A Comparative Study Of Risc, Mainframe, And Vector...

A Comparative Study Of Risc, Mainframe, And Vector...
A comparative study of RISC, CISC, Mainframe, and Vector processor architectures
Over all the world there are software programmable devices for all applications for different uses and purposes. Also there are software
programmable devices that are used only for networking applications, they are called Network Processors. Network Processors have evolved over
the years and have a lot of different types for same and different purposes. Network Processors are used for moving data from place to another as
Routing, Switching, and Bridging, providing Services as Traffic Shaping, Security, and Monitoring, also they execute programs to handle packets in a
network. They are one of the most complex systems ever created by Humans. There are many types of network processors as RISC, CISC, Mainframe,
and Vector processorarchitectures. They uses Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) that are used for design techniques for the set of processors and for
implementing the instruction work flow.
First, we will talk about first type of processors RISC (Reduced instruction set computing) architecture. It was created by John Cocke and his team at
IBM by creating the first prototype computer in 1974. It is a type of microchip architecture that designed to use a small set of instructions rather than a
more complex set of instructions in other types of processor. RISC processors execute instructions with one clock cycle, so they use simple instructions.
They work with reduced instructions only
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The Economic Case For Cloud Computing
CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY CLOUD COMPUTING SECURITY By Yoshita Jumili Lawrence Technology University INT7223 Enterprise
System Security Summer 2015 Dr. Terrance E. Dillard Instructor Introduction The economic case for cloud computing is compelling and at the same
time there are striking challenges in its security. The concepts of cloud computing security issues are fundamentally new and intractable. What appears
new is only relative to traditional computing that has been practiced since several years. Many such security problems have been giving attention since
the time–sharing era. Cloud computing providers have and can build datacenters as large due to their expertise in organizing and provisioning
computational resources at... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A significant paradigm shift is represented by public cloud computing from conventional norms of an organizational data center to a de–parameterized
infrastructure which opens gates for potential adversaries to use. Cloud computing should be approached carefully with any emerging information
technology area with due consideration to the sensitivity of data. A good planning helps and ensures that the computing environment is secure to the
most possible extant and is in compliance with all relevant policies of an organization and makes sure the privacy is maintained. To understand the
public cloud computing environment that is being offered by the cloud providers. The responsibilities of an organization and the cloud providers vary
depending on the service model. Any organization should understand and organize the process of consuming the cloud services and also keep an eye
on the delineation responsibilities over the computing environment and implicate security and privacy. Assurances or certification and compliance
review entity paid by the cloud providers to support security or privacy should be well verified time to time by organization through independent

Cloud Services For Synergetic Web Based Project Management...
Cloud Services for Synergetic Web Based Project
Management System
Introduction:
The paper deals with the current use of Project management in the software applications. Project management is the science (and art) of organizing the
components of a project, whether the development of a new product or the launch of a new service. It is not something that's a part of normal business
operations. Aproject consumes resources and it has funding limits. Lehner (2010) stated that project knowledge management process is playing a key
role in the organizations and reinforcing them to manage the entire activities of the organizations. In this paper we are presenting project management
system (P.M.S.) based on cloud computing. Lack of deference and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cloud based project management system will provide solution to all these issues. Cloud based project management system provide platform to user
which can help all stakeholder from various level of project can actively participate in project development. Each associate will have its access
according to their privilege. The cloud based PMS Solution will give you–and your team greater real–time insight into project requirements. And the
unavoidable changes of the scope that crosses the boundaries of the distributed teams. Cloud based PMS will help you to observe all software
development lifecycle activities like
Requirement analysis
Prototyping
Design
Development
Testing
There will be transparency between client and organization. Client can access information like how much work has been processing on project.
Whether application features are according to client's requirements. They can put their requirement any time without requiring any actually
time–consuming meeting with company officials. Project manager should get day–by–day review about project progress and problem. People from
differentlevels of software development team and client can contribute in software development procedure by giving suggestions (Thayer, 2005).
Cloud based P.M.S. is another important feature is that it implementsagile software development model. One of the most important factors is

Methods Of Performance Evaluation And Verification On...
Methods of Performance Evaluation and Verification on Multi–Core Architecture for Motion Estimation Algorithm Trupti Dhaygude1, Sopan
D.Kadam2 and Shailesh.V.Kulkarni3 Department of Electronics and Tele
–Communication Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology Pune–
48 1dhaygudetrupti@gmail.com 2 sopan.kadam173@gmail.com 3svk12345@rediffmail.com Abstract– Video compression utilizes high
computational power. For real–time requirements of multimedia applications faster computations need to be performed. To fulfill such requirements of
video compression a parallel computational algorithm can be implemented. In this thesis, the parallelism of multi–core architecture was exploited using
block matching algorithm. The test–implementation of the algorithm was done on MATLAB. The parallel model was designed using OpenMP and its
implementation was tested on multi–core architectures. The parallel implementation divides a current frame into independent macro blocks and each
block is allotted to OpenMP section which then assigns it to a thread for performing the computations. The result of the implementation shows speedier
computations with effective utilization of multi–cores. This work suggests a promising approach which can further be developed and exploited.
Keywords– motion estimation, block matching algorithm, multi–core architecture, OpenMP, multithreading. I.INTRODUCTION In the present motion
estimation scenario, faster and more efficient algorithm needed to be

Investigation Into An Efficient Hybrid Model Of A With...
Investigation into deriving an Efficient Hybrid model of a – MapReduce + Parallel–Platform Data Warehouse Architecture
Shrujan Kotturi skotturi@uncc.edu College of Computing and Informatics
Department of Computer Science
Under the Supervision of
Dr. Yu Wang yu.wang@uncc.edu Professor, Computer Science
Investigation into deriving an Efficient Hybrid model of a – MapReduce + Parallel–Platform Data Warehouse Architecture
Shrujan Kotturi
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
North Carolina, USA
E–mail: skotturi@uncc.edu
Abstract–Parallel databases are the high performance databases in RDBMS world that can used for setting up data intensive enterprise data warehouse
but they lack scalability whereas, MapReduce paradigm highly supports scalability, nevertheless cannot perform as good as parallel databases.
Deriving an architectural hybrid model of best of both worlds that can support high performance and scalability at the same time.
Keywords–Data Warehouse; Parallel databases; MapReduce; Scalability
I.INTRODUCTION
Parallel–platform data warehouse is the one that built using parallel processing database like Teradata, IBM Netezza etc. that support Massive Parallel
Processing (MPP) architecture for data read/write operations, unlike non–parallel processing databases like Oracle, MySQL and SQL server that does
sequential row–wise read/write operations without parallelism from DBMS. MapReduce paradigm is popularized by Google, Inc.

Cloud Computing Architecture : Technology Architecture
Cloud computing architecture is the design of cloud computing. It consists of components needed for cloud computing to function properly. Front end
contain applications/platforms that users can use to access back end components. Back end contains the "cloud" part of the architecture such as the
cloud storage and networking. The reason why it's significant in the technological world is because it allows users to store data into an online platform.
In doing so, this eliminates the need to continously backup and re–download data from one computer to another computer. As technology continue to
rapidly evolve, the need for cloud computing becomes evident. It allows users to stay connected with their data from any computer that they use. In the
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The back end platforms and infrastructures are the most important components in the cloud computing architecture due to the fact that it stores the
data obtained by the front end applications into the storage servers. An example of a back end platform is the database. A database consists of data
that is organized in a certain way depending on how it is organized. SQL is a programming language for storing data inside a table. The type of
database also determines how that data will be accessed. To access the database in SQL, the developer has to create a code to display only the data
that belongs to the user and the data that the user is calling for.
The back end infrastructure contains both hardware and software that is necessary for cloud computing to function properly and effectively. One
component of infrastructure is the storage servers. The storage servers are owned by the cloud service providers and those servers process their
customer's data.
Figure 2: A picture of multiple servers[6] As shown in figure 2, since big companies like google have a lot of users who uses Google Drives, they
need tons of servers to keep up with demand. Cloud computing architecture can be very complex. Many companies are trying their best to improve
their architecture by adding different kinds of hardware and software in order to improve their cloud performance and security. The next section will
have more information about the

The Open Source Of Cloud Computing
As building and maintaining the infrastructure for compute, storage and networking resources from the ground up is becoming a serious capital
constraint for small and medium businesses (SMBs) and enterprises, the era of cloud computing is becoming more and more established. This paper
aims at understanding the open source OpenStack architecture and various services that it provides as Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) to build
scalable, cost–friendly and efficient cloud that relates to managing and maintaining large clusters of commodity and x86 servers along with storage
and networking resources. It is very important for the service providers and enterprises to look into open source cloud computing platforms as using
open source solutions can drastically cut down the capital costs and help enterprises from getting into a vendor lock–in service level agreements. I.
Introduction Cloud is a trending term across the Internet and is often confused with data center and virtualization. To begin with, data center and
virtualization are centric to the cloud, but scope of the cloud as a whole is much wider. To put in simple words, a cloud is a pool of large
configurable resources that are available on demand over the Internet. These resources can be available in the form of storage devices, servers,
processors, and network interfaces [4]. Packaging these resources to provide services to end–users is termed as cloud computing. The users are
provided with an ease of accessibility

Server Clustering Technology And Cloud Computing Essay
Introduction The current report focuses on Server Clustering Technology and Cloud Computing. Server clustering and cloud computing are the latest
technology used in the world widely. A cluster a parallel or distributed system that consists of a collection of interconnected computer systems or
servers that is used as a single unified computing unit. Members of a cluster are referred to as nodes or systems. The invention of Cloud computing
has helped in ever–faster and ever–cheaper computaВ¬tion. Analysis пЃ®Cluster A Cluster is defined as a group of independent server (nodes) in a
computer system, which are accessed and presented as a single system and in turn enables high availability and, in few cases, cluster also plays
important role in load balancing and parallel processing. Since it is hard to predict the number of requests that will be allocated to a networked server,
clustering also plays vital role for load balancing to distribute processing and communications activity consistently across a network system so that no
particular server is overloaded. Server clusters can be used to make sure that users have constant access to important server–based resources. Types:–
Server clusters are of three types, depending on how the nodes are connected to the devices that store the cluster configuration and state data. It
should be stored in a way that allows each active node to obtain the data even if single or more nodes are down. The data that is stored on a resource, it
is

The Key Computing Trends Driving The Need For Improvement...
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Today we are living in the era of internet where everything depends on it. As the days and years passes, traffic on
internet is increasing abundantly, users wants high speed internet which can give the result of their aspired question within a fraction of seconds. To
accomplish the requirement of the user, the need for improvement of existing network architecture. Here comes the role of SDN which is an
emerging network architecture, our project is based on it which is discussed in later chapters. In the introduction part we are going to check about
SDN and its related components. Software Defined Networking ( SDN ) "Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging network architecture
where network control is decoupled from forwarding and is directly programmable". [1] The key computing trends driving the need for a new network
paradigm include the following: Changing traffic patterns: Applications that commonly access geographically distributed databases and servers
through public and private clouds require extremely flexible traffic management and access to bandwidth on demand. The "consumerization of IT":
The Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) trend requires networks that are both flexible and secure. The rise of cloud services: Users expect on–demand
access to applications, infrastructure, and other IT resources. "Big data" means more bandwidth: Handling today's mega datasets requires massive
parallel processing that is fueling a constant demand

Essay on Workplace Telecommunications
Workplace Telecommunications
The telecommunication system at XYZ Corporation meets the needs of its medium sized business. Their phone system consists of 1,000 2400 series
digital phones. These phones help to improve the efficiency and productivity of our organization and simplify the flow of information because of the
enhanced features such as the ability to expand your 24 button telephone with additional 50 button expansion modules. With this phone system there's
no need to change station wiring or cross connects, your staff can move telephone sets around without the help of a technician. This feature saves time
and money for every day moves. Each phone has a full duplex speaker phone a 2x24 display ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Provide individual phone numbers for all your
employees without having to purchase the physical lines. DID calls can reach the intended person quickly with no additional manual routing or need
for an operator.
Because we are in multiple locations and the need to track employee hours we have implemented an IVR (Interactive Voice Response) system for time
and attendance. Interactive Voice Response is a technology that automates interaction with telephone callers. Our organization has digital T1 lines.
These lines are connected on one side to the IVR platform and, on the other, to call switching equipment. Our have IVR Applications (programs
that control and respond to calls on the IVR platform) prompt callers and gather input. These applications call on existing databases and application
servers to retrieve records and information required during the length of a call. The IVR scripts are designed using Visual IVR Script designer.
Visual IVR allows fast and easy design of the IVR system. Visual IVR Script Designer is easy to learn, and allows a GUI for the entire IVR
development process. Event Handlers link the modules to one another depending on the tone keys the caller pressed.
Our organization utilizes Citrix servers to enable on demand, secure, efficient and cost effective access for users. The Citrix platform consists of an
end to end architecture for on demand access. This is a flexible and modular architecture that is compatible with other

Cloud Computing Essay
The integration of mobile devices with our daily life (e.g., smart phones, smart watches, tablets, etc.) has eliminated the location and timing restrictions
on access to variety of services such as social network, web search, data storage, and entertainment. Limitations on resources (such as battery life and
storage) and the need to global scalability of services have motivated companies to rely on cloud computing. Cloud computing has created a new
paradigm for mobile applications where computations and storage have migrated to centralized computing platforms in the cloud. Cloud providers such
as Google, Amazon, and Salesforce offer clients the access to cloud resources in various locations and allow them to acquire computing resources...
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Driven by the fundamental problems encountered due to identification and location conflation problem in IP networks and inefficiency of TCP for
intermittent links, we propose a simple yet effective solution to provide access to advanced services for vehicular nodes with varying link conditions.
To address aforementioned issues, we leverage cloud resources to design and develop a framework for connected vehicles. This scalable,
mobility–centric solution, through network abstractions and clustering schemes with high resilience against failure, can provide seamless connectivity,
global reachability, and enhanced connection for vehicular nodes with high dynamicity and possibly no direct association to an access point. This is
followed up by the introduction of the MobilityFirst architecture which supports seamless mobility of nodes in network layer. The named service layer
in MobilityFirst is supported by network abstractions in the form of globally available cloud services. The distributed global name resolution service
(GNRS) along with efficient vehicular clustering provides the opportunity to enable scalable services and allow seamless connectivity. The proposed
scheme, called FastMF, assign to clusters of vehicles unique names that are independent from location of the clusters and the interfaces. The vehicular
clusters maintain tree structures that improve performance over conventional clusters and reduce

Taking a Look at the Internet of Things (IoT)
1. INTRODUCTION
Recently, the concept of the Internet as a set of connected computer devices is changed to a set of connected surrounding things of human's living
space, such as home appliances, machines, transportation, business storage, and goods etc. The number of things in the living space is larger than the
number of world population. Research is going on how to make these things to communicate with each other like computer devices communicate
through Internet. The communication among these things is referred as Internet of Things (IoT). Till now, there is no specific definition or standard
architecture of IoT. Some researchers define the IoT as a new model that contains all of wireless communication technologies such as wireless sensor
networks, mobile networks, and actuators. Each element of IoT is called a thing and should have a unique address. Things communicate using the
Radio–Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and work in harmony to reach a common goal. In addition, the IoT should contain a strategy to
determine its users and their privileges and restrictions.
Smart connectivity with existing networks and context–aware computation using network resources is an indispensable part of IoT. With the growing
presence of WiFi and 4G–LTE wireless Inter–net access, the evolution towards ubiquitous information and communication networks is already evident.
However, for the Internet of Things vision to successfully emerge, the computing paradigm will need to go

Options For Implementing Intrusion Detection Systems Essay
Options for Implementing Intrusion Detection Systems Signature based IDS These IDS possess an attacked description that can be matched to sensed
attack manifestations. It catches the intrusions in terms of the characteristics of known attacks or system vulnerabilities. This IDS analyzes information
it gathers and compares it to a database of known attacks, which are identified by their individual signatures. The rules are pre–defined. It is also
known as misuse detection. The drawbacks of this IDS is that they are unable to detect novel or unknown attacks, Suffer from false alarm and have
to programmed again for every new pattern to be detected. Anomaly based IDS This IDS models define the baseline to describe normal state of
network or host. Any activity outside baseline is considered to be an attack i.e. it detects any action that significantly deviates from the normal
behavior. The primary strength is its ability to recognize novel attacks. The drawback is that it assumes that intrusions will be accompanied by
manifestations that are sufficiently unusual so as to permit detection. These generate many false alarms as well and hence compromise the
effectiveness of the IDS. Network based IDS This IDS looks for attack signatures in network traffic via a promiscuous interface. It analyzes all
passing traffic. A filter is usually applied to determine which traffic will be discarded or passed on to an attack recognition module. This helps to filter
out known un–malicious

What Is Openstack And Its Importance
Service Providers and enterprises need to ensure that their networks remain a relevant and important part of users'everyday experience, and deliver
added value in new and unique ways. How new technologies like cloud, Software Defined Networking (SDN) will help them do this and efficient
management across network resources and cloud application. In this paper we have talked about what is Openstack and its importance and briefly
explored three major Openstack projects Compute, Storage and Network and discussed their capabilities. Secondly we have mentioned three different
approaches of SDN Cloud convergence. How SDN proves useful in cloud environment and achieve high flexibility and higher innovation. The also
paper presents an alternate architecture that combines SDN and Cloud Architecture. 1. Introduction: Traditional network model requires tremendous
commitment of hardware resources, dedicated budgets along with managing On–premise datacentre. The enterprise or the IT industry is dependent on
its own computing, storage and networking capabilities. Effective solution for the traditional networking model is Cloud. Cloud computing is on
demand service. Virtualizing network resource for providing users with the required bandwidth and level of service they expect is the promise of
Cloud. There are quite a few cloud service providers who offer cloud services to manage computing and storage resources. But the IT industry and
others have to pay for the service. Openstack can be

Architectures for Scalable Quantum Computation Essay
1. Introduction
A classical computer represents an implementation of a (sub–) Turing machine that is limited by the laws of classical physics. As such, certain
computational problems are either extremely difficult to solve or are intractable (w.r.t. resources). In order to tackle these problems, a super–Turing
computational model has been devised and named as the quantum computer [1]. Quantum computation is based on the laws of quantum mechanics and
can outperform classical computation in terms of complexity. The power comes from quantum parallelism that is achieved through quantum
superposition [2] and entanglement [3]. Computability is unchanged so intractable problems are still unsolvable, but the exponential increase in speed
means ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This requires use of large amounts of auxiliary qubits (aka. ancillae). Further fault–tolerance is achieved by applying the error correction codes
recursively (in levels) [9], exponentially increasing overhead and reducing fault probability. Due to these error correction schemes, a single logical qubit
is represented by multiple physical qubits. As an example, a single logical qubit at two levels of recursion is represented by 49 [10] or 81 [11] physical
qubits, depending on the error correction code used. Intuitively, the number of physical qubits required for interesting integer factorisation described in
[4] would be in the thousands. This is a problem because most investments into manufacturing technology went into silicon–based devices and
technology such as ion–traps [12,13] are not as well developed. Hence, initial proposals for quantum architectures such as the Quantum Logic Array
(QLA) [14] are space inefficient and somewhat impractical. This review attempts to give an outline of the current state of quantum computing
architectures based on the QLA and provide critical comments.
2. Review
The quantum logic array (QLA) [14], designed by Metodi et al., is one the first complete architectural designs of a trapped ion quantum computer
based on the quantum charge coupled device architecture in [13]. However, as it is the first attempt at

Cloud Computing Research Paper
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is an emerging model where users can gain access to their applications from anywhere through their connected devices. A simplified
user interface makes the infrastructure supporting the applications transparent to users. The applications reside in massively–scalable data centers
where compute resources can be dynamically provisioned and shared to achieve significant economies of scale. A strong service management platform
results in near–zero incremental management costs when more IT resources are added to the cloud. The proliferation of smart mobile devices, high
speed wireless connectivity, and rich browser–based Web 2.0 interfaces has made the network–based cloud computing model not only practical but ...
This type of computing even makes use of other resources such as SANs, network equipment, and security devices. It can also support applications that
are accessible through the Internet. These applications make use of large data centers and powerful servers that host Web applications and Web services.
2. Architecture
A cloud computing system, can be divided into two sections: the front end and the back end. They connect to each other through a network, usually the
Internet. The front end is the side the computer user, or client, sees. The back end is the "cloud" section of the system. The front end includes the client's
computer (or computer network) and the application required to access the cloud computing system.
Fig 1 A typical Cloud Computing System
Not all cloud computing systems have the same user interface. Most of the time, servers don't run at full capacity. That means there's unused processing
power going to waste. It's possible to fool a physical server into thinking it's actually multiple servers, each running with its own independent operating
system. The technique is called server virtualization. By maximizing the output of individual servers, server virtualization reduces the need for more
physical machines.On the back end of the system are the various computers, servers and data storage systems that create the "cloud" of computing
services. In theory, a cloud computing system could include practically any computer program you can

Cloud Computing And Its Effect On The Security Of Service...
abstract
Cloud computing is be increasingly common in distributed computing medium. Data storage and processing utilizing cloud medium is be a way
worldwide. Software as a Service (SaaS) , one of main models of cloud that might be presented in a public, private or hybrid network. whether we
look at the effect SaaS has on many business applications in addition to in our day to day life, we could simply say that this deactivated technology is
thither to stay. we could simply say that this deactivated technology is thither to stay. Cloud computing could be visible as Internet–based computing,
in which software, the resources shared, and input are created obtainable to hardware 's on request . however utilizing a cloud computing model could ...
and impossible find Cloud computing similar in tow cloud provider , as somewhat cloud providers present storage through network with tiny per
month rentals for end users, while some of whom providers offering applications for software companies which helps in decrease costs in
deployment or nomination( install) of applications.in this project we will be rating SaaS service delivery model, and presenting several advises for
evolving the SaaS work and solution for business. and talking about ( how the SaaS increased security issues and challenges) ?!
2–related work and trends
According to a Gartner Group estimate, SaaS sales in 2015 reached $150 billion in yearly incomes rising to more than $201 billion in 2019, according
to the final prediction from Gartner[1].
In an IEEE paper вЂ•A Privacy maintain store for ensuring Data without change across the Cloud authors offered a privacy saving depository, for
approval of complete requirements from clients to share data in the cloud and preserve their privacy, combine and merge the suitable data from data
sharing services, and pay back the complete outcomes to users[2].
A mutual way to supply the data subject with information and control over data privacy is the saving of privacy policies fixed to the data shared[3].
accordingly to result of wide range fragmentation in the SaaS provider space, there is an new way take the direction to the growth of Software as a
Service (SaaS) Integration Platforms (SIP). These SIPs

The System Development Life Cycle
Abstract Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are recognized for their distinguished features and integrative information systems in
organizations, such as data circulation in financial accounting systems and human resource information systems. However, they are also known to be
complex systems with multiple operating systems and applications that require several strategies to follow; for organizations to achieve their corporate
growth objectives. Hence, a good approach to solving the problem of complexity is in adopting a high–level architecture model which can be used to
describe the components of the system and their relationship. In this paper, an effective approach to systems development is discussed alongside
several ERP architecture methods. Several ERP implementation strategies are highlighted and requirements are shared. Key Words ERP systems, ERP
architecture, implementation strategies, system development life cycle Background According to Motiwalla & Thompson (2012), "the system
development life cycle (SDLC) provides useful guidelines to the ERP implementation process" (p. 90). It is a process of developing new information
systems, which includes the process of planning, designing and creating information systems for organizations to support their business process; but
can however become complex when the system is scheduled to support thousands of business processes for several users spread wide across the
organization, both internally and

Cloud Computing Essay
An In–Depth Overview of Cloud Computing
An Introduction
For many of us it's hard to imagine a world without the computer, but this technology is still relatively new. The Atanasoff
–Berry Computer, developed
by John Atanasoff and Cliff Berry, which is considered to be the first electronic digitalcomputer, wasn't developed until 1937. (Mackintosh, 1987) This
development led to the creation of the modern computer, however, it wasn't until 1973 that Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn laid the groundwork for what we
now call the internet. (IHF, 2016) They created network protocols, enabling computers everywhere to connect and share information with each other.
These protocols consist of a set of rules and standards to eliminate communication failures. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several computing paradigms or models have been developed which maintain the distributed architecture manifest in this network system. These
include Peer–to–Peer, Cluster, and Jungle Computing, as well as Cloud Computing which is built on top of grid and utility computing, as seen in
Figure 2. (Kahanwal & Singh, 2012)
Anatomy of a Cloud
Cloud Computing is a recently emergent paradigm whereby services, such as data, programs and hardware, are managed and delivered over the
internet. These services are provided to computers and other devices on–demand, like the electricity over the grid. This model offers users not only
services, but unlimited computing power, accessed from anywhere in the world via a web browser. Instead of relying on the power of a local,
individual device, computing power is distributed, virtual and scalable, enabling users to access the computation, storage and other application
resources on–demand. (Sun, White & Gray, 2011) According to Carl Hewitt, "Cloud Computing is a paradigm in which information is permanently
stored in servers on the internet and cached temporarily on clients that include desktops, entertainment centers, table computers, notebooks, wall
computers, handhelds, sensors, monitors, etc." (Hewitt, 2008)
Characteristics. A publication by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology defines

The Basic Concepts Of Ilp
Introduction Instruction–level parallelism(or we call it ILP) is a form of parallel operation or calculation which allows program to perform multiple
instructions at one time. Thus it is also a measurement to describe the amount of instruction per unit time.We will explore the LIP from an overall view
to the several specific methods to exploit it. ILP is a measure of how many of the instructions in a computer program can be executed simultaneously.
When exploiting instruction–level parallelism, goal is to maximize CPI. As for how much ILP exists in programs is very application specific. In
certain fields, like graphics and scientific computing the amount can be very large while workloads such as cryptography may exhibit much less
parallelism. Micro–architectural techniques that are used to exploit ILP include instruction pipelining, superscalar execution, register renaming, and
so on. This paper will first access the basic concepts of ILP by exploring the ways of handling data,including the controlling data dependence and data
hazards. Then we will talk about ways of how to expose ILP using pipelining and loop scheduling in compiler(the ways to speed up instruction
operation). Additionally, we will discuss the details of dealing with data hazards by dynamic scheduling (allow execution before control dependence is
solved) by using the examples of Tomasulo's algorithm and explain the different types of branch prediction(choose which instruction to be executed).
Next we will

Cloud Computing
CLOUD COMPUTING SUBMITTED BY: S.MEENAKSHI(meenushalu14@gmail.com) A.V.MONISHA(avmonisha2012@gmail.com) II
–IT dept
PSNA college of engineering and technologyABSTRACT: IT departments and infrastructure providers are under increasing pressure to provide
computing infrastructure at the lowest possible cost. In order to do this, the concepts of resource pooling, virtualization, dynamic provisioning, utility
and commodity computing must be leveraged to create a public or private cloud that meets these needs. Cloud computing is a general term for anything
that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. This provides the smaller... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For some users, this is where the cloud layers stop piling up. Amazon, for instance, allows users to rent virtual servers by the hour, to do with what they
will – run as web servers, process data, whatever the user wants. This kind of activity is called as utility computing. LEVELS OF CLOUD
COMPUTING: Cloud computing is typically divided into three levels of service offerings. Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service
(PaaS), and Infrastructure as a service (IaaS). These levels support virtualization and management of differing levels of the solution stack.
SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE: A SaaS provider typically hosts and manages a given application in their own data center and makes it available to
multiple tenants and users over the Web. Some SaaS providers run on another cloud provider's PaaS or IaaS service offerings. Oracle CRM On
Demand, Salesforce.com, and Netsuite are some of the well known SaaS examples. PLATFORM AS A SERVICE: Platform as a Service (PaaS) is an
application development and deployment platform delivered as a service to developers over the Web. It facilitates development and deployment of
applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying infrastructure, providing all of the facilities required to support
the complete life cycle of building and delivering web applications and

Architecture Of Internet Application For Cloud Computing
Figure: 1.1: Architecture of Internet application in cloud computing [4]
As each server machine can host multiple application so it is important that application should be stateless for the reason that every application store
their position information in backend storage servers, so that is repeated safely but it may cause storage servers becomes overloaded but the focus of
proposed work is on application tire presenting a architecture is representative of a huge place of internet services hosted in the cloud computing
environment even through providing infinite capacity on demand.
Moreover, on–demand provisioning provides a cost–efficient way for already running businesses to cope with unpredictable spikes in the workload.
Nevertheless, an efficient scalability for an Internet application in the cloud requires a broad knowledge of several areas, such as scalable architectures,
scalability components in the cloud, and the parameters of scalability components. With the increase in numbers and size of on–line communities are
increasing effort to exploit cross–functionalities across these communities. However, application service providers have encountered problems due to
the irregular demand for their applications, especially when external events can lead to unprecedented traffic levels to and from their application [5].
Dynamic nature of demand and traffic forces require for an extremely scalable explanation to enable the availability

Jd Ham. Professor Katherine Johnston. Cse/Ise 300. Literature
JD Ham Professor Katherine Johnston CSE/ISE 300 Literature Review April 18, 2017 Cloud Computing The focus of cloud computing is providing
with scalable and a cheap on–demand computing infrastructure with a good quality of service levels. The process of the cloud computing involves a
set of network enabled services that can be accessed in a simple and general way. Cloud computing provides with a unique value proposition for any
organization to outsource their information and communication technology infrastructure. Moreover, the concept itself provides with a value
proposition for an organization as using the cloud saves on cost, resources, and staff, and business opportunities for the organization (Katzan). An
extensive connectivity of... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, research focusing on the adoption of cloud computing technology and its impact on business operation is limited. This trend may be
explained by cloud computing being a relatively new field. Available research on the structures, processes, security measures surrounding the cloud
services are still at an early stage. The impact of cloud computing on enterprises in the world today Cloud computing has changed the Information
Technology by introducing a new concept and platform of enterprise system. The traditional enterprise system is characterized as clunky, expensive,
and complex for most organization to implement and use. Nevertheless, cloud computing enterprise system offers with a competitive advantage. The
advantage offered lies in the cloud ES offering flexibility, scalability, and independence in IT infrastructure and capabilities. Cloud computing holds
great potential for the business world and has many advantages and challenges. Cloud enterprise system offers with an attractive option to businesses in
solving problems associated with high investment in Information Technology infrastructure and Information Technology resources (FortiЕџ, Munteanu
and Negru). Today cloud computing is considered as the fifth utility after water, electricity, gas, and telephone. The aim is making cloud services
readily available on demand like all other utility

Essay On Conditional Branch Predictor
Conditional branch predictor (CBP) is an essential component in the design of any modern deeply pipelined superscalar microprocessor architecture.
In the recent past, many researchers have proposed varieties schemes for the design of the CBPs that claim to offer desired levels of accuracy and
speed needed to meet the demand for the architectural design of multicore processors. Amongst various schemes in practice to realize the CBPs, the
ones based on neural computing – i.e., artificial neural network (ANN) have been found to outperform other CBPs in terms of accuracy.
Functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) is a single layer ANN with low computational complexity which has been used in versatile fields of
application, such as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major dificulty encountered due to extensive use of parallelism is the existence of branch instructions in the set of instructions presented to the
processor for execution: both conditional and unconditional branch instructions in the pipeline. If the instructions under execution in the pipeline does
not bring any change in the control flow of the program, then there is no problem at all. However, when the branch instruction puts the program
under execution to undergo a change in the flow of control, the situation becomes a topic of concern as the branch instruction breaks the sequential
flow of control, leading to a situation what is called pipeline stall and levying heavy penalties on processing in the form of execution delays, breaks in
the program flow and overall performance drop. Changes in the control flow affects the processor performance because many processor cycles must be
wasted in ushing the pipeline already loaded with instructions from wrong locations and again reading–in the new set of instructions from right address.
It is well known that in a highly parallel computer system, branch instructions can break the smooth flow of instruction fetching, decoding and
execution. This results in delay, because the instruction issuing must often wait until the actual branch outcome is known. To make things worse, the
deeper the pipelining, more is the delay, and thus greater is the performance loss.
Branch predictors

The Effect Of Cloud Computing On Software Development Process
NAME OF THE UNIVERSITY
Effect of Cloud Computing on
Software Development Process
Name of the Student
3/7/2013
Abstract
This research paper is about discussing the effects of cloud–computing on the software development process. Cloud computing is very popular these
days. The concept of cloud computing is quite different from other existing computing techniques. Cloud computing is a modern concept evolving as a
multidisciplinary field based on web–services and service oriented architecture; this is supported by Alter (2008). So it is affecting the software
development process to a great extent which has its own pros and cons. These will be discussed in this research paper. There is a lot of research work
going on this topic and few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concept is not entirely new as most of us are using this from past many years in one form or another using emails and WWW. But now days the
concept has revised too much. Users can access the resources directly through the internet; there is absolutely no need of having the direct physical
access to the resources within the organization's premises. The concept is based on service provisioning where the services can be easily provisioned
and de–provisioned as per the user's request and demand. This is very beneficial for the users as they do not have to pay for the entire service, they
will pay as per its use, which reduces the total cost. This concept ahs in turn invented some new concepts like mesh computing, pay–per–use service,
cloud platforms, etc.
This is very important to investigate this area as it reduces a lot of development cost and the development time too. It makes the access to the services
as very easy and comfortable job. A lot of research is going on this topic to further improve its efficiency and effectiveness.
Discussion
The concept of cloud computing is very popular these days. So let us try to understand its architecture and the concept on which cloud computing is
based on:
Conceptualization of Cloud Computing
The conceptualization of cloud computing can be explained from the below drawn figure. There are mainly two types of

Developing An Advanced Modern Distributed Networking System
Abstract – Developing an advanced modern distributed networking system is very difficult and hard to manage as they operate over different
environments, hence they have little control over the system and the environment in which they execute. The hardware and software resources in these
networks may fail and become malicious unexpectedly. In these scenarios redundancy based reliability techniques can help manage such failures. But
when the network is faced with dynamic and unpredictable resources and also there are chances of hackers and attackers to easily enter the network, in
these situations the system or the network reliability can still fluctuate greatly. In order to tackle these kind of situations we need to come up with some
kind... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also if there is a desired increase in the system's reliability, then iterative redundancy achieves this reliability by using least resources possible. Iterative
redundancy is also good in handling Byzantine threat model, which is the common threat model in most of the distributed networks. Later in this paper
we formally prove iterative redundancy's self–adaption, efficiency and optimality properties. Then we use discrete event simulation; BIONIC and
XDEVS to evaluate iterative redundancy against the existing redundancy based models. At the end we will be contributing on top of this paper, in
order to eliminate some of the limitations in iterative redundancy and to make this technique much better. We will be seeing that the two assumptions
made in this paper will be contradicting in the real world example. To tackle these limitations, we will be presenting Master–Slave model and also
Hand–shake mechanism to finally, we will be proposing a redundancy based technique known as Physical Redundancy, in which we are using active
replication of the nodes and adding the voters in order to improve the reliability of the network at the node level. With this the error will be ruled out
and the network will act like there was no failure. Keywords: Redundancy, reliability, fault–tolerance, iterative redundancy,

Essay On Conditional Branch Predictor
Abstract. Conditional branch predictor (CBP) is an essential component in the design of any modern deeply pipelined superscalar microprocessor
architecture. In the recent past, many researchers have proposed varieties schemes for the design of the CBPs that claim to offer desired levels of
accuracy and speed needed to meet the demand for the architectural design of multicore processors. Amongst various schemes in practice to realize the
CBPs, the ones based on neural computing – i.e., artificial neural network (ANN) have been found to outperform other CBPs in terms of accuracy.
Functional link artificial neural network (FLANN) is a single layer ANN with low computational complexity which has been used in versatile fields of
application, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The major dificulty encountered due to extensive use of parallelism is the existence of branch instructions in the set of instructions presented to the
processor for execution: both conditional and unconditional branch instructions in the pipeline. If the instructions under execution in the pipeline does
not bring any change in the control flow of the program, then there is no problem at all. However, when the branch instruction puts the program
under execution to undergo a change in the flow of control, the situation becomes a topic of concern as the branch instruction breaks the sequential
flow of control, leading to a situation what is called pipeline stall and levying heavy penalties on processing in the form of execution delays, breaks in
the program flow and overall performance drop. Changes in the control flow affects the processor performance because many processor cycles must be
wasted in ushing the pipeline already loaded with instructions from wrong locations and again reading–in the new set of instructions from right address.
It is well known that in a highly parallel computer system, branch instructions can break the smooth flow of instruction fetching, decoding and
execution. The consequence of this is in delay, because the instruction issuing must often wait until the actual branch outcome is known. To make
things worse, the deeper the pipelining, more is the delay, and thus greater is the performance

Cloud Computing And Its Impact On The Entire Ict Industry
Cloud computing has evolved with the passage of time and has revolutionized the entire ICT industry. Cloud computing is categorized into two forms
Service oriented computing and Grid Computing. Service oriented Computing is an transpiring paradigm that has revamped the consumption of
software and related product all around the globe. The core functionalities that service oriented computing provide is elements and that are independent
of platforms and are programmed using standard protocols to support distributed computing across various organizations. [2] The second type of cloud
computing is Grid computing which also follows the distributed architecture in which there are cluster of computers which share resources with each
other like... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[3] Cloud computing provides computing architecture, which is dynamic in nature and can evaluate performance behavior as well as other
infrastructure challenges. This paper focuses on workload balancing workload balancing of cloud instances and also tells about the tools that evaluate
performances. It tells that their proposed mechanism schedules the starting and shutting down of the VM instances automatically and allows the cloud
instances to finish the assigned jobs within the deadline and within the price range. [4] 2.2 Edge of cloud computing over normal software testing
Thus Software testing is one of the core components of any software or related product development and testing requires costly infrastructure because
testing evaluates the speed, performance, utilization as well as security to some extent. This is where Cloud Computing is used and provides services
like decrease cost for number of users using specific environment. Cloud testing has normally been used for load and performance testing but with
increased enhancement in technology and more demand many enterprises have included it as its integral part and the below image gives a statistical

How Should I Prepare Your Enterprise For The Increased...
How should I prepare my enterprise for the increased adoption of cloud services After tried and tested the Cloud computing infrastructure for
provisioning test and development workloads, the obvious question comes to your mind will be, what next, how would I further increase the adoption
of cloud services in my enterprise. Cloud services can make huge competitive advantages to the enterprise companies, if the applications are correctly
architected to satisfy the business requirements. Some enterprises don't fully understand while embracing new technologies, as they rush into
development mode and forgo the necessary architecture and design changes needed in their IT landscape. Sometimes they also have unrealistic
expectations like... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Often management, or even the architects are so starstruck by the success of companies like Netflix and Uber that they expect similar results, an
outcome they most likely can't achieve even if they do a good job in architecting. Therefore setting an expectation for the outcomes for a cloud
computing initiative should be based on the business case in support of the initiative, not what other companies have achieved. 2.Consider the cloud
architecture to monitor the usage of cloud services and track costs: One of the biggest misguided perceptions of cloud computing is that cloud
initiatives will greatly reduce the cost of doing business. That may be true for some initiatives but not all of them; after all, cost is not the only reason
to leverage the cloud. Even if a company has a good business case for reducing costs in the cloud, it takes more than cloud computing to achieve the
cost reduction. Companies need to design with cost in mind. The cloud can be cost–effective if the architecture effectively optimizes its usage of cloud
services. In order to optimize costs, the architecture must monitor the usage of cloud services and track costs. Cloud services are a metered service
where the cost is calculated on a pay– as–you–go model much like utilities such as electricity and water are in our homes. In legacy on–premises
datacentres, purchased

Hewlett-Packards Merced Division
1)In summer 1998, what is the position of the Enterprise Server Group (ESG) in its industry? How has it evolved? Why? HP, an international
manufacturer of instrumentation, healthcare, computer and communication products, started up with initial investment of only $538 in the year
1939.It grew to more than $43B in sales and $3.1B in net profits in 1997.In 1997, HP formed Enterprise Server Group to focus on enterprise
computing. ESG's products were built based on proprietary RISC microprocessors and UNIX operating systems. ESG produced scalable, high
performance computing systems, which were the backbone of corporate information networks, network servers and mainframes. Customers... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fixed cost of designing chips, building state–of–the –art semiconductor fabrication plants along with the specter of diminishing unit volumes of
RISC chips increased the prices of RISC chips rapidly and thus became unattractive. This situation exacerbated RISC–UNIX computers manufacturers
to withstand the competition in the market. In addition to the cost of building, software applications development had become more costly because of
the RISC/UNIX volume base and the need to port software to each UNIX version. Considering the above factors, HP joined with Intel in development
of IA–64 architecture. Merced is the code name for the IA–64 architecture and was designed to perform an Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing or
EPIC. It was designed to bridge between RISC and CISC.HP believed that customers who watched Intel technologies become pervasive in commercial
desktops, file and print servers and technical workstations would expect the same to happen in the server market. It also believed that IA–64 would be
perceived as the first Intel technology to support enterprise applications. 3)Who will benefit the most from the introduction of the Merced chip in the
markets served by ESG? Who will benefit the least? Why? For HP, introduction of Merced chip made the remarkable strategic turning point in its
enterprise computing

Section{Secure Cloud Computation: Threats, Requirements
section{Secure Cloud Computation: Threats, Requirements and Efficiency}
In this section, one common system architecture of outsourcing computation is firstly proposed. Then, we demonstrate typical security threats and
corresponding security requirements. After that, some functionally work related to secure outsourcing are discussed. The concept of the balance between
security and efficiency is briefly talked at the end of the section. subsection{System Architectures for Outsourcing Computation }
A common secure computing outsourcing architecture is as illustrated in Figure~ ef{fig:one}. egin{figure}
centerline{includegraphics[width=80mm]{abst}} caption{A hierarchy of computation abstraction levels.} label{fig:one} end{figure}
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In some application scenarios, the system architecture can be largely diversified, such as the collaborative outsourced data mining with multi–owner
[Secure Nearest Neighbor Revisited] and the bioinformatic data aggregation and computation on cloud servers. [Secure and Verifiable Outsourcing of
Large–Scale Biometrics Computations] More details for the variants of system architecture will be discussed in Section 6.
subsection{Security Threats in Data Outsourcing}
Though the architecture of cloud computation brings about the mitigation or negation of current security threats for users, such as the risk of leaking
sensitive information at a lost or stolen laptop, new vulnerabilities and challenges are introduced. [Security and Privacy Issues in Cloud Computing]
The threats to information assets residing in the cloud, including the outsourced data (input) and its corresponding solution (output), can generally be
on extit{confidentiality} given the context of cloud computation. The data that resides in the cloud is out of control of cloud user. It has to be satisfied
that only authorized party can access the sensitive data, while other party

Cloud Computing System For Computing
Cloud Computing Introduction Cloud computing system, which functions based on the concept of providing computing as a utility, can be
defined as the method of providing resources for computing on demand, using remotely operational servers on the internet for data storage,
processing data and managing data. Its equivalent to using a computer for its services, only without having to carry the hardware for it. Cloud
applications, being dynamically scalable, agile and capable of running virtual applications and even an OS on a browser help in reducing costs of
resource acquisition. A cloud computing model has the following basic features: >Without involving any human interaction, the users can access
any contracted service/ resource, be it data processing, memory space or application programs as a service from the provider. >These contracted
services/ resources can be availed by any user anywhere, anytime via the internet. >These computing resources are distributed in various data
centres across the globe which is shared by users from any part of the world. >It goes by "pay what you use for" policy. The user pays only for the
resources they use. Also, a big advantage is that from a user's perspective, all the resources are unlimited, and flexible for access. Good QoS (Quality
of Service) is guaranteed by the provider. >The cloud services are elastic. So the user can ask for more services/ resources whenever they require, also
terminate, when not required. >Cloud computers

Elements Of Field Programmable Gate Arrays
CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION For the past decades, scientific computation has been a popular research tool among scientists and engineers from
numerous areas, including climate modelling, computational chemistry, and bioinformatics .With the maturing of application algorithms, developing
high performance computing platforms that satisfy the increasing computational demands, search spaces, and data volume have become a huge
challenge. As predicted by Moore's law .faster and faster computers are built to provide more processing power every year. Apparently, speeding
–up
the computation serially alone is no longer enough. In 1967 Amdahl presented a model to estimate the theoretical maximum improvement when
multiple processing units were... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Various representation systems were introduced to represent signed integer numbers, including signed magnitude, biased, and complement systems
.Both the signed and unsigned integer representations can be extended to encode fractional data by employing an implicit or explicit radix point that
denotes the scaling factor. These integer–based real number representations are generally called fixed–point systems, where the term "fixed–point"
implies that the scaling factor is constant during the computation without externally reconfigured. As a result, the precision (least represent able value
of the unit in the last place, for a fixed–point number system cannot be improved without sacrificing its represent able value range. Floating–point
representation on the other hand provides not only the ability for wide dynamic range support, but also high precision for small values. A typical
floating–point number is represented in four components, and its value can be calculated with the equation. x = В± s Г— be, where s is the significant
and e is the biased exponent (with implicit bias). The standard precision of

Advantages Of Togaf
Use TOGAF For Improving Business Efficiency
Introduction
Introduced in the year 1995, TOGAF is a global standard for the enterprise architecture framework. It is an open group standard which is used by the
leading organizations in the world. It is the most reliable standard that can provide consistent techniques for uninterrupted business solutions.
Basic Concept
The enterprise architecture professionals can enjoy improved business efficiency and higher industry credibility with the help of TOGAF standards. The
experts can utilize large amount of resources with higher return on investment if they are conversant with the TOGAF.
How TOGAF Can Help in Improving The Business?
The TOGAF helps in developing the enterprise architecture for supporting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The building blocks of the architecture can be created with the help of TOGAF. The TOGAF Standards Information Base ( SIB) is the open industry of
the database standards which can be used for defining the particular services and other elements of the organization–specific architecture.
Architecture Development Method (ADM): From the foundation architecture, the TOGAF can be improved with the Architecture Development
Method ( ADM ). The ADM process can provide :
The practical and reliable way of creating and developing the architecture
The business scenario method for understanding and defining the business requirements by properly addressing the architectural methods.
It can provide guidance for developing the views of the architectural methods and for ensuring the set of requirements if properly

Virtual Memory Management For Operating System Kernels 5
CSG1102
Operating Systems
Joondalup campus
Assignment 1
Memory Management
Tutor: Don Griffiths
Author: Shannon Baker (no. 10353608)
Contents
Virtual Memory with Pages2
Virtual Memory Management2
A Shared Virtual Memory System for Parallel Computing3
Page Placement Algorithms for Large Real–Indexed Caches3
Virtual Memory in Contemporary Microprocessors3
Machine–Independent Virtual Memory Management for Paged Uniprocessor and Multiprocessor Architectures4
Virtual Memory with Segmentation4
Segmentation4
Virtual Memory, Processes, and Sharing in MULTICS4
Virtual Memory5
Generic Virtual Memory Management for Operating System Kernels5
A Fast Translation Method for Paging on Top of Segmentation5

References6
Virtual Memory with Pages
Virtual Memory Management
(Deitel, Deitel, & Choffnes, 2004)
A page replacement strategy is used to determine which page to swap when the main memory is full. There are several page replacement strategies
discussed in this book, these methods are known as Random, First–In–First–Out, Least–Recently–Used, Least–Frequently–Used and
Not–Used–Recently. The Random strategy randomly selects a page in main memory for replacement, this is fast but can cause overhead if it selects a
frequently used page. FIFO removes the page that has been in the memory the longest. LRU removes the page that has been least recently accessed,
this is more efficient than FIFO but causes more system overhead. LFU replaces pages based on

Introduction Of Cloud Computing
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING 1.1Introduction Business applications have dependably been excessively extravagant.
They oblige a datacenter which offers which offers space, power, cooling, bandwidth, networks, entangled programming stack and servers and storage
and a team of experts to install, configure and run them. We need development, staging, testing, production and failure environments and when another
adaptation comes up, we need to upgrade and then the entire framework is down. Figure 1 Cloud Computing Cloud computing is the convergence of
Virtualization and Utility computing. In early days of computing, both data and software were fully contained on the same user machine. Cloud
computing eliminates the need for... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
People commonly believe cloud to be just virtualization. So let us look it further to understand why it is different than just visualization alone. The
main attributes that characterize cloud computing are as follows: Figure 2 Attributes that Characterize Cloud The Rapid Elasticity is the most
important feature in cloud. In this, the resources are made available and released as and when required automatically based on set triggers or
parameters. This makes sure that the application has the required capacity available at any point of time. Elastic computing is an important trait critical
to cost reductions. Resources often appear to be unlimited to the consumer and that they can be purchased in any quantity at any time. The On–demand
Self–Service features services like email, applications, networks and servers that can be provisioned or de–provisioned as needed in an automated
manner without the need for human intercession. We can access the services through an online gateway or specifically with the provider. We can
likewise include or uproot clients and change storage networks and software as needed. This is otherwise called pay–as–you–go model. Terms may
vary from provider to provider. In Resource Pooling, the resources are pooled together to serve multiple consumers using multi–tenancy approach. It is
based on the theory of scalability in the cloud. It allows several customers to share the infrastructure without

International Journal On Cloud Computing
International Journal on Cloud Computing: Services and ArchitectureTrusted Cloud Computing Introduction Cloud computing is a service that many
businesses and organizations use to store large amounts of data with more cost efficiency. Using a service such as cloud computing can greatly
minimize the cost spent on hardware and software or software licensing for corporations, and at the same time enhance the performance of business
processes. The main concern with cloud computing remains primarily with privacy and security since all data and information are stored on the
service provider's network rather than a local personal computer. However, to resolve the problem of security, a Trusted cloud computing platform
(TCCP) design was proposed to enable Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS). The suppliers like Amazon EC2 guarantees the trusted execution of virtual
machines to provide a closed box execution, facilitating the users to test the IAAS supplier and decide whether the service is secure or not before
launching their virtual machines (Santos, Gummadi, & Rodrigues, 2009, p. 1). Considering how important cloud computing had become, TCCP seems
to be an ideal solution to the problem of cloud computing privacy and security. Infrastructure as a Service (IAAS) Infrastructure as a service is one of
three service models of cloud computing. By using this service, "users install their operating system and their application software on the cloud
computing provider's computer (Rainer,

The remainder of this paper is structured as follows next...
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows next section describes the problem formulation, Section–III reviews the related work done. Section
IV presents the proposed fuzzy genetic algorithm. In Section V the experiments and results of the previous and this study were analyzed and
compared, Section VI presents the conclusions drawn from the proposed modified FGA. II.PROBLEM FORMULATION Web service selection
problem: Consider a travel plan domain in Fig.1.A person needs to spend his vacation and looks for a travel Agency that offers best services at low
cost. The services which the Agent offers are: Airline ticket Reservation Renting a car or bus from Airport to hotel Hotel Booking Engaging a guide...
This has drawn the researcher's attention to concentrate in the web service selection problem. Some of the related work in this area includes
Dynamic QoS management, Web service selection using different algorithms. Imprecise QoS constraints allow users to flexibly specify the QoS
demands. Fuzzy logic is proposed for the web service discovery and selection problem. Methods for specifying fuzzy QoS constraints and for ranking
web service based on their fuzzy representation were discussed [4]. A novel tool–supported framework for the development of adaptive service–based
systems is proposed to achieve the QoS requirements through dynamically adapting to changes in workload, state and environment [5] The evolution
of fuzzy classifier for data mining is the current research topic. An application of genetic programming to the evolution of fuzzy classifiers based on
Boolean queries is proposed to detect faulty products and to discover intrusions in computer network [6]. NP–hard problems are termed as finding the
set of services for a given composition that optimize the Qos values based on the constraints provided. A heuristic approach based on

Advanced It Outsourcing by Using Cloud Computing Model
ISSN: 2277–3061 (online) International Journal of Computers & Technology Volume 2 No.2 April 2012 Advanced IT Outsourcing By Using Cloud
Computing Model Amanbir kaur chahal Assistant Professor Global Institute of Emerging Technologies, Amritsar, Punjab Gurpreet Singh Research
Fellow Adesh Institute of Engineering & Technology Faridkot, Punjab over the Internet and the hardware and systems software in the datacenters
that provide those services (Software as a Service) The datacenter hardware and software is what we will call a Cloud. When a Cloud is made
available in a pay–as–you–go manner to the public, we call it a Public Cloud; the service being sold is Utility ComputingResearchers propose a three
way model for provision and... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cloud Computing refers to both the applications delivered as services 2.2 Distributed and Grid Computing Distributed computing is a technique where
computing tasks are processed by a collection of networked computers and therefore can be seen a cluster of computers Grid computing creates a fast
virtual computer from a network of computers by using their idle cycles.Even though grid computing is an important successor to distributed
computing, the computing environments are essentially different. For distributed computing, resources are homogeneous and are reserved, leading to
guaranteed processing capacity. On the other hand, grid environments are 1

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