clearing acne and stopping heavy blood flow. Once women see what good it does for them they do not even pay attention to the bad, which
is where those long–term effects come in. Some harmful side effects of birth control are weight gain, heavy bleeding, and Osteoporosis. Just like any
other medication it can be helpful and harmful but in this case birth control is more harmful to a woman's body than it is helpful.
Birth Control is a global contraceptive that has been in use for more than 50 years. When Birth Control first came about in 1960 it was approved for
married couples only, now over 10 million women married or single use this method. Most women complain about the harsh side effects of birth
control but they rather put up with them before they risk having an unplanned pregnancy. Side effects such as weight gain and mood changes play a
major role in the decision of birth control use. There is a saying that says, "If you knew better you would do better" most women do not even know
better so they
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22. Descartes 's Meditations On First Philosophy
In Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes introduces the dualistic idea of a sharp split between mind and body. This mind–body split is a Western
secular idea and discounts many important aspects of the human experience. Descartes argues that, "...a body, by its very nature, is always divisible. On
the other hand, the mind is utterly indivisible" (Descartes, 56). This idea that there is a distinct difference between the mind and the body is
nonsensical from both a phenomenological and a scientific perspective. Furthermore, it is a very privileged point of view. Descartes was first and
foremost a scholar. Before dedicating his life to philosophy, he worked with analytic geometry and analytics. In many ways, Descartes was spared
experiences that might have caused him to reassess his thoughts on the split between mind and body. Unlike the example of the man with an
amputated foot that Descartes uses in Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes did not lose a limb. If he had, he may have realized that the mind is
just as divisible as the body, as is the case with traumatic experiences. Based on the theoretical possibility that Descartes is wrong, it follows that mind
and body are essentially the same. This can be seen through a cognitive perspective of human experience, and in particular, the application of modern
neuroscience.
Take, for example, the neuroscientific phenomena of the Placebo Effect. The Placebo Effect occurs when a fake treatment with no active ingredients
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24. The Importance Of Ethics In Nursing Ethics
Ethics is a science relating to moral actions and individual value system. It is a study of what person's conduct and actions ought to be regarding self,
another human being, and the environment. Nonmaleficence is a duty not to harm (McEwan, 2017, p.269). In nursing, our primary responsibility is
to make sure that our patients are kept safe from harm. It is our primary duty and responsibility that we take when we care and treat the patients. This
paper will discuss three risk management steps that could minimize patient injuries and death, the importance of reporting an error, and the essence of
tort in the nursing practice. According to Potter, Perry & Hall (2009), " Risk management is an organization's system of ensuring appropriate nursing
care by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs" (Potter, Perry & Hall, 2009, p. 305). Nurses play a vital role in risk
management. The evolving nature of primary care meant that nurses have to take roles that were previously assigned to other healthcare team members
with those roles comes with a higher level of risk. Medical errors such as medication administration, blood transfusion, and surgeries are the most
common area where medical errors happen. Drug administration is an essential part of the nurse's role. It is a nurse's responsibility to administer right
medications to the right patients, but medication errors are a persistent problem that is related to nursing practice. Medication errors
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25. Elderly Population At Risk For Hospital Readmission
With a variety of trends that account for the increasing cases of the elderly population at risk for hospital readmission, the authors discuss an in depth
evaluation on why this occurs. Hospital readmission, a growing health concern, tallied in a whopping $17 B in Medicare cost for unplanned
hospitalizations. Readmission, refers to a return to the hospital after discharge from a recent stay where rates are reported mostly at 30, 60, and 90–day
intervals after discharge. Even though the elderly, aged 60 years or older, unfailingly represent the highest rate of hospital readmissions compared to
other age groups, according to the authors, readmission rates have been associated with patient demographics, chronic conditions and utilization
factors. Additionally, although the aforementioned factors contribute to readmission, adverse events such as injuries that result from hospitalization or
at home like medication errors. According to (Robinson, Howie–Esquivel, & Vlahov)
According to the authors, the elements that lead to most hospital readmission in the Elderly population consist of sociodemographic and clinical
characteristics, frequency of drug use, individual patient level factors, visits to outpatient care facilities, and system–level factors. sociodemographic
factors encompass some of the hierarchical needs chart such age, sex, socioeconomic status, education, social support, insurance type, financial status
and access to or availability of services. After research was
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26. Abnormal Psychology : Dissociative Identity Disorder
Abnormal Psychology: Dissociative Identity Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a psychological illness that has raised a lot of controversy
and led researchers to question its validity. This disorder has been recorded as early as the 1800's, but has recently been given more attention to by
clinical researchers because of its diagnosis rates. The brain is a very complex organ and certain traumas can lead to the occurrence of this illness.
Dissociative identity disorder is an illness in which individuals develop two or more very different personality states. In this paper, I will explain the
causes of dissociative identity disorder, outline the symptoms, and elaborate on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interestingly, women are three times more likely to be diagnosed with dissociative identity than men and only one percent of the world's population
develop the disorder. In women, the number of subpersonalities that can be involved in a single diagnosis is fifteen whereas in males it is eight. The
subpersonalities often have their own themes and there is always a host, the high functioning personality; a child, specifically at the age in which the
individual experienced the traumatic event; a hedonistic, the personality that operates on the pleasure principle; an aggressive identity, the personality
that serves as a protector to the host; and a subpersonality of the opposite sex, this identity is obvious through the change of tone in the individual's
voice. The subpersonalities can either maintain a relationship with one another or be completely unaware of each other's existence. Mutually amnesic
relationships, one way amnesic relationships or mutual cognizant patterns may be present with this disorder (Comer, R. J., & Whiteford, F. 1998).
Mutually amnesic relationships are relationships when the subpersonalities have no awareness of each other; they believe they are the only personality
present. A one way amnesic relationship is when only some subpersonalities are aware of each other, but others are not. The subpersonalities that are
aware of one another will observe the thoughts and actions set out by
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27. Pharmacological Intervention Assignment : Patient X
The situation that was chosen for this pharmacological intervention assignment is the case of Patient X, a 35 year–old male with a history of recurrent
sigmoid diverticulitis who has opted for elective laparoscopic sigmoid hemicolectomy. In conjunction with his surgery, he will be starting a regimen of
alvimopan (Entereg) to prevent the development of postoperative ileus. His situation fits into the perioperative clinical focus of nursing practice
because the dosing recommendations for alvimopan include beginning the first dose preoperatively, 30 minutes to 5 hours prior to surgery (Erwele,
2008). This assignment will include an assessment of the patient, the establishment of a broad behavioral outcome and specific behavioral objectives ...
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Because of the significant interference these recurrent episodes are having on his life, and with understanding of the risks, benefits and alternatives of
the procedure, he has consented to proceed with laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy, including a pharmacological regimen of alvimopan. Common
adverse effects of alvimopan include nausea, vomiting and abdominal distention (Erowele, 2008). Preoperatively, he denies nausea and vomiting, and
his abdomen is soft and mildly tender in the left lower quadrant. Per his laboratory studies, Patient X has normal hepatic and renal function. He is not
obstructed and is not taking opioids for analgesia. Though he is able to perform his activities of daily life independently, the fact that alvimopan is
only available to patients who are hospitalized dictates that, per Orem's Theory of Self–Care, he has a self–care deficit that can be met by the
supportive–educative nursing system (Necor, 2014). Broad Outcomes
By the end of a 20–minute teaching session, Patient X will be able to describe why he is being prescribed alvimopan, the potential side effects, and
what he can do to minimize the impact of potential adverse effects.
Specific Objectives
Objective One: By the end of a 20–minute teaching session, Patient X will be able to express the outcome he hopes for from his
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28. The Problem Of Adverse Drug Events In Health
The problem of patient's adherence to their medication regime and proper education on their medication appears in this literature. Adverse drug event
(ADE) is defined as harm experienced by a patient as a result of exposure to a medication, and ADEs account for nearly 700,000 emergency
department visits and 100,000 hospitalizations each year (Medication Errors 2017). According to the WorldHealth Organization, Medication errors
cause at least one death every day and injure approximately 1.3 million people annually in the United States alone. Globally, the cost associated with
medication errors has been estimated at US$ 42 billion annually or almost 1% of total global health expenditure (WHO 2017). Since the Institute of
Medicine (IOM) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Among adults, 65 years of age or older, 40% take 5 to 9 medications and 18% take 10 or more (Budnitz, Lovegrove, Nadine, Richards, 2011).
The lack of adherence to treatment is a widely recognized major problem both in the national and international scenarios. The average adherence rate
of patients to treatment in developed countries is as low as 50%, whereas in developing countries this percentage is even lower (Ahmed, & Aslani,
2014 v.36). This poor patient outcome is the major health care issue in the United States and abroad because of the inability of the patient to
understand and follow their medication instructions. For patients with coexisting conditions who take multiple medications prescribed by multiple
physicians, there is a vital need to reconcile the prescribed regimen with what a patient is actually taking and to understand why there is a difference
between the two (Cutler, D., Everett, W., 2010). With this in mind, studies have shown that this fragmentation of care is not only a major health
problem but may lead to adverse drug events and even contributes to patients deaths annually in our health care system in this country.
Hospitalizations for adverse drug events are likely to increase as Americans live longer, have greater numbers of chronic conditions, and take more
medications. Among adults 65 years of age or older, 40% take 5 to 9 medications and 18% take 10 or more (Budnitz, el at 2011).
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29. Dissociative Identity Disorder ( Dissociative Personality )
Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) is thought to be a complex mental condition that is likely brought on
by numerous variables, including serious injury amid early adolescence generally compelling, repetitive physical, sexual, or psychological
mistreatment. The greater part of us have encountered mild dissociation, which resemble wandering off in fantasy land or losing all sense of direction
at the time while taking a shot at an undertaking. In any case, dissociative personality issue is an extreme type of separation, a mental procedure which
delivers an absence of association in a man 's musings, recollections, emotions, activities, or feeling of character. Dissociative character issue is thought
to originate from a blend of components that may incorporate injury experienced by the individual with the confusion. The dissociative viewpoint is
thought to be a method for dealing with stress – the individual actually separates himself from a circumstance or experience that is excessively brutal,
traumatic, or difficult to absorb with his cognizant self.
The DSM 5 elaborates on cultural background as an influence for some clinical presentations of DID. Numerous components of dissociative identity
disorder can be affected by the individual 's social foundation. People with this issue may give unmistakable restoratively unexplained neurological side
effects, for example, non–epileptic seizures, incapacitates, or tactile misfortune,
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30. The Importance Of Non-Adherence Among Patients With...
Application to Clinical Practice Non–adherence has adverse implications in regards to a variety of clinical conditions. Cardiovascular disease is a
serious healthcare issue and accounts for approximately 1 million deaths annually in the United States. In addition, approximately 5.7 million people in
the United States suffer from some form of cardiovascular disease. According to Iuga & McGuire (2010), non–adherence among patients with
cardiovascular disease stands at about 50% and causes adverse progression in the intensity of cardiovascular–related complications. Non–adherence
among patients with cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death. Medication is the primary form of treatment for patients with cardiovascular
diseases.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Such reminders continually remind the patient as well as their families and caregivers on their medication schedules. The information is also relayed to
the primary physician who records and makes necessary amendments to meet the exact needs of the patient (Kolandaivelu et al, 2014). The second
intervention is through patient education and outreach. Patients diagnosed with cardiovascular disease should undergo extensive education in regards
to their disease and medication. Patients should be educated on self–management strategies and how to incorporate medication into their daily lives. In
addition, the families, friends and primary caregivers of patients with cardiovascular disease should be educated on the importance of adherence and
side effects on non–adherence. Healthcare providers should educate the patients as well as their families by breaking down the complex medical
terminology associated with the treatment and knowledge of cardiovascular disease. Finally, healthcare professionals should directly and indirectly
reach out to patients with cardiovascular disease, particularly the elderly. The patients should be provided with medication as well as disease and
medication education (Kolandaivelu et al, 2014). The second healthcare condition is in regards to HIV regimen. Patients diagnosed with HIV are
required to have an adherence rate of 95% to antiretroviral therapy to ensure that they have a strong immune system and that the disease
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31. Medical Errors And Health Care
Every day, millions of people enter some type of health care facility seeking medical treatment. They go to these places because they trust the
physicians, nurses, and all other medical personnel are there to provide them with adequate, quality care with hopes that they will be discharged in a
healthier state. Inadvertently, each day millions of people entering these facilities and experiencing more complications than expected due to some type
of medical error. Medical errors are becoming more and more frequent every day and its costing patients more than ever. Medical errors have become
one of the major focuses of the health care industry since the Institute of Medicine released its report in the year 1999, The Err Is Human. During that
time there was an estimated ninety eight thousand people dying a year in hospitals due to medical errors. Naturally this struck fear into people and
caused many to question a lot of things being done in health care facilities. According to more recent studies, it has been noted that as many four
hundred and forty four thousand people die each year from a preventable medical error. That is only the death toll as a result of a medical error, not
the actual number of individuals that endure a medical error each year. With statistic numbers like these, health care facilities are sacrificing large
numbers of patients that equal out to the number people within fairly large cities and states. With this number of people dying alone as a result of
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32. Medication Administration : A Multi Step Process That Is...
Medication administration is a multi–step process that is handled by multiple healthcare professionals. It begins with the prescription that is transcribed
mostly by the physician, then dispensed by the pharmacist, and ends with the administration of the medication by the nurse. Throughout this multi–step
process, medication errors can occur at any stage of the medication administration process. As expressed by L. Cloete in "Reducing medication errors in
nursing practice," "One third of the errors that harm patients occur during the nurse administration phase: administering medication to patients is
therefore a high–risk activity." Because the nurse is responsible for administering medication to the patient, he/she is considered and viewed as the
most accountable in regards to the patient's safety. Medication errors are one of the most common medical errors that can result in an adverse event
that may pose a serious threat to the patient's safety and well–being. In the article, "An inside look into the factors contributing to medication errors in
the clinical nursing practice," Savvato and Efstratios defined and characterized medication error as "any preventable event that may cause or lead to
inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health care professional, patient, or consumer. Such events
may be related to professional practice, health care products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order communication;
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33. Medication Barcode Scanning Essay
Medication Barcode Scanning (MBS) has been considered as one of the significant ways of reducing medication error. It begins from when medication
is ordered by the doctor, a pharmacist reviews the order prior to supplying the medication to the nurse who then administers the medication to the
patient (Department Veterans Affairs, 2003)). Study stated that from about 450,000 drug adverse effect that occur yearly, about 25% would be avoided
with the use of certain technologies like medication barcode scanning (Bates, Cullen & Laird et al, 1995). According to Seibert, Maddox, Flynn &
Williams (2014), technologies like "automated dispensing cabinets, computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), "smart" computerized I.V. infusion
pumps, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
POC simply means scanning patient's medication at bedside before administering medication. This enhances safe practice by making sure that the
patients take the right medication observing the five rights of medication administration (Waxlax, 2015). It is also important to note that medication
with dosage formulation such as insulin, medications in the form of ampules, ointments and creams, to mention but a few need to be paid attention to
as this will improve the practice of POC scanning leading to error reduction during medication administration (Waxlax, 2015). For instance medication
in the form of ampules are titrated in the medication room. As a result of not preparing the said medication at the patient's bedside, the nurse cannot be
able to scan the barcode because he/she does not have it at that time. To accomplish the practice of POC scanning, "butterfly flag labels" with the
appropriate barcode, can be placed both to the ampule and the syringe so that when the ampule is opened, then the nurse can take the label from the
ampule and the syringe to the patient's bedside for scanning before administering the medication (Waxlax,
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34. Overworking Nurses Results On Negative Patient Outcomes
Overworking Nurses Results In Negative Patient Outcomes A major issue in the medical career field is the demand for nurses and this, of course,
means that these nurses will be working strenuous hours to meet the high demands. While this may satisfy some issues it also creates others. Longer
hours results in exhausted nurses and this leads to negative patient outcomes. Nurses have many tasks to complete while they are on the job. While
these tasks may be simple they can also be harmful if done wrong. For example, nurses have to distribute medication to patients. If the nurse is
overworked and tired he/she may distribute the wrong medication or mishap and give them the wrong dosage. Something so small can make a world of
difference when it comes to the patient especially, if the patient is suffering from fatal conditions. Another job that nurses partake is transcription,
meaning they have to "transcribe" what the doctor or physician says. This is extremely important because if the nurse is not paying full attention they
could miss a crucial part of what is said. This, obviously, could lead to misdiagnosis or the wrong medication being prescribed. One of the smaller
tasks completed by nurses in charting. This could result in the same way as the transcribing errors; the patient could be misdiagnosed or not treated to
their proper illness. "...Nurses working more than 12.5 consecutive hours were three times more likely to make an error than nurses working shorter
hours ....."
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35. Adoption Of E Prescribing At The Va
Adoption of e–prescribing at the VA will allow non
–VA providers to electronically transmit prescriptions to the VA outpatient pharmacy. This change
will bring an opportunity to align itself with the e–prescribing component of Meaningful Use requirement. It will also accommodate an increasing
number of prescriptions from providers outside the VA pharmacy since the Choice Act of 2014. What are some specific benefits or ROI resulting from
its implementation? 1)Improvement in clinical outcomes Adoption of EHR can derive a great amount of benefits in clinical outcomes such as patient
safety and quality of care. Qualtiy of care can be measured with different dimensions such as patient safety, effectiveness, and efficiency. Patient safety
is defined as 'avoiding injuries to patients from the care that is intended to help them'(Menachemi and Collum, 2011, p. 49). Often times, lack of time
can contribute to omission of asking patients important questions such as drug allergy information and confirming important patient identifiers such as
addresses/phone numbers. Improvement of medication error is a well–noted benefit of EHR as seen in numerous researches. According to a study,
researchers found that a CPOE system was contributory in reducing serious medication errors by 55% in the hospital setting (Bates, 1998). Many other
studies have reported similar findings in patient safety improvement. When e–prescribing is used, prescriptions can be checked for any drug
interactions with
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36. Medical Errors And Unsafe Care Harm
Medical errors and unsafe care harm and kill thousands of Americans each year. Approximately two million healthcare–associated infections occur
annually in the United States, accounting for an estimated 90,000 deaths and more than $4.5 billion in hospital healthcare costs (Patient Safety, 2015).
Safety is one of the six competencies the QSEN faculty and National Advisory Board explained to be initiated in nursing pre–licensure programs in
order to increase the quality and safety of healthcare systems. Safety in healthcare decreases risk of harm to patients and providers through both system
effectiveness and individual performance. The integration of safety in healthcare, which is important for future nurses to utilize in practice, can be...
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With clinical expertise, a nurse can identify gaps in care that would result in critical patient outcomes and fix the gaps in time. Nurses are accountable
for speaking up for patients in situations when safety issues arise. For example, when there is a breach in sterilization and a nurse notices the breach,
the nurse is accountable to bring awareness of the breach to the staff no matter who is responsible or what the nurse who notices the breaches position
or seniority may be. If a medical error hurts a patient, then the involved organization and nurse is accountable and needs to take responsibility.
"Providing education about participating in crucial conversations and reviewing culture principles could improve a team's ability to speak up and
be accountable" (BattiÉ, & Steelman, 2014). Being accountable and taking responsibility means informing the patient of the error and damage it
caused, apologizing and providing care for the injury or illness, performing a root cause analysis of the error, and learning from the analysis by
keeping the error from occurring again. A root cause analysis needs to be done after the error occurs. All staff associated in the error must participate
in the analysis in order to keep speculation from happening that will cover up the facts. The goal of the analysis is not to blame an individual for the
error, but rather to make changes to keep the error from happening again. Nurses are the most trusted
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37. Risk Management Helps to Prevent Errors Essay
Ways that the risk manager could prevent this type of event happening in the future would be to establish and maintain a functional pediatric formulary
system with policies for drug evaluation, selection and therapeutic use. To prevent timing errors in medication administration, standardize how days are
counted in all protocols by deciding upon a protocol start date. Limit the number of concentrations and dose strengths of high alert medications to the
minimum needed to provide safe care. Assign a practitioner trained in pediatrics to any committee that is responsible for the oversight of medication
management. Develop preprinted medication order forms and clinical pathways or protocols to reflect a standardized approach to ... Show more content
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On the management side of the event would include: the charge nurse, director of the unit, risk manager, and the CEO of the organization. An event of
this significance would catch the attention of numerous management staff, due to the legal action that could be taken from the parents. The Joint
Commission, Medication Errors Reporting program, and The National Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention would be the
organizations involved to report the event to and aide in the prevention of it never happening again. This type of an event could catch the eye of the
media. If the hospital were completely honest to the parents of the mistake, they could report it to the media for awareness of the fault of the
organization, sympathy or education for prevent this event happening again. Active failures are the unsafe acts committed by people who are in direct
contact with the patient or system. The forms vary but they are easier to pinpoint such as: slips, lapse, fumbles, mistakes, and procedural violations.
Active failures have a direct and usually short lived impact on the integrity of the defenses (Reason, 2000). Active failures are the main issues that stand
out when a risk happens. Latent conditions are the inevitable "resident pathogens" within the system. They arise from decisions made by designers,
builders, procedure writers and top level management. Latent
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38. Research Paper On Cascade Iatrogenesis
"Cascade iatrogenesis is a series of adverse events triggered by an initial medical or nursing intervention initiating a cascade of decline" (The Hartford
Institute for Geriatric Nursing, 2005). A combination of treatments may be needed in order to properly treat urinary incontinence. A commonly used
medication used to treat over active bladder and urge incontinence is anticholinergics. Some examples of anticholinergics is oxybutynin (Ditropan XL),
tolterodine (Detrol), and darifenacin (Enablex) (Mayo Clinic, 2014). With each medication that is taken some possible side effects include heart rhythm
disturbances, cognitive problems such as confusion, and dizziness due to postural hypotension. Other types of medications that are used include
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39. Atul Gawande Rhetorical Devices
"Johns Hopkins patient safety experts have calculated that more than 250,000 deaths per year are due to medical error..." (John Hopkins Medicine).
This soaring number has caused medical errors to become the third leading cause of death in the United States. For many people, medicine seems
foreign and unknown. People who have lost loved ones due to medical error desperately look for a reason, and many times that blame falls upon
doctors. Media has put a negative connotation on doctors as well, causing their reputation to plummet whenever a hospital procedure turns badly. A
renown surgeon and author, Atul Gawande, uses his knowledge and experience to give people a new perspective onmedicine. In the article "When
Doctors Make Mistakes," Gawande uses rhetorical appeals: ethos, pathos, and logos to prove the need for a change in the medical systems and
procedures. He analyzes how the public looks at doctors, giving a new perspective to enlighten the reader that even the best doctors can make
mistakes. Gawande builds a connection with his audience through credibility. The reader is able to have a better understanding of his work from his
experience in the medical field. Gawande accomplishes this by breaking down the process during a medical procedure, "The first step in caring for a
trauma patient is always the same...The first thing you do is make sure that the patient can breathe without difficulty" (3). This explanation allows the
reader to realize the importance of specific
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40. Benchmarking Essay
Benchmarking:
A continuous process of measuring products, services and/or practices against the competition in order to find and implement the best practices.
Benchmarking process measures the organization's internal processes by identifying, understanding and adapting to outstanding practices from other
organizations which are similar and considered having best quality performance.
Based on the data collected from Amerinet, a healthcare solutions organization and one of the biggest healthcare group purchasing organizations in US;
organizations that perform benchmarking process have created a competitive environment by promoting improvement and growth, decreased financial
burden by 3% along with enhanced caseload by 10% and most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are four broadly classified performance indications and priorities which are measured, monitored and analyzed that are:
a.Hospital Performance Improvement Priorities (Sepsis Bundle Compliance, Hospital–Acquired Infections, Pressure Ulcer Prevention, Patient
Identification, Pain Management, etc.)
b.Medical staff–hospital wide improvement activities (Medication management oversight, Medical record review,Quality management system, etc.)
c.Medical staff performance–specific indicators (Prescribing of medications, surgical case review, Readmissions, Appropriateness of care, etc.)
d.Indicators per regulatory and accreditation requirements (Threats to patient safety, Medication therapy/medication use, Operative and invasive
procedures, Unanticipated deaths, Infection prevention and control system, Customer satisfaction, etc.)
Measuring, monitoring and analysis:
Houston Methodist Hospital organizational monitoring and performance measures will be aligned with regulatory standards and best practices,
through the benchmarking from external databases including physicians, nursing, and researchers. These initiatives are based on Houston Methodist
Second Century Vision and commitment to leading medicine.
The following processes is utilized to
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41. A Brief Note On The Emergency Department Observation
Emergency Department Observation Brittany Bilger Craven Community college Observed Care Specific to the Unit The role of the emergency
department is to diagnose and treat acute and urgent illnesses and injuries. Patients are seen in order of medical urgency. The emergency department
bases the patients urgency for treatment based on levels. Level 1 is critical and life–threatening. This is usually related to ABC's (Airway, Breathing,
and Circulation). These patients are top priority and require a lifesaving intervention. Level 2 is also considered high priority and can also be
life–threatening. Psychiatric patients are considered level 2, and patients arriving to the ED with chest pain. Level 3 patients require resources such as
sutures, x–rays, CAT scans, MRI, etc. Level 3 patients are provided treatment services only after Level 1 and 2 have been addressed. The emergency
department at CEMC also has a trauma room and a SANE room. The trauma room is equipped with life–saving medications (such as antidotes for drug
overdose) and medical equipment. The SANE (Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner) room consists of equipment used to assess a patient who has been
sexually assaulted. The equipment takes pictures of the patient for the SANE nurse to later provide to law enforcement. A SANE nurse is a specialty
nurse and CEMC has one on call 24/7. During my rotation there I observed patients coming in with chest pain and abdominal pain. The patients with
chest pain had an
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