Battle Of Trafalgar Research Paper

Battle Of Trafalgar Research Paper
Battle of Trafalgar On October 21, 1805 the combined fleets of Spain, France and the Royal Navy
made the last great sea action of this time. We do not know if this helped the war effort, but the
battle itself was a culmination of a long campaign. Europe was in peace for 14 months because of
the Treaty Amiens. Napoleon had plans to attack Europe but was frightened at the thought of them
being blockaded by the Royal Navy.
On March 30th Admiral Villeneuve managed to take over Nelson blockading him in Toulon.
Villeneuve sailed West waiting for Ganteaume, but Ganteaume failed to to break the British
blockade. Villeneuve was unable to reach Ferrol so he started sailing to Cadiz. He arrives in Cadiz
on August 13th avoiding a combined fleet of 29 British
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How Is John Paul Jones A Hero
John Paul Jones Although John Paul Jones had a past filled with murder, his character and heroism
remains unquestionable by the contributions he made to the America, making him the greatest navy
leader of the American Revolution. Through his time with the Continental Navy, he exhibited
countless feats of bravery, leadership, and victories that are still discussed and admired to this day.
John Paul Jones was originally born in Scotland with the name John Paul. After he had had been
cleared for the murder of a seaman under his command, he killed another mutinous sailor. When he
fled to America, he attached Jones to the end of his name (Colbert 104). After Jones arrived to
America, a delegate to the Continental Congress named Joseph Hewes assisted Jones in becoming
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jones sailed from the Brest of the Irish Sea to Whitehaven, where he failed to abduct the Earl of
Selkirk. He intended to exchange the Earl for Americans held by the British. Although he failed,
after a fierce battle, he did succeed in capturing the Drake and obtaining many prisoners. This
caused a national anger in England. (Foner and Garraty) John Paul Jones did many great deeds for
America, but one in particular stands out history. In the Battle of Flamborough Head, Jones shows
some of the greatest bravery and leadership seen in American history. On September 23rd, 1779,
John Paul Jones is on board the Bonhomme Richard when the Baltic Fleet is spotted. The fleet is
under the convoy of the Serapis, s ship containing 40 guns, and the Countess of Scarborough, a ship
containing 20 guns. The Serapis passed the Bonhomme Richard, but when it attempted to turn
around, the Bonhomme Richard Struck it, After a minute of waiting, the Serapis hailed the
Bonhomme Richard and asked if they wanted to surrender. The captain stood and replied with "I
have not yet began to

The War Of 1812 And The Chesapeake Bay
The War of 1812 and the Chesapeake Bay On March 3rd, 1813, the first British ships of war
appeared on the Chesapeake Bay. For two years the Chesapeake would be the scene of numerous
amounts of battles. Some would be lost in anonymity, but others would make history. But first, why
did the British come? We were at war almost thirty years before, so how did it come upon these two
superpower nations to collide once again? A few answers to these questions will put the war of 1812
and the Battle of the Chesapeake Bay in its proper context. Shortly following the Revolutionary
War, America built one of the strongest merchant fleets the world had ever seen. Overseas trade
flourished America's economy, with its peak specifically in 1807 with exports ranging around $100
million (Hickey). Throughout this period of growth for America, Great Britain's Royal Navy was
without a doubt the master of the high seas. Not helping the future war, Thomas Jefferson was
elected into office in 1801 and one of his most notable actions was to shrink the Navy and Military
significantly. The homelands defense now laid in the hands of a small fleet of mainly gunboats.
They did have a few capital ships, however their primary tasks were to remain as the "floating
fortress" of vital eastern seaboard ports. Only quite rarely did they ever see open water conflict.
British and French ships, however, took advantage of the weaker merchant ships of the US navy and
began to prey on them. The British continuously

Strength Of The British Royal Navy Essay
The Strength of the British Royal Navy The strength of the British Royal Navy is that the Admiral
Nelson discovered a method to break the French Naval lines. Also, another advantage is that the
British was familiar with the Mediterranean Sea and they were able to locate possible destinations
of where the French could be located at. Another strength is their defensive strategy they used
against the French to break their lines. Lastly, their readiness throughout the battle was strong
because the British responded to the threat of the invasion immediately. The Strength of the French
Navy The strength of the French Navy is that they managed to keep the expedition to the
Mediterranean a secret from the British. The British was not able to locate the French for four
months. This gave the French advantage because they was able to seize Malta from the British
because of that. Lastly, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The British won because they were swift in their decision to go after the French Navy, instead of
simply waiting for the French to attack first. Also, the British tactics and ingenuity in figuring ways
into the defensive set up of the French Navy, led to their success in defeating the French. It could
also be said that the French were unprepared and let their guard down to allow the British to catch
up with them at their resting location. Also, the British was resilient in their pursuit of locating the
French even though they were unsuccessfully in previous attempts to locate them. Lastly, the British
deception also led to their victory because they deceived the French by having them think that they
were not going to attack at night. However, the British managed to achieve a surprise attack that was
an important element in their victory. For the French, they lost partly because of the explosion of
their 120 gun flagships, which was their largest ships in the bay, also because of their poor

The United States Transition From Age Of Sail
The United States Transition from "Age of Sail" to Steam and Steel Navy
William Hunt, the secretary of the Navy in 1881, once wrote: "the conditions of the Navy
imperatively demand the prompt and earnest attention of Congress. Unless some action be had in its
behalf it must soon dwindle into insignificance." Without technology advancements or change, the
Navy would soon fall apart. The "Age of Sail" lasted from about the sixteenth century through the
mid–nineteenth century. It was a time in which our nation was fighting with wooden ships stacked
with canons, and underdeveloped technology. Slowly, this started to change. As a country, the need
for change began in the mid–nineteenth century, before the Civil War. The first of these ... Show
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Although it was "innovative" it was not optimally efficient, nor abundant. "In 1815, the entire
United States naval force consisted of 18 warships – the USS Independence, a 90–gun ship–of–the–
line, 5 frigates, 2 sloops–of–war, 7 brigantines and 3 schooners" (Potts). The entire U.S. Navy
consisted of eighteen warships which they soon realized was not enough and motivated them to
advance their technology.
After the War of 1812, to aid sea commerce and whaling fleet efforts that followed the whale
migration around the globe, the United States needed new ships to fight the British. The first USS
Yorktown was commissioned in 1840 and it was the most advanced ship of its time during the "Age
of Sail". It included three masts, eighteen sails, tactically placed canons, lifeboats, and anchors.
While the U.S. were launching this vessel, Great Britain was rapidly advancing their technology
into a steel and steam navy. The Napoleonic Wars left Great Britain as the most powerful naval
country in the world. No two of their rivals combined came even close to competing with the Royal
Navy. With that, the United States Navy was inspired as well as threatened by the technology
advances, and they too sought change. Time was not the only factor that was decisive on the
progressions. The need for new and more efficient methods was the driving factor. Robert Fulton,
the builder of the first steam–powered warship,

Effect Of The Embargo On America 's National Anthem
Scott, Francis Key "The rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, gave proof through the night
that our flag was still there," The Star Spangled Banner. The War of 1812 contained the battle of
which inspired the Defense of Fort McHenry, or also widely known as the Star Spangled Banner,
America's national anthem written by Francis Key Scott.
Great Britain and France had gone to war in 1803 which affected the United States despite its
decision to remain neutral in the wars of European nations. Great Britain and France began to pass
laws that prevented America from doing business with either nation which impacted American
trade. These laws resulted in the French and British navies interfering with American ships in order
to search ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to Britain's
violations of U.S. neutrality, Congress declared war on Britain in 1812, under the influence of
President James Madison. The War of 1812 had begun and although America was up against one of
the world's most powerful nations, the United States had an advantage for Britain was preoccupied
with the war with France.
In 1813, the United States gained control of Lake Erie with their victory at the Battle of Lake Erie
which meant that the Americans controlled the route to Canada. At the Battle of the Thames River,
General Harrison was able to defeat a combined force of British troops and Native Americans,
ending British power in the Northwest and weakening the alliance between Britain and Native
Americans for the leader of the Indians, Tecumseh, had died in battle. In 1814, Britain had won the
war against France and Napoleon Bonaparte was executed meaning that Britain could focus more on
the War of 1812. Their victory at war allowed the British to send better reinforcement to defeat the
Americans who now had their full attention. The British attacked Washington D.C. and set fire to
the White House, along with other government buildings, causing President Madison to be forced to
flee.
In early September 1814, the British sailed up Chesapeake Bay with plans to capture the city of
Baltimore in Maryland with a naval and land attack. Vice Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane,
commander of the British fleet, was set on Baltimore for it

English Navy Advantage
The English Navy is one of the
Most beneficial navy's in the UK, you will develop new skills you don't even know that you have .
"The English navy was the largest navel force in the world" (www.allempires.com). The 332
warships included 15 mighty battleships, 7 aircraft, 66 cruisers, a whopping 184 destroyers, 45
patrol vessels, and fully 60 submarines. There are 77 commissioned ships in the Royal Navy, 19 of
the commissioned vessels are major surface combatants and 10 are nuclear–powered submarines.
The standard called for the Royal Navy to maintain a number of battleships at least equal to the
combined strength of the next two largest navies in the world , which then were France and Russia.
These had a lot of really good information that tells me why the English Navy is one of the most
beneficials. It told me that with these bigger populations they are likely to help us more . It is very
important because we have more help in this world . Some key terms are the bigger populations of
our soldiers. They have used them very strongly. "The English Navy is one of the most powerful in
the world" (www.nationalinterest.org). The Navy began to develop, eventually it would become the
most powerful in the world.
This is saying that the English war is a very powerful group of soldiers. It is very important because
we need these soldiers to help with the wars in the world. So we are very thankful for them. "Ended
with only modest gain for the English" (www.allempires.com). This is

Compare And Contrast Confederate And Early American Seapower
Confederate and Early American Seapower Navies win wars. It is important to remember that while
going through this paper. To start off, the Confederates naval tactics and strategies were very similar
to that of the early American Navy during the American Revolution and the War of 1812. However,
the Confederates were not as effective as them. Naval Tactics During the American Revolution The
American Navy during the American Revolution was no match for Great Britain's Navy; Great
Britain's Navy during the time was the most powerful navy in the world. If an American ship went
toe–to–toe with a British ship it was going to lose. Andrew Lambert writes, "The Continental navy
had been singularly ineffective. Poor leadership and higher priorities elsewhere ensured it did little
more than supply the British with well–built frigates," (p100). The Continental congress new this, so
they had to adopt a plan to cause some sort of damage toward this global superpower. One tactic
America used is guerre de course, French for war of the chase, it was a term used for commerce
raiding. America would give permission to privateers to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Just like the British during these last two wars, the North had the mastery of the oceans, so the
South had to make up for its small Navy by sticking to similar tactics to the ones used against the
British. During the Civil war, the South implemented guerre de course, three words that are being
mentioned a lot, just like the Navies of the American Revolution and the War of 1812. The
Confederate Navy did this pretty well during the war because "despite all the disadvantages under
which the Confederate operated, it could challenge larger Union forces remarkable well up until late
1864," (McPherson p363). The South received Foreign aid as well; secretly, the British suppled the
South with ships such as the CSS

The War Of 1812 : An Obscure Conflict Essay
An Obscure Conflict
On June 1, 1812, the United States' fourth President James Madison signed a declaration of war
against Britain approved by Congress. This is obscurely known as the War of 1812, which was also
the first war of the 19th century and lasted from 1812 to the spring of 1815. The War of 1812 is
widely known as the "forgotten war" because the war has left very little to the popular memory.
Despite the opposition from an entire region, mainly the Federalists, of the United States for the War
of 1812, there were many reasons for the United States to commence the war. The War of 1812 was
caused by numerous reasons including British impressment of American sailors and their refusal to
acknowledge American neutrality rights, the United States' widespread belief the British were
encouraging Indian rebellion, the actions of some newly–elected Congressmen dubbed the "War
Hawks," and the American desire for more land.
One cause of the War of 1812 was Britain's impressment of American soldiers and incapability to
acknowledge American neutrality rights. Impressment was the act of Britain's Royal Navy of
sending officers to U.S. ships, inspecting the crew, and seizing sailors who were accused of being
escapees from British ships. The British used impressment because the Royal Navy was on a war
footing and need all the sailors it could obtain. Impressment was more commonly known as "press
gangs" and was regularly recruitment by force. Between 1803 and 1812, around 6,000

John Sweetman's Tirpitz: Hunting The Beast
John Sweetman's Tirpitz: Hunting the Beast recounts British attempts to neutralize the German
battleship TIRPITZ during World War II. TIRPITZ spent most of the war in Norwegian waters
threatening Allied convoys to Murmansk, as well as creating the potential to breakout into the
Atlantic like her sister ship, BISMARCK. The British perception of the threat posed by TIRPITZ
arguably exceeded its reality. But as a "fleet in being," the German battleship required the Royal
Navy to keep one modern dreadnought and one fleet carrier, plus consorts, in home waters during
times when such vessels were sorely needed in the Mediterranean and later in the Far East.
Winston Churchill was consumed with sinking TIRPITZ and it was he who dubbed her "the

The Causes And Impacts Of World War II
World War II was a worldwide war that happened from 1939 to 1945. It involved the majority of the
world's countries including which eventually formed the two opposing military alliances the Allies
and the Axis. It was the largest war in history, and involved more than 100 million people from over
30 countries. The major countries threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities
behind the war effort. World War II has had the most fatalities and injuries of any war in human
history, accumulating 50 million to 85 million fatalities, with most being civilians in the Soviet
Union and China. World War 2 had events such as the genocide of Jews orchestrated by Adolf Hitler
and his Nazi party, bombings, starvation, disease and the use of nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki which was the first use of nuclear weapons in history.
During the war the royal navy had noticed that aircraft carriers were becoming the ultimate ships for
naval warfare, and that the royal navy's former naval superiority in terms of their battleships had
become irrelevant. The royal navy had noticed that battleships could no longer fulfil their roles in a
cost–effective manner. They were too big, too expensive to build and maintain, and their crews too
large. Due to this the royal navy was an early innovator in aircraft carrier design, introducing
armoured flight decks, in place of the battleships. This then meant that the royal navy focused more
on building aircraft carriers and

Essay about The War Of 1812 And Its Effects On American...
By any criteria the years following the War of 1812, otherwise known as the "Era of Good
Feelings," must be considered a time of exceptional growth and development in the United States,
but above all, it may be considered a time of evolution and ripening of American nationalism,
unification, and economic prowess. The war of 1812 was a very problematic war. States did not
fulfill their duties, while commanders and leaders were not informed or supplied enough to keep up
the war. But what awakened during this time and afterwards is something much greater then victory.
The war wasn't just about Britain holding land and impressing American sailors into their navy; it
was a second war of independence. It was the first war as a united country, ... Show more content on
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American presidents from Washington to Madison tried to keep the United States impartial during
these conflicts, but both France and Britain flagrantly disregarded the rights of neutral countries
(War of 1812).
For the Americans, the greatest irritant was Britain's practice of impressment, or the seizure of
American seamen for service in the British navy. The British government claimed that it only seized
subjects of the Crown who sailed under the American flag to avoid wartime service in their own
navy. In fact, the British seized not only their own deserters, but also impressed a sizeable number
of United States citizens–estimates suggest 6000 or more (Encyclopedia Encarta).
Public outrage over the issue of impressments grew increasingly vocal after an incident between the
American naval frigate Chesapeake and a British vessel, the Leopard. In June 1807 the Leopard
approached the Chesapeake only a few miles off the American coast and demanded to search the
ship for British deserters. The Chesapeake's commander, James Barron, refused, and the Leopard
opened fire. A number of American sailors were killed or wounded during the attack, and the
Chesapeake surrendered. The British then sent a party aboard and dragged four crewmen from the
vessel. After the incident, Jefferson ordered British warships to leave American waters

Major Causes: The War Of 1812
Impressment of American sailors was the practice of Britain's Royal Navy of sending officers to
board American ships, inspect the crew, and seize sailors accused of being deserters of from British
ships. It also forced American sailors into the British navy which infuriated Jefferson and American
merchants. Impressment of American sailors was a major factor and one of the reasons for the War
of 1812. On June 22, 1807, a British lieutenant boarded the Chesapeake (American ship), and
demanded that the American commander, Captain James Barron assemble his crew so the British
could look for deserters. He refused to have his crew inspected, and as a result, the British returned
to their ships and fired at the Chesapeake. Three American sailors were killed and 18 were
wounded. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
American exports declined by 75% and imports declined by 50%. Cotton growers in the South lost
their British market and merchants in New England suffered. In 1809, the Embargo Act was
repealed and in replacement, the Non–Intercourse Act was passed. It prohibited trade with Britain
and France. The act failed to make Britain and France respect America and had a still had a negative
effect on American trade as well. In 1810, it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2 which stated that
America would trade with whoever dropped the non–trade act first and would not trade with the
other country. Although Napoleon proclaimed that he would cease interference with American trade,
the French were still attacking the American ships. Even though the French were not sticking to
their word, America's biggest threat and concern was Britain. In the fall of 1811, the War Hawks in
congress demanded war against Britain. They claimed that Britain was providing aid to the Native
Americans to attack the Americans on the western frontier. On June 18, 1812, Madison signed a
declaration of war against

Essay about War of 1812
Introduction With the ongoing battles between England and France in the early 19th century, the
newly formed United States found itself thrust in the middle of this struggle. In the early part of the
century Napoleon was on a mission to once again establish a mighty French empire of early years.
But with the build up of the royal British Navy the English were trying fiercely to hold Napoleon in
check. The United States was determined to stay neutral and continue its trading with both nations.
However several mandates passed by both France and England made this very difficult. With
England's naval blockade and the repeated search and seizure of American trade vessels, the United
States, led by an aggressive group of leaders in congress ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
With Britain still establishing colonies in the west and gaining dominance over the seas with their
naval abilities, France was looking for ways to stop Britain. France began forming alliances with the
third player in the game, Russia. With the addition of the Russians France had Britain reeling and
worried about a possible invasion and defeat. France, by adding Russia had tipped the scales in its
favor, and forced Britain to use its navy that it had begun to build up. Britain began to employ a
naval blockade of the European mainland, to stop all incoming and outgoing trade. With this tactic
employed France employed the same tactic and this is where the American claim of neutrality was
violated. With both Britain and France mandating that any trade ship must first pass through their
ports or be subject acts of hostility, America was forced into a no win situation. The United States
who continued to try to remain neutral and continue trade with both countries, found itself thrown
right in the middle of this age long battle. The United States and the British Royal Navy had several
encounters, and after several ships being stopped for search and some even eventually seized,
America began to develop an even stronger feeling of distrust and hatred for the British government.
These actions lead eventually to the United States allying with, it's friend from the Revolution, the

American Neutrality
When the American Revolution came to an end in 1786, Americans would not have believed that
there would be another war to fight with Britain, in fewer than 30 years, no less. The War of 1812
was a major war between Great Britain and the United States that lasted from June 1812 to March
1815. Well before the war, the United States was caught in the middle of numerous clashes between
Great Britain and France. George Washington and his successors took great steps to avoid becoming
involved in the rivalry, and worked desperately to maintain American neutrality. Eventually,
however, Britain tested the limits of American neutrality too far by capturing American ships to hurt
French trade with the U.S. This led to the American government creating ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conditions in the Royal Navy were far from pleasant; most sailors were poorly fed, poorly trained,
and poorly treated. As a result of this, a lot of sailors deserted the British Navy and the manpower of
the Navy severely dwindled. The British were in desperate need of more sailors and began to use a
practice known as impressment to find soldiers to fight in the Navy. Although this practice was
primarily targeted at retrieving the British sailors who deserted, the British also "enslaved our
[America's] seamen" (Annals of the Congress of the United States, Twelfth Congress). The British
impressed soldiers by boarding American ships and forcing the crews (regardless of whether the
sailors were British or American) into the British navy. Between 1793 and 1812, the British
impressed about 15,000 American sailors. This practice caused the United States to lose defense for
the protection of their country, while the Royal Navy gained strength by stealing more soldiers.
Despite the British ignoring "our [America's] [complaints and protests]" (Annals of the Congress of
the United States) to end this policy, the British still continued to impress American soldiers, which
infuriated many American citizens. The practice of impressment once again showed that the British
did not respect American sovereignty. It was legal for the British to impress their own citizens, but
when they impressed Americans, the British were treating them as if they were still British subjects.
Many people at

Britain's Role In The First World War
While massive battles were fought on both the Western and Eastern Fronts, Winston Churchill
exclaimed that it was the sea that the War could be won or lost in a single day. The German naval
fleet, which was not including submarines, or the pride of the Kaiser, played such an important role
in turning the British against the Germans but it only played a minor role in the war. Britain
managed to rule the seas and blockaded all of the Central Power's trade routes by sea. These
blockades helped to create many unforeseen and unpredictable issues within the Central Powers,
that shaped the outcome of The Great War.
At the time, the British had the largest navy in the world and the closest they had to a rival was the
Germans which made them the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Naval warfare had always been unpredictable because of the role of weather and other factors.
However new technologies made it even more unpredictable. Mines, torpedoes, and submarines
introduced new threats that made even the greatest warships vulnerable. Compared to giant
dreadnoughts, which took years to build and were manned by hundreds of men, submarines were
cheap and generally used a crew of fewer than two dozen. Mines were cheaper still and, once laid,
required no crew at

Remembering A Forgotten War By Donald R. Essay
Name
Tutor
Course
Date
Book review
Remembering a Forgotten war by Donald R. Hickey 2012, an academic journal, talks about the
military history where by people were subjected to a difficult and different lifestyle than the one
they were used too at that time.
The journal explains in details how James Madison and other citizens in the state experienced harsh
situations brought upon them by the Republican repugnance which was fee payment. The residents
had to pay some money like the infrastructure fee tax, loans, standing military and also pay some to
the national bank, a routine they were not used too.
These rules affected people's lives and disrupted their life style living conditions causing them to
share Thomas Jefferson's faith which clearly stated that "an untrained military force could easily
conquer them in case they did not better the training of their militia or even administration". The
major event that occurred was the forceful act of unfair fee payment people were subjected to and
how they reacted to the situation.
Jefferson's disregard for the army's supply caused a greater impact that could be further felt more
significantly as a method for the War of 1812 than the creation of the Military Training Academy.
This happened when he together with his successor refused to negotiate with the Britons on realistic
terms. By doing so, he depended on commercial sanctions that destroyed the economy and
diminished revenues.
Retaliating and unforgiving, the Jeffersonian

Power Of The Particular State And The Constitution Of It
This paper analyses what defines the power of the particular state and the constitution of it. In
addition, it then evaluate the British Empire as the great power back there until World War II. It
analyses the factor of the rise of British as a great power and what makes it decline. Lastly, it look
up the emergence of the United States of America as the great power after the World War II.
There are a lot of opinion regarding power. Power is basically the ability to influence other. But the
easiest way to measure power of a particular nation is by evaluating its Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). The GDP is derived from the addition of household expenditure, the subtraction of export to
import, and government expenditure over period of time. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Since it is a cycle, it does mean that a particular state would not eternally remain at the top of the
status hierarchy. Historically, before the World War 2, the most powerful country is Britain. Then,
after the World War 2, the United State of America emerged as the most powerful countries.
Nowadays, the situation seems that China will replace the US as the most powerful country.
BRITISH AS THE WORLD POWER BEFORE WORLD WAR 2:
British indeed was the world power until the World War 2. British Empire encompass one fourth of
the world. As the saying goes, the sun will never set on British Empire. This really emphasizes how
huge British Empire is. There are lot of factors that made Britain as the most powerful nation on that
time.
First and foremost, the factor that makes Britain as a powerful country is its economic growth
(Crouzet, A history of the European Economy, 115). The agricultural revolution provides modal for
the farmer to invest in industrial sector. Britain produce a lot of agriculture products that exceed the
domestic demand. This guarantee the food supply for the workers and Britain don't need to import
food. Another factor is the invention of modern machine. This maximize the production and use
least number of force. The machine produce a lot of product and cause the product to become
cheaper. Since the number of production increase, the products can be exported. The huge number
of factories

Antikythera Case Study
Vocab–Flak:Anti–aircraft fire Antikythera is a Greek island lying on the edge of the Aegean Sea,
between Crete and Peloponnese. Caique– A small boat Battle of Crete– Only large german
paratrooper operation May 20, 1941– June 1,1941 Outcome– Axis victory People– First time
germans encountered stiff parison activity, women and children getting involved in the battle.
British Admiral– Andrew Cunningham secondary–Rear Adm. Edward King German air fleet
commander– Kurt student born May 12, 1890. –secondary–Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen (10
October 1895 – 12 July 1945) was a German field marshal of the Luftwaffe (German Air Force)
Mission to destroy british airfields, important toward driving british out of eastern mediterrenean,
first step toward ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
F)A couple hours earlier, British destroyer Greyhound was dispatched solo to destroy a caique full
of soldiers that had been spotted off Antikythera. –The destroyer was caught and quickly sunk by
two Stuka bombs. –Two other destroyers, Kandahar And Kingston, were ordered by Rear Adm.
Edward King to return and pick up survivors with the ships Gloucester and Fiji to provide anti–
aircraft cover. 2) Unaware that the cruisers were nearly out of ammunition, by the time he was
informed and radioed for their return, it was too late. –Gloucester was mortally hit almost instantly,
and completely ablaze she meandered aimlessly till 4pm till she was sunk by an internal explosion.
–Fiji was also sunk on her way to regroup by German bombers. 3)By falling back to Alexandria,
Admiral Cunningham was disobeying direct orders from London to retain control of the sea lanes
north of Crete at all costs. –He knew however that the battle was already lost. 4)The British retreat
was only tenable because Hitler had began to withdraw some of his forces for preparation of his
attack on

Lord Of The Flies Totalitarianism
William Golding's novel, Lord of the Flies, shows the essence of World War II, a war that he had
experienced himself. When he was in the Royal Navy, he saw many traumatizing events such as
sinkings of submarines, battleships, and aircrafts. Golding was horrified to see and realize how men
could do such a violent act against another men. His war experience shattered his view of men. A
popular theme that was shown through his personal life, time period of the war, and the book shows
the conflict of the battle between good and evil, according to Encyclopedia of World Biography,
which results in his beliefs of the defects of human nature back to the defects of society. Ever since
Golding was little, he developed a love towards books and passion ... Show more content on
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Dickson believes that a moral allegory meaning is shown in the novel, Lord of the Flies,
encouraging the theological, philosophical interpretations and focuses on the battle between good
and evil. Golding defines nature of evil. "Whether it is embodied in a destructive, unconscious
force, a mistaken sacrifice that unsuccessfully atones for the boys' collective guilt, or a dictatorial
power opposing the democratic order" (L.L. Dickson), they are all made by moral choices. They
were problems of blindness of their own self–deception, human fallibility, and the inevitability of
the sin. The characters on the island are pressured to make crucial moral decisions. Golding creates
a similar occurring ethical conflict because he believes that "'a fabulist is always a moralist'" (L.L.

What Were The Impact Of The Age Of Exploration
From the early 15th century to the 18th century, there was much exploration of the world through
naval and land expeditions. The Portuguese, for instance, navigated their way to the East in 1498,
Spain discovered the route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans. This led to the rise of the
global phenomenon called the Age of Discovery which led to the understanding of the shape and the
distribution of land on the Earth. Mapping of the trade routes on seas and oceans acted as a guide
and allowed for efficient global trade. This brought about the rise in colonialization by the Catholic
and Iberian powers, Portugal and Spain as well as other emerging powers such as the Dutch,
English, French and the Americans. They explored maritime routes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is because the privateers ultimately wanted to raid vessels that were more profitable than the
victory of nations itself. Hence there were instances when the French privateers attacked vessels
belonging to neutral parties. For example, during the Quasi War, the privateers attacked neutral
American nation vessels just because they carried valuable assets, but not because they were
allowed to. Hence the neutral nations also suffered during the privateering acts and hence decreased
the trade opportunities and interests between the licensing French government and the neutral
American nation . However, nevertheless, neutral ships could protect themselves from privateering
ships by joining convoys . Another way that neutral ships can use is through false itineraries as well
as documents to prove to the privateers that they were not trading goods that were attained from the
enemy through trade

The War Of 1812 By President James Madison
The War of 1812
On June 1. 1812, President James Madison submitted a war message to the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States. This message Madison submitted describes how the British
have been violating the American flag. It also in tells how the British violated neutrality rights in
United States. The Americans also complained of dealing with British ships in American waters.
The Americans were angry of the seizure of the American sailors to join the Royal Navy. Madison
believed this war would help to protect American ships on the high seas. He believed it to stop the
British from impressing United States sailors. President Madison also wanted to stop Britain from
having alliances with the Native Americans. Madison hoped to increase the size of the United States
by gaining control of Canada and Florida. Because Madison's War Message did reflect the reality of
what was happening between the British and the Americans. His message was approved for the
United States to declare war against Great Britain. The War of 1812 can be known as the Star
Spangled War, Mr. Madison War, and The War of Second Independence. In May 1812 the
Americans received a consensus from Congress that suggested there was no alternative to war if
national honor were to be maintained. I would have opposed the war like the federalists. Because I
believe personally that war is not always the answer. In my opinion they could have come up with
an agreement for the British to

The United States ' Navy Essay
The United States of America has not always been the world superpower that it is today. The same
goes for its Navy. In the first several years of existence, the United States Navy was not a
formidable fighting force. The young nation was hesitant to invest in a navy for many reasons, one
of them being to prevent provoking the world powers of the time, France and Britain. On top of that,
navies were very expensive to build and required a significant amount of resources to maintain,
which the U.S. did not have at the time. To say that the United States Navy was ill prepared for war
would be a dramatic understatement. The U.S. had a total of fifteen ships in its entire naval fleet
compared to the might of the Royal Navy which possessed over six hundred warships. Even with
the odds stacked against the U.S., President Madison declared war on 18 JUN 1812. The lack of size
and power of the navy at the time would make it extremely difficult to satisfy the needs of the newly
founded nation.
The U.S. had enough of the British Navy impressing American sailors and seizing American
merchant ships. Even though the U.S. Navy lacked the size that British had, the Royal Navy was
stretched to its limits. Many of the British efforts were focused on the Napoleonic wars taking place
in Europe, leaving just two dozen British ships between Halifax and Bermuda. The U.S. frigates
were larger and had much more armament than those of the British giving the U.S. one more key
advantage over their

War Of 1812 Dbq Outline
The War of 1812 was a battle between the US and Britain that started in 1812. Reasons for the war
included British endeavors to confine U.S. exchange, the Imperial Naval force's impressment of
American sailors and America's yearning to grow its region. The United States endured numerous
immoderate annihilations on account of the British, Canadian and American troops through the span
of the War of 1812, together with the imprisonment and scorching of the country's capital,
Washington, D.C., in August 1814. However the American troops could turn away the British
intrusions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, advancing the general assurance and raising
another soul of loyalty. Confirmation of the Settlement of Ghent on February 17, 1815, finished the
combat yet left a large number ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After Napoleon implied he would stop limitations, President James Madison hindered all exchange
with Britain in November. In the interim, different individuals from Congress chose that year–led by
Henry Mud and John C. Calhoun–had started to stir for war, in view of their anger over British
infringement of sea rights and also Britain reassurance of Native American threatening vibe against
American development in the West. The primary advantage for the United States was a
reestablished self–assurance and confidence in the capacity of its military to protect the country's
opportunity and honor. Despite the fact that neither one of the sides left the war having gained an
obvious triumph, the American individuals saw the War of 1812 as evidence of the accomplishment
of the majority rule test. The War of 1812 persuaded the nation that it could now battle off any
remote dangers and that its emphasis ought to be on development and advancement at

Differences In Warfare During The Napoleonic War
To find the differences in warfare during the Napoleonic Wars that point towards total war, this
research paper will analyze two distinct battles: The Glorious First of June (1794) and The Battle of
Trafalgar (1805). Both battles took place during the Napoleonic Wars. Through these two battles,
one can see the distinct changes in warfare after 1792. In the two battles during the Napoleonic
Wars, new strategy and tactics will be detailed of which describe the significant changes in naval
warfare.
The first battle worth discussing is The Glorious First of June, which took place towards the
beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. According to Nicholas Blake of the Navy Records Society: "On
1st of June 1794, the French fleet consisted of twenty–six ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This battle took place in 1805 and is largely considered to be one that decided the war at sea during
the Napoleonic Wars. With Lord Nelson dying in the Battle of Trafalgar, Vice Admiral Collingwood
provides a glimpse of what the British hoped to achieve in the battle: "[T]he conflict was severe; the
enemy's ships were fought with a gallantry highly honourable to their officers, but the attack on
them was irresistible, and it pleased the Almighty Disposer of all Events, to grant his Majesty's arms
a complete and glorious victory." The Battle of Trafalgar followed in the footsteps of The Glorious
First of June in that they both had the end goal of achieving decisive victories that had the potential
to change the course of the war. Collingwood not only gives a sense of nationalism comparable to
Lord Howe, but he also conveys a sense of necessity or urgency to engage in conflict. An important
nuance of total war stems from the need to constantly be in battle; to always want to engage an
enemy and see the battle through to the bitter end. These arguments are further exemplified within
Collingwood's final thoughts: "I fear the numbers that have fallen will be found very great, when the
returns come to me; but it having blown a gale of wind ever since the action." Even with fears of
"great" numbers being sacrificed in battle, the Royal Navy continued to press forward. To the
British, the number sacrificed meant little in comparison to the necessity and glory of defeating the
French. Moreover, Nelson prepared the men for battle by saying: "My Noble lads, this will be a
glorious day for England, whoever lives to see it. I shan't be satisfied with twelve ships this day, as I
took at the Nile." Nelson explicitly stated his desire for an even more decisive victory than in
previous battles, showing a remarkable sense of dissatisfaction with mediocre results. Only massive
wins would be counted as

Essay about The War of 1812
On June 18, 1812, the United States declared war on England. The war lasted 2 years and 8 months
and it killed up to 15,000 people. By 24 December, 1814, The Treaty of Ghent was signed and it
was ratified by Parliament on 30 December 1814. By February 1815, The Treaty of Ghent was
ratified by United States and it ended the war. There were various issues happened before the war
and some of them were major causes.
Before 1805, it was a chaos in Europe. Britain was at war with France. For years, the wars had seen
France lose most of its colonial empire. The Louisiana Territory was sold to United States of
America and France was kicked out of North America. Also British threatened France to establish
any colony outside Europe. Britain had the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, as a result, the British began seizing American merchants who were trading with the West Indies
and took the ships and their cargoes as a prize and enforcing impressment on their crews. This was
just the impressment from merchant ships. They also impressed deserters from the Navy. The
Chesapeake–Leopard Affair was an example happened at the coast of Virginia in 1807. Four sailors
were removed from the American vessel and were tried for desertion, one of them was subsequently
hanged. The actual number of Americans who were impressed into service in the Royal Navy is
numerous, but unknown. However, it is estimated that a thousand American sailor or merchants per
year were illegally pressed into British service. They need these sailors. Horsman pointed out that
after the war against Napoleon, Britain was in shortage of sailors and it led to the impressment for
them to increase their own seamen. This issue gained national attention, bringing the United States
to the brink of war. The war between France and Britain raged in the Caribbean so the United States
could not just stand and watch. Thomas Jefferson proposed Embargo Act and the Congress passed it
in December 1807. It prohibited trade with a foreign country or countries usually for exerting
economic pressure. However, he had seriously miscalculated. France

P4 Describe, with Examples, the Impact of Government...
P4 Describe, with examples, the impact of government Policies on different public services.
British army
The government will take cuts from the amount of power the British army has, this means that the
army would have limited amount they can do to win wars and help other countries with their
problems. The British Army presence in Germany will end by 2020 this means that The Basing Plan
sets out the location changes for the Army and also confirms the drawdown of all units from
Germany by 2020. The plan has transitioned into a delivery Programme and this will affect most
areas of the Army as more than 100 units will relocate over the next six years. Overall personnel
numbers will drop by 7,000 to 95,500 this means people from the army ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
These aircraft, along with the current C–17s, will form the future air transport fleet. The VC–10 and
Tristars are approaching the end of their services lives and the C–130 fleet will be retired 10 years
earlier than planned this will save money on if the C–130 fleet gets damaged and the aircraft will
take its place because it was cheaper to make and it can be used for multi– use purposes. .
Royal navy
The government has also cut back on the amount power the Royal Navy for example The Royal
Navy flagship aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal will be decommissioned "almost immediately" rather
than in 2014 this mean that they can't afford to use these because of the cuts that the government are
doing to the Royal Navy. The Joint Force Harrier aircraft will be retired this means that the joint
force harrier aircraft is not needed anymore and something new would take its places. Both of these
measures will help save money for the cost of the Queen Elizabeth class aircraft carriers.
Also the cuts on helicopter will be made for example Either HMS Ocean or HMS Illustrious will not
be used anymore, whichever is not capable as a helicopter carrier.
The Royal Navy will delay making more ships and planes to help save money for example
Replacement of the UK's nuclear deterrent based on Royal Navy Vanguard class submarines will be
delayed by four years, saving £750 million this impact on the Royal Navy by the

Battle of Calabria
BATTLE OF CALABRIA (BATTLE OF PUNTA STILO) – 1940
INTRODUCTION
1. In the history, the Struggle for the Middle Sea describes the naval war fought in the
Mediterranean and Red Sea with five great navies that participated: a. Great Britain's Royal Navy. b.
Italy's Regia Marina. c. France's Marine Nationale. d. United States Navy. e. German Kriegsmarine.
2. It examines the national essential that made the Mediterranean such a vital theater for each of
these powers and it analyses their actions and performances over the entire five–year campaign from
1940 to 1945. Particularly in this coverage of naval surface combat during that time is filled with
fresh perspectives and same supported by wide–ranging research in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Later Axis plans to invade the island so invaluable to the Allied cause came to nothing.
MAJOR NAVAL STRENGTHS
9. Major naval strengths and command control function of the belligerents of allied and axis are the
United Kingdom, Australia and Italy navies are tabulated below:
Description | Belligerents | | United Kingdom, Australia | Italy | Commanders and leaders | Admiral
Andrew Cunningham | Admiral Inigo Campioni | Aircraft Carrier | 1 | – | Battleships | 3 | 2 | Heavy
Cruisers | – | 6 | Light Cruisers | 5 | 8 | Destroyers | 16 | 16 |
ORIGIN OF BATTLE
10. The Battle of Calabria, (known to the Italian Navy as the Battle of Punta Stilo) was a naval
battle during the Battle of the Mediterranean in World War II. It was fought between the Italian
Royal Navy (Regia Marina) and the British Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy. The battle
occurred 30 miles to the east of Punta Stilo, the "toe" of Italy (Calabria), on 9 July 1940.
11 When World War II opened, it was much to the surprise of the Italian forces who, like many in
Europe, did not expect conflict until 1941 at the earliest. At the time their forces in Libya were ill–
equipped for war, and the Italian fleet was forced to start large supply operations in order to bring
them up to fighting condition.

World War Two Essay example
World War Two
On June 18, 1812, President Madison of the United States and Congress declared war on Great
Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the
Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they
were directly connected to each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against
measures that were part of Britain's effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There are
many interesting aspects to the War of 1812, including the fact of why it even happened. Britain and
the United States had more reasons to remain friends than to start a war. The intent of this essay is to
examine American and British objectives ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Twelve Congress, which received Madison's war message proved to be dominated by a group
of young men known as the 'War Hawks'.(5) These men were chiefly from the west and south who
resented the injuries inflicted on the United States by Great Britain during the War for
Independence, and were seeking retribution.(6) Like many other Americans, they believed the
manifest destiny of the United States was to control all of British North America.
This American dream of major conquest of North America was made clear in a speech given by
Congressman Richard Johnston of Kentucky "I shall never die contented until I see her [Britain]
expulsion from North America, and her territories incorporated with United States."(7) Mr. Felix
Grundy concurred with Mr. Johnston by stating "I am willing to receive the Canadians as adopted
brethren;... I therefore feel anxious not only to add the Floridas to the south but the Canadas to the
north of this Empire..."(8) America now had their major objective for the war and despite objections
by New England and New York, war was declared by a slim margin on June 18,1812.
Logically this war was a serious threat to Canada, since it was only in North America that the U.S.
could hope to defeat the British. Geographically, the struggle

The War Of 1812 And The United States
The War of 1812 is the second war between the United States of America and Great Britain that
ends in a draw. Also referred to as the "Second War of Independence," the cause of this military
conflict is often believed to be a direct result of England's attempt to humiliate the United States,
limit the country's growth and impact (acts of interference towards American trade, which is a sign
of disrespect towards American independence), and acts of impressment (taking sailors off
American vessels and forcing them into providing services for the British Royal Navy). Although
the ultimate outcome of the War of 1812 results in a tie, the Americans have faced several
challenges during the presence of their second dispute with Britain. Arguably, the main reason that
caused the United States to struggle during this "Second War of Independence," is how unprepared
the nation is when it comes to fighting another series of battles.
During the War of 1812, the power of the army and navy forces in the United States of America
seems to be lacking in both its quantity and quality value of soldiers, weapons, and supplies. In
comparison to Great Britain, who, at the time, has the leading military in the world, boasting both a
powerful army and navy, the Americans appears to be at a clear disadvantage. According to primary
and secondary sources on www.napoleanseries.org, during the War of 1812, there were
approximately 250,000 soldiers in the British Army and approximately 500

Causes And Effects Of The War Of 1812
In the 1812, the United States had started the war of 1812 against Great Britain. This war was
known as "The Second War for Independence." There are several causes of this war. Also, during
this time there were many important battles. However, the result of the war of 1812 is unclear. The
discussion that the United States was victory or defeat was still held. Although, the war of 1812 was
not so familiar in the United States, I think that the War of 1812 is one of the most importance wars
in American History. The origin of the war of 1812 was the long conflicts between Great Britain and
France, Napoleon Bonaparte. France. In order to hinder the supplies reaching enemies, both Great
Britain and France tried to do a blockade of shipping. They ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
One of the impacts is that the United States started to industrialize during the War of 1812. During
the war, the Great Britain did sea blockade. It provided a big damage to American economic. The
United States cannot import products from the Great Britain. Thus, it encouraged the growth of
manufacturing. This war provided the impact to the independence of economic of America and
encouraged the industry development. Moreover, this war was entrance of "Era of good feeling."
Through this war, Americans felt and act more as the nation. Americans felt pride as the nation
entered "Era of good feeling." Because of patriotism enthusiastic, the nation can be united. This war
promoted nationalism in the United States. The outcome of the War of 1812 is still unclear.
According to the demands of treat, it might be tie. However, I think that the outcome of the War of
1812 was victory for the United States. In my opinion, the decision of victory or defeat is caused by
whether the country gained good impacts or not. I think that the United States gained several
benefits through this war. They can be independent from the Great Britain and develop the own
industry. Also, the nationalism increased, and the nation might be more united. For these reasons, I
think that the result of the War of 1812 can be said the victory of the United States. The War of 1812
is less known in American history. However, I think that the War of 1812 is the one of the most
important war in he history. European countries gave a big influence to the United States. The desire
of new land, also, was one of the reasons for the war. Not only the causes, but also the aftermath had
big impact to the United States' future. It might be said that without this war, the current United
States would not

The War Of 1812 And The United States
The War of 1812 was brought about by a multitude of factors including international trade
restrictions, the capture of American sailors by the British Royal Navy, and the United States
attempts at expanding its territory. The various parties involved in this war are the Americans, the
British, the Canadians (then a british colony), the Native Americans, and the Africans. While the
main conflict of this war was between White America and the British, the Native Americans and
African slaves found themselves lodged somewhere in between in regards to which side they would
identify with. There were attempts on both sides to recruit these two ethnic groups of peoples' in
order to increase the overall manpower of each side's forces. Two important British documents that
attempted to recruit these peoples are Admiral Alex Cochrane's "A Proclamation Issued on 2 April
1814" and Col. Edward Nicolls's "Order to the First Battalion of Royal Colonial Marines." The first
of these two documents aims to recruit people who desire to "withdraw" from the United States and
the latter of these is a progressive speech aimed at giving Indians and people of color fair treatment
and equality for deciding to join the British cause. Both of these speeches were meticulously written
to take full advantage of the logos, pathos, and ethos trio that is explored by nearly all eminent
persuasive documents. Through logos a writer appeals to the logical aspects of his or her argument
that includes common sense,

Essay On War Of 1812 Justifiable
The War of 1812: Justifiable for the United States The war of 1812 could either be viewed as a
justifiable war or pointless to the American and English people. The United States declared war on
the British on June 18, 1812, for many reasons. To some, the causes of the war were not grave
enough for a real war to erupt. However, there are three main motives that clearly made it valid to
declare war. The British's actions of impressment, efforts to restrict the United State's trade, and the
conquest for land in Canada and Florida were major contributors of the war of 1812 being
considered justified for America. Before the war started, the British navy had a huge lack of sailors
due to circumstances of low pay or low skill level ("The Mariners' Museum: Birth of the United
States Navy."). Obviously, the British were not a fan of their scarcity of men. Britain decided to start
impressing naval officers, meaning that they would force any British sailor they could find to serve
for the the royal navy ( Lambert, Andrew). British seamen started to abandon the British ships they
worked on to work for American merchants who would pay them more. This led the Royal Navy to
the impressment of American soldiers as well. An estimated figure of about 6,000 America men
were pressed and forced to serve in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The issue of impressment was something that needed to be dealt with not only in America, but
globally. If the United States did not fight against the trade barriers, who knows what could have
happened to our economy. The land we gained in Florida was just one minor contribution to the
large, beautiful country that is known today. Plus, if the war never occurred, the United States would
not have the Star–Spangled Banner or the iconic Uncle Sam that all Americans

War Of 1812 Facts
A man by the name of Charles R. Morris once wrote a quote that stated, "A war fought in such a
left–handed slapdash manner on both sides." This war probably America's most unknown war.
Although the war has been written and talked a lot about, most Americans are only slightly aware of
why we fought and who our enemy was. Just take a second and realize that the year of 1812 was not
just another year, it was the year one country was so angry and enraged, they declared war on
another country. Considering the War of 1812 was mainly a chaos of naval activity, imagine
cannons blasting into ships shredding it into pieces! Screaming and yelling to position their ships in
the most perfect way so they can get the most devastating blow to the other wooden block of
gunpowder and explosives. Tired, worn down sailors getting captured and taken under
imprisonment, all of this nonsense because a country doesn't get their way. The War of 1812 was
between Great Britain, North American Colonies, Native Americans and the U.S. The war started in
the old timey days where they rode their horses and had to fight off indians, or scavengers just to get
to a town. This war ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Was it just Naval conflicts between two countries? Was it just ground war between indians and army
men with disciplined war techniques, or was is just two countries in a disagreement about another
country trading with them? The war of 1812 was about all of these questions that you might ask.
What side do you take? Do you take the U.S side that was just trying to be neutral and help both
countries, or do you take the British side, the countries that wanted all the advantage on France just
to win a country. Should the moral of the War of 1812 be that just let people be and choose your
own battles, or should it be take no mercy and and rise to the top? Just take a second and let these
questions sink in your head. Have you found your answer to what you think of the War of

Naval's Role In The Revolutionary War
This essay is investigating the role of naval powers in the American Revolutionary War. The war
was predominantly land–based and took place in the revolting Colonies, themselves. British and
American conflict is most commonly investigated. There seems to be little role of navy with so
much land combat and so little opportunity for a Continental Navy to develop. However, the British
had to cross the Atlantic to supply the war, and more importantly, there were European powers who
had a British defeat in their best interest. These European powers who would side with the Colonies
or, at the very least, against Britain, would be the winning factor in the Revolutionary War. In the
years leading up to European involvement in the American Revolution, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It would set an example for its own colonies, and Spain's territory was already susceptible to British
attack. Over the past century, Britain had already captured Spanish territory like Florida and
Gibraltar. Spain's assistance, however, could be earned through recapture of its losses. Britain had
the opportunity to buy Spain's neutrality with the return of Gibraltar, but they had refused. France
offered to help reclaim some of Spain's losses for their participation of the side of the American
colonies. Spain declined to make an alliance for external reasons. France, already rushed,
immediately completed negotiations with America without Spain. The Franco–American alliance
was formed with an article giving Spain the right to join. France was pressuring Spain to join the
war, but they, too, feared their navy and economy was too weak to endure a long war. It would give
Britain time to gain naval initiative and capitalise on the Spanish empire's weaknesses. Spain
eventually decided to join the war under the conditions that France continue to fight until Gibraltar
had been reclaimed. This was agreed upon under the Treaty of Aranjuez in 1779. They were
primarily interested in their lost territory and intended to end the war quickly, and they requested
France join them in invading London. France, despite conflicting war aims, was forced to conform
to Spain's strategy but managed to negotiate the invasion down to

War Of 1812 Essay Outline
The War of 1812 The War of 1812 is the military conflict between the United States and Great
Britain, which occurred from 1812 to 18141. During the 19th century the United States rebelled
against the British rule because the British Empire restricted the American trade. The restriction
primarily came about since the British thought that it would disadvantageously affect their war with
France. Aside from this the British Empire would like to establish an Indian State located in the
Midwest so that they can retain influence over the region2, propelling the United States to engage in
a war for independence. The war transpired mainly because of the trade restrictions implemented by
the British on American ships. During the war between France and Great Britain, Napoleon ordered
a shipping blockade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American ships were more victorious on the sea wars while the British forces invaded land
territories with ease due to the assistance of the Great Shawnee Chief Tecumseh17. The equation of
the material losses was really quite minimal for both countries.
____________________
14. History. War of 1812. op. cit.
17. HistoryNet. War of 1812. op. cit.
Both parties were embroiled in gaining an upper hand over the other; hence lives were lost in the
process to establish domination on the part of the British and to establish independence from the
Colony for the Americans.
Although the War of 1812 is considered a minor struggle between the United States and Great
Britain it was considered a major crossroads for Canada and the Native Americans (Indians) to have
their own respective independence from any foreign rule. The United States view the War of 1812
as a "second war for independence"18, hence the United States has to undergo many struggles in the
past in order to be a world power at

British Naval Superiority
Throughout the nineteenth century, the British Royal Navy was a force that could not be matched.
Not only did the Navy connect the heart of the empire to its colonies, it also assured the
transportation of resources. In previous years, Britain's possession of coal had been the primary fuel
for global British domination. However, industrialization brought with it new and more efficient
innovations and technology. Embracing technology would lead to the continuation of British
domination, but to not adapt at a time when nations such as Germany and Italy were learning to flex
their military might, would be detrimental to British Naval supremacy. The oil industry has
historically cast a powerful hand in British policies. It was Lionel de Rothschild, the owner of an
influential banking and oil company that loaned the British government the capital for purchasing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Because of the Britain's fear of growing dependence on foreign oil, the following class of destroyers
was built to burn coal. However, the ineffectiveness of this class clearly illustrated that oil was
superior to coal, and henceforth all other destroyers were built using oil. Furthermore, In 1912, the
Queen Elizabeth class of super dreadnoughts became the first British battleship which only used oil.
Not only was this ship substantially faster than its predecessors, it was also more efficient. Previous
Dreadnoughts of comparable size required 260 men to work the engine, while the Elizabeth class
reduced this number to 110. The Queen Elizabeth became the flagship of the fleet and on November
15, 1918, a German representative boarded the ship and accepted the terms of surrender for the
German High Fleet This event aboard the first British Oil powered Battleship symbolizes the
continuation of British Naval dominance as a result of

The First World War : A New Era Of Military Conflict
The Great War ushered in a new era of military conflict. One that would see technology change how
the militaries of the world waged war. Industrialization ushered in an era of rapid and continuous
technological advance. These advances rapidly proliferated throughout the armies of the world. As
Clausewitz noted, "One side invents improvements and first puts them to use, and the other side
promptly copies them." The immediacy of war motivated nations to innovate as rapidly as they
could to keep pace with their adversaries. Their survival depended on it. The First World War
(WWI) would see the beginnings of mechanization, strategic airpower, naval aviation, and
submarine warfare. The tentative peace that arrived with the conclusion of the war removed much of
the incentive for military innovation. During the interwar period, nations struggled in different ways
to innovate and modernize their militaries. The most significant obstacle to innovation was the
marriage of the lack of popular support for militarism, the strategic environment itself, and the
organizational politics of military bureaucracies. The First World War was, at that time, the
bloodiest single conflict in human history. The total number of people killed or wounded in World
War I, both military and civilian, was approximately 37 million: 16 million dead and 21 million
wounded." The incredible toll of the war left the populations of the world's great powers completely
exhausted; their nations in a state

Essay on The Decline of British Military Innovation
World War I was perhaps the greatest catalyst for military innovation in modern history. The speed
in which the doctrinal, technical and tactical changes were developed and implemented was
astounding. At the end of World War I, Britain was at the forefront of doctrinal and technological
innovation in the field of armor and aircraft warfare. The factors which caused Britain to lose their
innovative edge in these areas prior to World War II was the 10 year rule policy, operational attitude
of the British Army, and an emphasis on land based aviation. At the conclusion of World War I,
Britain had the largest navy in the world, a brand new Royal Air Force (RAF) and an army that had
extended its technical, tactical and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The ten–year policy was used by the British Government to continually decrease defense spending
until the policy was ended in 1932. The second factor that stifled the innovation of the British
military is the operational attitude of the military leadership. The British military failed to study the
lessons learned from World War I until 1932. This failure to study the battles of the war in a timely
manner resulted in the development of inferior doctrine and training concepts. If the lessons would
have been learned earlier than 1932, substantial changes could have been made to the British
doctrine and professional military education system prior to 1932. The structural, leadership and
cultural changes to the British Army after World War I contributed to a pervasive disinterest in
innovation. The ideas and attitudes of the military leadership remained those of the prewar army.
Those who seemed to be innovators were outcast and the leadership of the British Army did not take
their ideas seriously. Between 1923 and 1928, the British Army conducted numerous field exercises
to determine the proper use of mechanized or armored forces. Although some shortfalls were
identified in these maneuvers, the overall potential of armored forces was evident. These tests
identified the tactical advantages of firepower and maneuver of armored forces and the considerable
logistical and

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