Elizabeth Bryan, Senior Research Analyst, Environment and Production Technology Division, IFPRI, USA

1. Framework on Gender,
Climate Change, and
Nutrition (GCAN)
Elizabeth Bryan (e.bryan@cgiar.org)
with Sophie Theis, Jowel Choufani, Alex De Pinto, Ruth
Meinzen-Dick, and Claudia Ringler
Environment and Production Technology Division
International Food Policy Research Institute

2. Why Care About
Gender and Nutrition?
• Ensure social inclusion and gender equality: who is
adopting and benefitting from CSA and who is not?
• Mitigate potential harm: how can we catch and reduce
unintended negative consequences related to gender
and nutrition?
• Enhances CSA effectiveness and impact: How can we
maximize the contribution of both men and women?
• Achieve co-benefits/other development outcomes: how
will CSA maximize nutrition benefits through health,
diets, and care?

3. Bryan et al. 2017
Generic Framework

4. Bryan et al. 2017
Adapted Framework,
Household Level

5. Bryan et al. 2017
Elements Influenced by
Nutrition
Physical capabilities and
productivity
Link between diet choices and
environmental outcomes
CSA practices have
implications for nutrition
Undernutrition as a
consequence of cc

6. Bryan et al. 2017
Where are the Gender
Differences?
Gender differences
in capacities
Different preferences and
decision-making power
Feedback loops may be different
Different
impacts
Different influence
on the pathways

7. How We Use the GCAN
Framework
• Frame synthesis of literature on climate change,
gender and nutrition in selected countries
• Guide engagement with missions during week-long
engagements
• Identify research gaps on key elements and
relationships in the country context
• Support integration of gender and nutrition in climate
risk screening activities
• Develop tools for use during project implementation

8. Bryan et al. 2017
The Climate Signal

9. What Are the Climate
Trends and Risks?
• Historical
trends and
impacts
• Projections of
changes in
temperature,
rainfall, and
variability
• Future impacts
on key crops
Nigeria: Precipitation Change, 1980-2010, mm
Statistically significant at 10% level
Source:
AgMERRA
Note:
Regression at
each pixel using
the annual
mean daily
maximum
temperature of
the warmest
month

10. Bryan et al. 2017
Absorptive and
Adaptive Capacity

11. How Does Nutrition Affect
Absorptive and Adaptive
Capacity?
• Priorities:
• Global Hunger Index 2016
• Stunting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥20%).
• Wasting in children under 5 years: (WHO cutoff ≥5%)
• Overweight and Obesity in women ≥20 years
• Micronutrient deficiencies (varies with urban/rural, wealth
quintile)
• Anemia in women of reproductive age
• Anemia in preschool-aged children
• Zinc deficiency in preschool-aged children
• Vit A deficiency in children and women

12. How Do Capacities of
Men and Women
Differ?
• Some key factors include:
• Livelihood activities and assets
• Access to productive resources (e.g. land, inputs)
• Different climate change and risk perceptions
• Institutions (e.g. social norms)
• Access to information
Women face more constraints to responding
to climate change

13. Bryan et al. 2017
Responses and
Decision-Making

14. Think of CSA Strategies
that:
Source: Fanzo, Downs and McLaren 2017
Input
Supply
Production Post Harvest
Storage
Processing Distribution Marketing
and Retail
Consumption
Food Utilization
Limited available
land, soil
degradation, loss
of biodiversity,
temperature and
water stress, CO2
effects
Contamination
, spoilage,
increased
electricity
demands,
damage from
extreme
weather
events
Improper
processing of
foods, nutrient
losses during
milling,
combination
with unhealthy
ingredients
Climate
impacts on
transportation
and retail
infrastructure,
export/import
impacts on
prices and
availability
Lack of access
to inputs
(seeds,
fertilizer,
irrigation,
extension)
Advertising
campaigns for
unhealthy
foods, loss of
small food
retailers
Lack of
knowledge of
nutrition,
nutrient losses
during
preparation,
increased
diarrhea &
enteropathy
Minimize nutrition “exiting” the value chain
Maximize nutrition “entering” the food value chain
New
production
locations,
diversification,
CO2
fertilization,
focus on
women
farmers,
extension
Aflatoxin
control,
refrigeration
Fermentation,
drying,
fortification,
product
reformulation
(reduce salt,
sugar,
unhealthy fats)
Moving food
from areas of
shortage to
areas of
surplus,
targeting of
vulnerable
groups
Improved
varieties, bio-
fortification,
fertilizer,
irrigation
Messaging on
the
importance of
nutrition and
sustainability,
benefits of
certain foods
Home
fortification
(fish powders),
training in
nutritious food
preparation,
time mgmt,
food
preservation

15. Women have different
preferences but limited
decision-making authority
Questions to consider:
• What are key livelihood roles of men and women?
• What might specific needs and preferences be for CSA?
• How are decisions made in the household and
community?
• How much input do women have?
 Evidence shows that women have less decision-
making authority
• e.g. decisions about which irrigation technology to
adopt, who can use it, who benefits from it

16. How Do CC and CSA Responses
Influence Nutrition and Gender
Outcomes?

17. Climate Changes and
Responses Affect Food Prices
and Nutritional Outcomes
Sources: Global Panel (2016); Hauenstein Swan, S., and B. Vaitla
(2007); Hendrix, C. (2016); Breisinger, C. et al. (2012)
• Need to consider
implications of climate
change on production and
the effects on food prices
• Also how responses to
increasing food prices
affect nutrition
• Food price volatility poses
risks for everyone – from
farmers to consumers

18. Will CSA close or
exacerbate gender
inequalities in agriculture?
WEAI Irrigators
Gender
Parity Index
Non-
irrigators
Gender Parity
Index
Contributors to
disempowerment
Ethiopia 0.82 0.9 0.85 0.91
•Group membership
•Leisure time
•Speaking in public
•Credit access
•Control over use of income
Ghana 0.82 0.86 0.8 0.87
•Credit access
•Workload
•Group membership
•Control over use of income
•Leisure time
Tanzania 0.88 0.96 0.86 0.92
•Group membership
•Credit access
•Leisure time
•Speaking in public
•Autonomy in production

19. Entry Points for Gender
Transformative,
Nutrition-Sensitive CSA
• Need to improve enabling conditions for women both within and outside the
household
• Strengthen capacity of organizations on gender and cross sector
programming
• Consider nutrition and gender along the entire value chain (not just
production/consumption)
• Use tools and indicators for assessing gender and nutrition in CSA
• More gender-transformative and nutrition-sensitive programs that:
• Involve both men and women in the design of programs, technologies and
approaches to CSA
• Ensure that both men and women have access to information, groups,
credit, social protection programs, etc.
• Gender disaggregated M&E to track outcomes for women/men
• Consider the nutrition risks of climate change and implications of CSA
approaches for nutrition