History of Astronomy-Ptolemy, Kepler, Galileo and Neptune

Essay about HIstory of Astronomy and Neptune
Science is and has become a necessity to know just to keep up with the tremendous advancements of
today and tomorrow. Basic things, such as how the universe was suspected to be started or who
Ptolemy and Galileo were and what they did are just things that need to be known to fully
understand what is happening in the world around you. These things are what you need to know, if
you're a scientists, to a grocery shop bagger.
Ptolemy was a Greek man who became the man to set the future for astronomy. He was the third of
the Alexandrian men, this group of scientists and mathematicians taught Alexander and his generals
themselves. Living around 150 A.D., and being one of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
He published them anyway and were handed to him the day he died. He died in Fraurenburg on May
24, 1543.
Johannes Kepler was born in 1571 and was one of the first strong believers of the heliocentric
planetary theory. He discovered the three laws of planetary motion. This German astronomer
believed in the Harmonices Mundi, or the Harmonies of the World. In his Harmonices Mundi he
spoke of his third law, which was about the relationship between the orbital periods and the
distances of the planets from the sun. He believed the sun regulates the velocity of the planets. This
fact was a marking point in Astronomy history. This left a path for Newton's theory of universal
gravitation.
Galileo Galilei was a student at the University of Pisa. He studied medicine, though his real interests
were natural philosophy and mathematics. What he is mostly remembered for is his work on free
fall, his use of telescopes, and his employment of experimentation. In 1592, he became a professor
of the University of Padua. His job was to teach Euclid geometry and standard astronomy to medical
students. Instead he taught and lectured a more unconventional form of astronomy and natural
philosophy to his medical students. In a personal letter to Kepler sent in 1598, Galileo stated that he
was a Copernican, meaning he believed the teachings of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Astrology Vs Astronomy Essay
Astronomy versus Astrology
Astronomy is a science that studies everything outside of the earth's atmosphere, such as planets,
stars, asteroids, galaxies; and the properties and relationships of those spiritual bodies. Astronomers
base their studies on research and observation. Astrology, on the other hand, is the belief that the
positioning of the stars and planets affect the way events occur on earth. If you're interested in the
solar system and the planets, other celestial objects like asteroids and comets, other galaxies and the
rest of the universe, what makes up space, and the possibility of alien life or space travel, astronomy
is the field you're considering. Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and
phenomena. It applies mathematics, physics, and chemistry, in an effort to explain the origin of
those objects and phenomena and their evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars,
galaxies, and comets; while the phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, and
cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, all astronomical phenomena that originate
outside Earth's atmosphere are within the purview of astronomy. A related but distinct subject,
physical cosmology, is concerned with the study of the Universe as a whole.
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history, such as
the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Nubians, Iranians, Chinese, and Maya performed

Essay on Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer and mathematician who lived between 1671–1630.
Kepler was a Copernican and initially believed that planets should follow perfectly circular orbits
("Johan Kepler" 1). During this time period, Ptolemy's geocentric theory of the solar system was
accepted. Ptolemy's theory stated that Earth is at the center of the universe and stationary; closest to
Earth is the Moon, and beyond it, expanding towards the outside, are Mercury, Venus, and the Sun
in a straight line, followed by Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and the "fixed stars". The Ptolemaic system
explained the numerous observed motions of the planets as having small spherical orbits called
epicycles ("Astronomy" 2). Kepler is best known for introducing three ... Show more content on
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His first law states, "The orbits of the planets are ellipses, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse."
As shown in Figure 1, The Sun is not at the focus of the ellipse, but is instead at one focus [usually
there is nothing at the other focus of the ellipse]. The planet then trails the ellipse in its orbit, which
implies that the Earth–Sun distance is continually changing as the planet goes around its orbit.
Kepler's second law states, "The line joining the planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal
times as the planet travels around the ellipse." As shown in Figure 2, an imaginary line from the
center of the sun to the center of a planet sweeps out the same area in a given time. This means that
planets move faster when they are closer to the sun. Kepler's third and final law states, "The time
taken by a planet to make one complete trip around the sun is its period. The ratio of the squares of
periodic times for two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances from the
sun." Kepler's third law indicates that the time taken by a planet to orbit the Sun increases quickly
with the radius of its orbit ("Johannes Kepler: The" 1–4). Kepler's laws challenged Aristotelean and
Ptolemaic astronomy. His statement that the Earth

Galileo Galilei During The Scientific Revolution
Galileo once stated, "All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is to
discover them." Galileo Galilei was a well–known astronomer and scientist during the Scientific
Revolution, a time period where thought and reason the old philosophies, who made many important
contributions to astronomy and physics. As a major contribution to astronomy, Galileo proved the
heliocentric theory, a theory which stated that the sun was the center of the universe and all objects
moved around it. He also developed new physics theories which included the universal law of
acceleration and created new inventions to enhance daily human life. Galileo Galilei was an
important individual who influenced the advancement of science and expanded ... Show more
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He was born in Pisa, Italy on February 15, 1564 to Vincenzo Galilei, a well–known musician and
music theorist, and Giulia Ammannati. When he was 19, Galileo attended the University of Pisa as a
medical student and soon became fascinated with mathematics and physics and was exposed to the
Aristotelian view of the world, which at that time, he did support. In 1604, he refined his theories on
motion and falling objects, and developed the universal law of acceleration, X=〖at〗^2, which all
objects obeyed. That same year, Galileo began to openly express his support of the Copernican
theory that stated that the earth and the planets revolved around the sun. In 1610, he published a
small booklet, The Starry Messenger, revealing his discoveries that the moon was not flat and
smooth, but a sphere with mountains and craters. In addition, Galileo discovered that Venus had
phases like the moon, proving that it rotated around the sun, and Jupiter had revolving moons, which
didn't revolve around the earth. For the next couple of decades, Galileo published Discourse on
Bodies in Water and Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which refuted many of the
Catholic Church's teaching and as a result, Galileo was called in front of the Catholic Church and
was convicted of heresy. Despite being put under house arrest for the rest of his life, he continued to
publish books about his life from his house. Galileo died on January 8, 1642 near Florence, Italy
from a fever and heart palpations ("Galileo" Web). Despite going against the geocentric theory,
Galileo laid the foundation for the Catholic Church to open their doors to new

The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies
The Scientific Revolution is said to have begun when Nicholas Copernicus released his book, The
Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies, in 1543. He released this book right before he died because he
knew that he would be accused of heresy. The church, at this time, believed that the Earth was the
center of the universe. Because he was trying to say that the church was wrong, he knew that he
could not release his book. He waited until right before his death to release his book. The timing of
the release of Copernicus' book was an essential part of the Scientific Revolution because the
Church could not confront him after the book was released.
The idea that the Earth was the center of the universe was not challenged until about 1507 when
Nicholas Copernicus went to Rome and chaired the mathematics department. He wanted to find out
how Earth works so that he can glorify God. His findings, however, contradicted the church's
scriptures, or more specifically, the Bible. Because his work had no backing, he could not prove that
his theory was valid and therefore could not confront the Church. His findings were ahead of his
time. Nicholas Copernicus was a Polish monk, astronomer, and mathematician. He studied medicine
in Padua and later took the chair of mathematics in Rome. He was respected by the church so much
he was called to Rome by the church to help with the reform. Copernicus wanted to find, for the
church, the meaning of the universe. He knew that his findings would

Chinese Astronomy In Ming Dynasty
Haoshen Hong
Melissa Vipperman–Cohen
MMW 13, Section B17
Writing Assignment 3
05/11/2016
The stagnation of Chinese astronomy in Ming Dynasty
Long ago, people began to observe the sky and astronomical objects to make predictions and modify
calendars. Until early Ming Dynasty, China was way more developed in astronomy than that of
European countries'. Gaocheng Astronomical Observatory was built in 1279 in China that enabled
astronomers to calculate the accurate time of one year that was 300 years ahead of European
scholars working it out (K.G 37). However, in the 18th century, Chinese star catalog was "relying on
European data and the ephemerides were calculated on the basis of Newtonian theory" (Renn 283).
Besides the failure to compute data ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
China missed its golden time to compete with European countries in terms of astronomy because of
emperors' short sight and Astronomy Bureau's dereliction. A current historian Joseph Needham
raised a famous question: why China had been overtaken by the West in science and technology,
despite its earlier success? There could be an answer to this question in terms of astronomy: the
backwardness might be caused by the emperor's lack–of–foresight decisions and government
bureau's hereditary

Why Does Hamlet Still Demand Universal Appeal?
William Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' composed in the years surrounding 1600 has for centuries been
universally recognized as flagstone of the western literary canon. This has led to in–numerous
performances, re–interpretations and analysis as generations of individuals try to interpret how a
play composed for a Renaissance–Elizabethan crowd can still demand universal appeal. Part of this
appeal can be attributed to Shakespeare's ability to accurately reference intellectual, historical and
philosophical proceedings of his time and hence present these in the characterisation and narrative
devices of his works. This is no different in 'Hamlet' with Shakespeare illustrating the philosophical
ramifications of a heliological revolution within Renaissance ... Show more content on
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The psychological effects of this is explored through this characterisation of key proponents in the
play. Whilst the connotation of the treatment of Conflict throughout the play can be interpreted as an
allegorical battle between new and old systems. Finally, Hamlets descent in madness echoes the fact
that he was unable to garner acceptance for this 'new philosophy.' Whilst 'Hamlet' still contains
many mysteries and unsolved questions, there is little doubt that the work of Nicholas Copernicus
and his contemporaries play a vital role in the shaping and undertones of Shakespeare's

Tycho Brahe Essay
Tycho Brahe is remembered for many things: his golden nose, his ignominious death, and his
famous last words. All of these things have gone down in history. However, Tycho Brahe was well–
known in his time as a respected and well–paid astronomer. His observations were second to none.
He was unsatisfiable and meticulous in his profession, building two of the finest observatories of his
time, the second because the first was not up to his own high standards. He is still regarded as one of
the best naked–eye observationalists of all time (Burke–Gaffney, 153).
Tycho was born in 1546 to Otto Brahe and Beate Bille, along with a twin brother who died before
baptism. He was born at his father's estate in Knutsorp in Scania, which was then a ... Show more
Indeed, he wears a prosthetic in all of his most famous portraits. (Remmert, 25) .
Tycho began to gain fame as an astronomer after reporting on a "new star" in 1572. Tycho saw a
very bright star in Cassiopeia on November 11th, 1572. He fixed its position with regards to the
other stars in the constellation, and continued to observe it. It began to fade in brightness early the
next year, and was only as bright as Polaris within six months. He also reported on the color
changes, from brilliant white to yellow to red and back to red within that same six months (Hall
274). These careful observations helped springboard his career as an astronomer, and he published
his findings on "De Nova Stella" or "the New Star" in 1574.
His publication also tried to shed light on the astrological implications of this star. Tycho predicted
strong cosmic influences in Scandinavia and a new order in Europe. He also implied that he knew
how to better understand astrology, but made no attempts to either explain this better astrology in
writing or to give any sort of temporal indication for his new order. (Christianson, "Comet 118").
His prominent station in Danish society left him in an awkward situation. He wanted nothing more
than to continue his studies of the heavens, but it was unheard of for a man of his status. He
therefore spent some time giving lectures at the University of Copenhagen. His talks centered on the
history of Astronomy, including that of

The Pros And Cons Of The Scientific Revolution
The discoveries made during the Scientific Revolution were incredible, impactful, and never even
thought about before. However, these new discoveries were constantly under fire from the church.
Even so, the breakthroughs kept coming, and the church couldn't stop them. Some of these scientific
discoveries are still in use today, and were the building blocks to modern science. The people who
made these revelations were the scientists who first found out that the earth revolved around the sun,
or that the moon was full of holes and craters. There were many conflicts throughout this period, as
the church didn't want their power and ideas to come into question. That was unacceptable to them.
One of the many people who contributed to the Scientific Revolution was Nicolaus Copernicus. In
1543 he wrote and published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. This was his proposal of
his theory of a sun–centered universe, called a heliocentric. He proposed that the sun was the center
of the universe, not the earth, as it was widely accepted to be at the time. He further said that the
earth, along with all the other planets in the solar system, revolved around the sun. In his
predecessor's theory, Claudius Ptolemy, it showed that the earth was the center of the universe, and
the sun and planets revolved around it. To show this, he made a geocentric model depicting that
theory, and it was widely accepted. Meanwhile, Copernicus made a heliocentric model for his
theory. It, naturally, showed his idea of a sun–centered universe (Document 1). Lots of people,
experts, and especially the church, rejected this revolutionary theory. People simply didn't want to
believe, after years and years of accepting that the center of the universe was themselves, that they,
in fact, weren't. In Europe, all scientific knowledge and religious teaching were heavily based on the
ideas and arguments of classical thinkers. They thought that if Ptolemy's geocentric theory was
wrong, then their entire scientific and worldly understanding might be in question. However in the
late 1500s, another astronomer, Tycho Brahe, found evidence that supported Copernicus. Brahe
constructed an astronomical observatory, and spent years carefully studying and

Classic Mayan Civilization
Achievement Masters
The Classic Mayan Civilization dominated lower Mexico and upper Central America to create a vast
amount of achievements. The Mayans developed and mastered the practices of architecture and
astronomy. These practices of Mayan architecture and astronomy can relate to today's advanced
practices of theses subjects and to Mexican history.
The Classic Mayan Civilization lasted from 250 CE to 900 CE which was the height of its
civilization. Mayan territory included southern Mexico, Guatemala, western Honduras, western El
Salvador, and Belize (Furian). They had a monarchy with the kings depicted as descents from gods
that gave them the power to rule. The Mayans had economic system with three different class levels:
elite, middle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The underworld of the Xibalbans was a tricky place as they would trick people into destroying their
souls (Mark). This all can be bypassed and go straight to the higher world by death by childbirth,
sacrifice, warfare, or suicide (Mark). Once the Journey through the Tree of Life is completed, people
reached Tamoanchan to enjoy the afterlife. This influenced the Mayans have people be sacrificed for
rituals for their journey in the afterlife.
The Mayan architecture can be best represented by the their temples. Their temples were placed near
city–states for religion to give offerings to the gods and are tombs of dead rulers (Cartwright 6).
These temples can be up to sixty five meters high with very steep staircases. Palaces were similar to
the temples and located in the center of cities. Flat pieces of stone made up these palaces stacked on
each other with corbelled roofs (Cartwright 8). The purpose for the palace was for king to
communicate with the people from the city through festivals, dances, or other events (Minster 7).
Mayan architecture can relate to Mexican history by the ways these buildings are used in their
culture. Similar buildings can found in later periods of history during the Aztecs. Aztecs had similar
architecture structure in their temples steep staircases and stone

Ever since the beginning of time there have been stars....
Ever since the beginning of time there have been stars. Not only stars in the sky, but moons, planets,
and even galaxies! Astronomy is defined as the branch of science that deals with celestial objects,
space, and the physical universe as a whole. In other words it is the study of space, planets, and
stars. Throughout the ages, many people have used astronomy to help them learn about the universe,
our own planet, and even make predictions about life itself. Understanding astronomy means
understanding where it originated, the different groups/cultures that used it, and modern purposes of
the science of the stars. Where did astronomy originate? According to the Department of Astronomy,
the earliest people to keep astronomical records where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to research done by the National University of Singapore the pyramids are only 3/60 of a
degree off of true south. Another group contributing to the science of astronomy were the Chinese.
The Chinese have been observing the sky for several thousand years. They are the oldest civilization
with a continuous astronomical record. They have many amazing records, one including the first
documented solar eclipse (over 4,000 years ago in 2,136 B.C.) They also recorded the first planetary
grouping in 500 B.C. Planetary grouping is the planets separated into two groups. The inner and
outer planets. This was a major accomplishment on the Chinese's part because this led to the
discovery of the planets rotation and positions. (Which turned into planetary science)
The Polynesians were also an important group to astronomy. They were among the first people to
navigate oceans. They used the stars to guide them, while the sun allowed them to keep track of
their days. To navigate by using the stars you use celestial navigation. According to an article by
Amy VanHaren, you use the angles between stars and the horizon to locate your position on the
globe. To do this you use the Big Dipper and Cassiopeia. (The Big Dipper is shaped like a ladle with
a long handle and a rectangular head, while the Cassiopeia is a constellation of five stars that make

A Critical Review of the Introduction (pp.xi-xvi) to...
Introduction
Franz Cumont's introduction in Astrology and Religion Among The Greek and
Romans, the Dover 1960 edition of the unabridged and unaltered original work
published, by G P Putnam in 1912, is aimed at the general historical and
theological audience.
On reading Franz Cumont introduction it is obvious he is scathing in his comments
towards the practise of astrology. Along with his contempt of the continuing growth
in the belief of astrology and how, throughout humankind, intellects, academics and
ordinary folk continue to show interest in it.1 It will be argued that Franz Cumont is
outdated with his thoughts on the decline of astrology. He makes reference to the
scientific discovery of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was difficult, but it was not impossible. 4 Therefore
showing how Cumont's comment; that the planets and their influences made no
sense or difference to humanity after this new scientific discovery, can be considered
as outdated.
Nicholas Campion, author of "Prophecy, Cosmology And The new Age Movement:
The Extent and Nature of Contemporary Belief In Astrology", also argues against this
theory of the decline of astrology by explaining Patrick Curry's distinction of a three

tiered astrology in Power and Prophecy. A 'high' variety of astrology for the
academics and Philosophers, a 'middling' astrology based on horoscopes cast for
individual clients and a third the 'low' form of astrology mainly mass–produced
chronicles. Campion suggests that Curry demonstrated that only the 'high' form of
astrology declined and the 'middling' astrology dwindled in isolated cases, whereas,
the 'low' form of astrology continued to grow.5 Illustrating once again that astrology
did not necessarily decline or die with the scientific discovery of the heliocentric
theory as Cumont suggests.
Cumont continues to show his contempt for ancient astrological roots by suggesting
that astral mathematics had been wrapped up in ancient primal superstitions and he is
astonished it could be linked with intellectual

Greek Astronomy : The Contribution Of The Ancient Greek...
Ancient Greek Astronomy
Imagine if the ancient world didn't make any discoveries and the people of today had to start without
any prior knowledge. In about 500BC the ancient Greeks had an explosion of astronomical
discoveries. The ancient Greeks wanted to know the answer to one big question; how does the
universe work? The ancient Greeks contributed to astronomy through the discoveries about Earth,
the universe, and the tools they used.
The ancient Greeks contributed to astronomy through their discoveries about Earth. The first
discovery about Earth is that it is spherical. During a lunar eclipse (when Earth is between the sun
and moon) two Greek astronomers Empedocles and Anaxagoras found the Earth's shadow on the
moon. They saw that the shadow was clearly round (Library of Congress). This is evidence that the
Greeks contributed to astronomy through the discovery that Earth is not flat. Another Greek
astronomer tried to figure out the size of Earth. Aristarchus of Samos used the size of Earth's
shadow on the moon during a lunar eclipse and tried to scale the number to the real size (Library of
Congress). This supports that Aristarchus of Samos contributed to calculating the size of Earth
because he gave astronomy part of the equation. One more astronomer tried to find the size of Earth.
Eratosthenes measured the shadows cast in Alexandria and Syene to find the angle of Earth to the
sun (Library of Congress). This is proof that the Greeks contributed to astronomy by

The Revolution And Reformation During The Renaissance
Revolution and reformation; these are two words that are often identified with war, disagreement,
and regional effects. While these things do indeed come along with a revolution or reformation, they
heed an array of positive and secular outcomes as well. In addition, a revolution can, and usually
will, cause a reformation. Conversely, a reformation can cause a revolution. This can happen despite
the two things involved with the change or disagreement being seemingly unrelated. The world is
connected and affected in ways that we cannot comprehend until we look at our world's history and
see how every small occurrence leads to a landslide of repercussions. The Renaissance is a prime
example of this interconnectedness, as it was a time of rebirth, revolution and reformation. During
the Renaissance, many changes ensued as a result of scientists, scholars and humanists who realized
that they weren 't being taught or treated properly. This idea of unsatisfactory treatment as a result of
the humanist spirit of the Renaissance led to the Scientific Revolution and The Protestant
Reformation, movements that occurred during the Renaissance that changed life in Western Europe,
and eventually the whole world, forever.
Imagine being told that everything you have learned from school and books was based simply on the
beliefs of philosophers. All of the scientific readings that you and everyone you know have been
studying because you trusted them to be true were written not by

Aristotle And The Universe Reflection Paper
Aristotle had a "fundamental unity in his view of man and the universe that has never since been
achieved in the synthesis of comparable scope and originality" . Some descriptions of the
Aristotelian include the universe being contained within the sphere of the stars. In addition to this
there are no holes or vacuums in the universe, considering that Aristotle deemed the universe to
have a finite size. Another factor of the theory is that the universe is filled with aether, "which
aggregates in a homocentric set of shells that creates the hollow shell of the universe" . Through
these descriptions of the universe, Aristotle tries to explain the diurnal– double–spherical– circular
pattern of the stars and the rotation of the seven planets . In ... Show more content on
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Even though the mathematicians who study the universe were unsure of the revolution period of the
sun and moon, furthermore the inaccuracies regarding the length of seasons, Copernicus'
heliocentric model takes steps towards accuracies . A strong example of this attention for accuracy is
that, in comparison to Aristotle's model, Copernicus' universal model incorporated thirteen more
centuries of complied data in order to better represent the universe. It is important to compare the
Aristotelian model to the Copernican model because it shows that the scientific field made
adaptations to the way that gravity and the centrifugal motion of planets function . From a historical
aspect this is important because it shows that regardless of whether or not these ideas were accepted
they were still thought up, meaning that the thought processes incorporated modern thought . By
examining the spherical interpretation of the universe, Copernicus had to increase its size in order to
accommodate for his adaptations of gravitational pull . Copernicus' theory is that because
gravitational pull exists, theoretically if the earth were predominantly water, the earth would retain
its

The Influence Of Galileo's Telescope
The intricate shape of the metal housing the delicate glass work inside, this design created a whole
new look into the heavens and forever changed astronomy. Imagine if we could not see into space or
could not look beyond our solar system. What we know now would be severely diminished and we
would still be in the dark about the basics of astronomy. Galileo's first telescope was an amazing
technological advancement, his telescope is still an influential part of astronomy maybe even more
now that we can put them in places man can not go. This helped these astronomers immensely. The
astronomers of the Renaissance were huge suppliers of intellect and new data for themselves and the
masses as well as studying the classic astronomical maps of the ... Show more content on
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Much like Copernicus he too knew a great deal about many subjects ranging from technology,
astronomy and math even to philosophy. This made him a great image for the Renaissance since was
ideal for one of its most influential topics. But what Galileo is most known for is his invention he
called the telescope. He used this to help Copernicus push his theory through to the masses. As its
stated here in the Encyclopedia of Philosophy Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei was
the first scientist to utilize a newly invented telescope to make recorded observations of celestial
objects, Galileo's discoveries, including phases of Venus and moons orbiting Jupiter, dealt a death
blow to geocentric theory (Macmillan Reference, Encyclopedia of Philosophy). This new telescope
helped him examine the stars more closely than ever before. It is truly one of his tremendus
accomplishments. But Galileo did not always use technology to help him. He once studied gravity
from the top of the Tower of Pisa. He only used two stones and his eyes in this experiment. With his
theory he again went up against Aristotle and his teachings just to prove him wrong again. Professor
Dauben says in his paper on Galileo,The leaning Tower of Pisa experiment demonstrates, when
actually performed, is that Aristotle was wrong, that no matter what the difference in weight, two
heavy objects will fall simultaneously at virtually the same speed (Dauben, Joseph Khan Academy).
Galileo was a brilliant man and one of very few who chose to question and test everything. This
brought him up the ranks of his Renaissance peers even over some of the greats that most know

Tyranny Of The Majority: The Consequences Of Democracy
As the year of B.C399, Socrates set in the jail and had waiting for his death penalty. Crito went to
his jail, and tried to persuade Socrates to leave. Crito thought the most of people believed he should
save his friend–Socrates. He said, "Socrates, that we must pay attention to the opinion of the many,
too. The present circumstances make it clear that the many can inflict not just the least of evils but
practically the greatest, when one has been slandered amongst them." However, Socrates refused
accept this idea and leave the jail. He had different opinion about the majority. He said, "the many
would be able to do the greatest evils, and so they would also be able to do the greatest goods, and
that would be fine. But as it is they can do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In American culture, majority people still think women should focus on children and families, and
some mainstream ideologies always ignore women's status. I use Levinson's adult development
theory as an example. This theory describes white male's orbit of life, and Levinson use 4 eras of
age to explain people's lives. This is a very traditional theory, but Levinson doesn't include women's
differences. Women's physiological and psychological changes are differ from men. In this case,
many scholar against this traditional theory and improve it a lot. From that, culture need to attach
importance to women, even majority people think that women are less gripping than men. In culture
of history, minority people absorbed the concept of 'Everyone is equal', and fight for oppressed
groups' rights. Majority people not hold the truth all the time, on the contrary, they often make
mistakes in front of the

Astronomy Vs Astrology Research Paper
Astronomy and astrology are very similar, yet different. Astronomy is the study of the universe and
what's inside of it, as well as other universes. Astrology is the study of how the actions and
movements of things in our universe affect what happens on earth, and people. Although they both
deal with the universe and one was founded by the other, they also have many things that set them
apart from one another. This essay will talk about the differences and similarities of astronomy and
astrology and how each is used.
One of the main differences between astrology and astronomy is that astronomy is based off of
research and facts, while astrology is based on the beliefs. Founded in Babylon, astrology uses
planets and other celestial objects to try to predict the future. Astrology is not a science, it is the
theorem that everything that happens in space affects what happens to people on earth. Astrology is
considered a pseudoscience, or a belief that is not based on science or the scientific method. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Astronomers study the planets, stars, and other celestial objects to try to understand how the
universe works. They also study things like collisions, black holes and other things that could
potentially affect earth. Astronomers gain information about objects in space from telescopes, and
satellites. They can also use mathematical equations to find the positions of planets and stars in our
universe. These telescopes and satellites observe light reflected by things such as planets, meteors,
or stars in space and use it to make observations. Then the Astronomers job is to collect and analyze
the data observed.
Similarities of the two are that astronomy was founded by astrology. Both relate to the sun, moon,
stars, and sometimes their actions such as orbiting. Also, they both require observations of the
universe. They will always be related because they have similar characteristics and were founded on
the same

Women In Astronomy Essay
Monica Neira
Astro 1105
Professor Kornreich
5 August 2015
Women in Astronomy
Throughout history, women have always stood in the shadows of men for power, recognition, and
praise. Their roles throughout history consisted primarily of tending to the house and children. Even
when they were able to attain jobs, they were of little intellectual stimulation such as secretarial
work. Fortunately, women have never let the male– dominated cultures of their time hinder their
involvements and advancements within the academic realms. Three women from the ancient,
middle, and modern periods provide examples of female persistence within the field of astronomy
that reflects a long–time battle for gender involvement in academia. Despite the common theme ...
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Although the misogyny women have faced in the passed has settled a bit, it still exists. Even today,
women within scientific fields are struggling to be held to the same esteem of men, however female
contributions throughout history and today cannot be undermined. Ms. Armstrong captured the
essence of women in astronomy best as she stated, "Astronomy was never just a man's field. Women
have always studied the night sky" (Cecilia Payne–Gaposchkin).
Works Cited
"Brahe, Sophia." March 2012. Astronomy. .
"Cecilia Payne–Gaposchkin." 2015. She is an Astronomer. .
Gordon, Robin. "Sophie Brahe: Carrier of Sulphur." 2015. womenalchemists. .
"Hypatia." 2008. The Woman Astronomer. .
"Hypatia – 4th Century Woman Astronomer." 29 July 2010. Space Daily. .
HYPATIA of Alexandria, the Last Philosopher of the Hellenistic Era and her Brutal Assassination.
By Yannis Yalamas. Dir. Yannis Yalamas. 2008.
"Sophia Brahe." 2015.
.

"Sophia Brahe Helped Map Planets." 11 March 2002. Gazette. .
Turner, Jean. "Cecilia Helena Payne–Gaposchkin." 2001. UCLA. .
"Tycho Brahe." 1995. The Galileo Project. .
Zielinski, Sarah. "Hypatia, Ancient Alexandria's Great Female Scholar." 14 March 2010.
Smithsonian.

Galileo : A Controversial Scientific Revolution
Galileo Galilei is arguably the most famous proponent of the heliocentric model proposed by
Copernicus, and his work provided the foundation for much of modern astronomy and physics. His
discoveries of the motion of planets within the solar system not only proved the Copernican theory
true, which was a controversial scientific revolution for the time. However, he was ordered to recant
his works and denounce the heliocentric system after being convicted of "vehement suspicion of
heresy." This was a detrimental move not only for natural philosophers everywhere, but a poor
decision for the church as well, which is evident when the situation is critically analyzed. Galileo's
work contradicted a ruling made by the church in the Index of 1616, and he sought not only to avoid
his work being discredited, but to restore the work of Copernicus to what he saw as its rightful
place. While the "qualifiers" amassed by Rome decided Nicolaus Copernicus's work On the
Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres was not dangerous so long as it was only regarded as a theory
instead of a definite explanation due to its heretical nature , Galileo sought to prove otherwise. He
argued that as the Pope himself sought out Copernicus, and revered his work so highly as to be the
man chosen to adjust the calendar to which all of the Christian world adhered and no one had
bothered to object to his theories until proof had been found, that they ought to reconsider. He
further bolsters his argument with

The Progression to Proving a Heliocentric System
For centuries the world believed in a system formulated by influential astronomer Ptolemy. In the
Ptolemaic system the Earth is at the center of all celestial bodies. This theory was widely accepted
especially by the Church who held much prominence in Europe. The Catholic Church believed that
God formed the earth therefore it should sit at the center of the universe. It wasn't until the 16th
century, when a man name Nicolas Copernicus presented a theory which contradicted all that was
known in the world of astronomy. Copernicus presented a heliocentric system, in which he placed
the sun at the center of the universe, motionless, with the Earth and other planets rotating around it
in circular paths modified by epicycles. Thomas S. Kuhn, in his book, The Copernican Revolution,
states that "Copernicus, the author of the theory that ultimately deprived the heavens of special
power, belonged to the minority group of Renaissance astronomers who did not caste horoscopes"
(pg. 94). The Copernican system initially began as a system of minorities, however, as time
continued it began to see prominence. Both Johannes Keppler and Galilei Galileo, through their
observations and theories began to prove a heliocentric system.
Through the utilization of his telescope, Galileo helped prove Copernicus' heliocentricism. Using his
telescope Galileo saw four moons around Jupiter and the phases of Venus which helped support a
heliocentric solar system. Copernicus predicted that all phases

The History and Factors Leading to Copernican Revolution
As humans we will always be challenged in our daily lives. When we have a view on something we
may have to fight to prove its validity. Some of us may be able to do it on our own but many of us
will need a helping hand. Nicolaus Copernicus was this type of man. He developed a theory of a sun
centered or heliocentric solar system that went against the current popular belief of an earth centered
or geocentric solar system. It took many centuries for the world to accept his theory. Kepler, Galileo
and Newton were strong proponents to the Copernican model and continued to advance his research
where they later proved that a heliocentric solar system was a correct model. Although Copernicus'
views suffered great backlash, he became the prime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tycho Brahe was able to calculate the most accurate measurements available to the naked eye of
planetary motions. Even though they were the most accurate to date, he was still off by eight arc
minutes. An arc minute is one sixtieth of a degree.
Inspired by Brahe's inaccurate measurements, mathematician Johannes Kepler of Germany tried to
continue working with Brahe's calculations but the 8 arc minute flaw encouraged him keep
searching. Kepler was a strong believer in the Copernican model. He was not convinced though of
the circular path. After much research Kepler proposed an elliptical orbit. Using Brahe's extensive
notes he was able to conclude that an elliptical orbit was in fact correct. Using this he was able to
develop the Three Laws of Planetary motions: The first law states the orbit of every planet is an
ellipse with the sun at one of its focal points; the second states that line joining the sun and a planet
sweeps out at equal areas at every point on its orbit; and the third equates the time it takes a planet to
orbit the sun and the distance from the sun to the planet. These three laws are still commonly used
today.
With the use of the telescope Galileo was able to provide pivotal evidence for the Copernican
Revolution in the early 1600s. Galileo was the first person to use the telescope for astronomy. He
was able discover that the sun rotated on an axis by observing the motion of sunspots. By this
discovery he concluded that it was very probable that

History of Astronomy
HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the
religious, mythological, and astrological practices of pre–history: vestiges of these are still found in
astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy, and not completely
disentangled from it until a few centuries ago in the Western World . In some cultures astronomical
data was used for astrological prognostication.
Ancient astronomers were able to differentiate between stars and planets, as stars remain relatively
fixed over the centuries while planets will move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short
time.
Early history
Early cultures identified celestial objects with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The original mechanism is displayed in the Bronze collection of the National Archaeological
Museum of Athens, accompanied by a replica. India
Ancient Indian astrology is based upon sidereal calculation. The sidereal astronomy is based upon
the stars and the sidereal period is the time that it takes the object to make one full orbit around the
Sun, relative to the stars. It can be traced to the final centuries BC with the Vedanga Jyotisha
attributed to Lagadha, one of the circum–Vedic texts, which describes rules for tracking the motions
of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. After formation of Indo–Greekkingdoms, Indian
astronomy was influenced by Hellenistic astronomy (adopting the zodiacal signs or rāśis). Identical
numerical computations for lunar cycles have been found to be used in India and in early
Babylonian texts.[11]
Astronomy was advanced during the Sunga Empire and many star catalogues were produced during
this time. The Sunga period is known as the "Golden age of astronomy in India".
China
The astronomy of East Asia began in China. Solar term was completed in Warring States Period.
The knowledge of Chinese astronomy was introduced into East Asia.
Astronomy in China has a long history. Detailed records of astronomical observations were kept
from about the 6th century BC,

Caroline Herschel: A Woman In The History Of Astronomy
In the History of Astronomy, there exists a woman by the name of Caroline Herschel who did not
only make many new discoveries but paved the path for woman to higher themselves in society.
Caroline even became the first woman to hold a government position in England. Not to mention
that Caroline and her brother, William, reformed the idea of the universe as mechanical with God
watching over everything to a more evolutionary, modern ideal.
Many believe Caroline's desire to research astronomy stems from her love for her dearest brother
William, yet when looking through times in her life it appears something else sparked her love for
astronomy as well. An important fact to consider about Caroline is that she grew up in the time of
the Seven

How was the Gupta Empire (India) scientifically advanced?...
When thinking back to the Gupta Empire in India, one might remember the famous works of
literature, or perhaps the vast lands conquered by the great rulers of the time. But it would be
imprudent to ignore the influential achievements made in the areas of science, medicine,
mathematics, and astronomy that made the empire scientifically advanced. Many people fail to
realize that countless things mistaken for solely modern–day science, for example, plastic surgery,
existed centuries ago. Here, the technologies of the Gupta Empire (320–467), such as the
development of a more accurate value for pi, the perfection of the modern numeral and decimal
system; surgery, inoculation, the formulation of medical guides and a better calendar; and lunar ...
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As well as advanced surgery and inoculations, the Indians of the Gupta Empire possessed medical
guides much like those of today, such as the Bower Manuscript and the Hatyayurveda. These
manuals contained information on things such as medicinal plants, prescriptions, diseases and
children's medicines. In total, "...these works classified more than 1,000 diseases and described [the
properties of] more than 500 medicinal plants," such as garlic, a lotion that promoted eyesight, oils
from trees, etc. There was even information on animal disease treatment! For these reasons, the
Indians from the Gupta period were extremely advanced in their knowledge of medicine and
treatment of ailments.
Another area of science that flourished during the Gupta Empire was astronomy. The partial cause
of acquired knowledge pertaining to it was the increase in trade, because while at sea, sailors used
the stars to find their positions. Knowledge of astronomy also increased because of the work of
Aryabhata, the mathematician previously mentioned. He was the first to tell that the earth was a
sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun, and that lunar eclipses were caused by
the shadow of the earth falling on the moon. He even founded his own mathematical–astronomical
school and wrote a book on astronomy, called the Aryabhatiya. Thus, scientists of the Gupta period

The Trial Of Galileo Galilei
For most people of the modern age, a clear distinction exists between the truth as professed by
religious belief, and the truth as professed by scientific observation. While there are many people
who are able to hold scientific as well as religious views, they tend to hold one or the other as being
supreme. Therefore, a religious person may ascribe themselves to certain scientific theories, but they
will always fall back on their religious teachings when they seek the ultimate truth, and vice versa
for a person with a strong trust in the sciences. For most of the early history of humans, religion and
science mingled freely with one another, and at times even lent evidence to support each other as
being true. However, this all changed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were many who cited portions of scripture such as Joshua 10:13, which states "So the Sun
stood still in the midst of heaven" (Joshua 10:13), and Isaiah 40:22, which states "he that stretcheth
out the heavens as nothing, and spreadeth them out as a tent to dwell in." (Isaiah 40:22), as pieces of
holy evidence to refute and definitely disprove the heliocentric theory as truth. However, Galileo
could not easily be written off as a rambling, heretical madman either, seeing as his theories were
first proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus, who was "not only a Catholic, but a priest and a canon."
(Galileo, Letter to Christina, 2) Even if Galileo was not a respected member of the Church,
Copernicus was, and if his theories had originally been proposed by a Catholic canon, then it was
harder to dismiss his ideas as heretical. Additionally, Galileo himself frequently offered to present
others with evidence of the truth of his theories, stating "to the leading philosophers of the faculty
here...I have offered a thousand times of my own accord to show my studies..." (Galileo, Letter to
Kepler).
Furthermore, in discussing the conflict between the Church and scientists such as Galileo, it must be
noted that both parties held themselves to be unquestionably correct in the argument, because they
both based themselves in what they believed to be irrefutable truth. The Church viewed the holy

The Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church Essay
The Heliocentric Theory vs. The Catholic Church We view the world today as the Earth and planets
revolving around the Sun.
Naturally, this always wasn't the case. Aristotle created a model in which since God created the
Earth and man, therefore everything should revolve around us, creating a geocentric model of the
known universe. This model was widely accepted by the people, as well as the Church, since the
theory was God–centered. It wasn't until Aristotle's time when scientists started to challenge this
model due to advances in technology and theories, and the heliocentric model was starting to take
form, which went againts what the Church strongly believed. In this paper I will ... Show more
The spherical nature of the Earth and Universe according to Aristotle, is the natural movement of
Earthly matter from all places downwards, to a center, around which a sphere of matter will build
up. "Only circular motion is capable of endless repetition without a reversal of direction, and rotary
motion is prior to linear because what is external, or at least could have always existed, is prior, or at
least potentially prior, to what is not."(North,80) In Aristotle's book De Caelo (On the Heavens), he
speaks of the celestial sphere, the Earth's center being the same shape, and dismissing the idea of the
Earth rotating at the center of the universe. He also dismisses the idea of an orbital motion of the
Earth. (North, p.81) Contradicting Aristotle, Heracleides, an astronomer, believed in the rotation of
the Earth on it's axis and is known to be the earliest astronomer to stand by it. He was thought to
have taken the first step toward heliocentricity. It is believed in the years to follow that Copernicus
was said to have mentioned Heracleides' name in this connection. (North, p.85) Aristarchus of
Samos was the first astronomer to clearly put forth a true sun–centered theory, learned from
Archimedes. (North, p.85) "...Aristarchus' hypotheses are that the fixed stars and the Sun are
stationary, that the Earth is carried in a circular
orbit

Antirealism In Astronomy Essay
Antirealism in Astronomy– Placing Hacking in History
Introduction
Hacking, in his paper on antirealism concerning astronomy, highlights three main reasons why one
should consider astronomical antirealism. In what follows I shall explain and evaluate these three
reasons. I shall also demonstrate that the reasons for antirealism identified by Hacking can be
thought of as related to ideas of thinkers of the past, and that the validity of these antirealist stances
are dependent on various contextual factors. In this way I shall be supporting the idea that there is
some sort of a history of astronomical antirealism. It is beyond the scope of this paper to conduct a
thorough survey of opinions on the realism status of astronomy throughout the millennia. ... Show
These three arguments hinge on different aspects of astronomy and are not coextensive. The first of
these arguments is based on the example of gravitational lens systems. Though Hacking is a realist
about many scientific entities that cannot be observed in any literal sense, in Extragalactic Reality he
argues that due to the existence of gravitational lenses we have reason to be antirealist about even
those objects which we are able to observe outside of our galaxy. A gravitational lens system is a
phenomena caused by an object, M, with a large mass which is in between a distant light emitting
object O and an observer S. The light from O grazing M on either side is then bent and magnified by
M's mass creating either a halo around M of the light from O (as in Example one, below) or two or
more images of O(as in example two, below). We call the system OMS a gravitational lens system
and M is the gravitational lens. Hacking points out that we can observe an object M but we cannot
observe that M is a gravitational lens, instead we can only infer this. Gravitational lenses allow us to
observe distant objects which would otherwise either be to dim to observe or be blocked from our
view by other objects. As Hacking admits, gravitational lensing drops out as a corollary of more
than one theory about gravitation and was theorised many decades before it was actually observed

How Did Nicolaus Copernicus Influence The Renaissance
The world of astronomy is filled with famous names, such as Galileo and Newton. However, one of
the most significant astronomers during the Renaissance era was Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus's
first interest in astronomy blossomed into a life of creating astronomical theories. These theories
would not only shape the world of science, but transform the Renaissance and history itself.
Nicolaus Copernicus was an extremely significant figure in history because he was a scientist, he
challenged the RCC, he used Classical World ideas, and he modeled the spirit of the Renaissance.
Nicolaus Copernicus made many scientific advancements during the Renaissance. For example, one
of the new theories he created was heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theory ... Show more content on
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Copernicus's new heliocentric theory caused trouble with the church. The Church believed in
geocentrism, the theory that the Earth, Jerusalem specifically, was the center of the universe.
Copernicus's theory contradicted the Church's teachings, which made him hesitant to publicize his
ideas. Copernicus feared the punishments he would receive from the Church and other Christians for
his ideas. However, in 1530, he began to share his theory among other scholars. He received
positive feedback for his theory, and thirteen years later, he was convinced to publish his ideas in a
book called De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions on the Heavenly Spheres).
Many people rejected Copernicus's ideas; in fact, Martin Luther once stated, "This Fool wants to
turn the whole Art of Astronomy upside down." While his book did convince some people to accept
heliocentric theory, the book was not widely published, it was difficult to read, and the book was
very expensive, causing the book to gain little attention. Even with the lack of publicly, the Church
placed Copernicus's book on the list of forbidden books. Nonetheless, Copernicus's choice to
publish his theory, although it was not widely accepted, was extremely significant, because without
this choice, heliocentric theory may never had been discovered or publicly shared with the

Gender Inequality In Agora
"Synesius, you don't question what you believe, or cannot. I must." – Hypatia The historical film
Agora focuses on a lot of points such as, politics, social status, gender equality, religion and
astronomical views. The story revolves around one of the most glorified women in ancient
Alexandria, the mathematician/philosopher/astronomer, Hypatia. She is first seen lecturing to her
students about how things on Earth tend to fall down in a straight path downward. She demonstrates
this idea by dropping a handkerchief. Alongside her is the devoted slave, Davus, who seemed to
have a special feeling to his mistress. Two prominent characters are also introduced, namely, Orestes
(lover of Hypatia; later became the prefect of Alexandria) and Synesius (a faithful Christian; later
became the Bishop of Cyrene). The conflict in the movie starts when Pagan believers attack
Christians who insult their Gods' statues. The Pagan believers are forced to retreat back to the
Library of Alexandria due to the force of the unexpected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Women are almost given the same chance as men to show off what they can do and exercise their
rights since they were born. But I regret this gender inequality that happened before. I suddenly
think that, what if women have already been given equal chances as men before? I think the world
would go off a better course. Without a doubt, I admit that women are smarter than men. So think of
all the possibilities that might happen. With the given chances today, I still don't know why some
women still ask for gender equality.
To end this movie review in Agora, I would like to make it a point that what happened in the history
should remain as a history. Though this may lead to more developments in the future, it is best to
live some data forgotten in the past and keep the present rolling to the future. Never let the past
dictate the future. Never let your beliefs be swayed with hearsays. KEEP MOVING

Debate On Doubt And Doubt
Doubt and confidence can contradict each other. Doubt can be seen as fear of the unknown.
Confidence is having faith in your own knowledge or having a feeling of certainty. Confidence
comes first when we are certain in the credibility of the knowledge obtained, however, confidence is
provoked by doubt when we become biased with the knowledge we already know. Both doubt and
confidence are vital to the production of knowledge. Doubt is perceived to be negative because it
can be viewed as a sign of questioning your own ability to understand concepts. knowledge are the
skills and information we obtain from our experience with the world. The prescribed title chosen is,
"We know with confidence only when we know little; with knowledge doubt increases." ... Show
This raises the question: "To what extent does doubt influence the production of knowledge?" Doubt
influences the production of knowledge to a greater extent by presenting questions which are
subsequently answered through inquiry. This is true in natural science when empirical experiments
are conducted to accept or reject a hypothesis. The purpose is to develop better questions because
doubt has always been present in science. Constant repeated eliminations of older theories have
occurred and replaced because doubt questioned their validity. When Nicolaus Copernicus doubted
the Geocentric model, he conducted his own experiments to develop the Heliocentric model that led
to the development of modern astronomy. This is a strategy of skepticism presented by doubt, it
senses the validity and assumes inquiry within a data or theory. This increases doubt in which
increases knowledge because if one does not doubt what is already known what motivation will be
present to learn more. Doubt also influences knowledge by forcing people to change their personal
knowledge to shared knowledge. It questions your known knowledge and motivates one to research,
leading to new knowledge that is shared. Researching for my extended essay, I did not know a lot
about Psychology. The question asked:"To what extent does the stigma of homosexuals in American
society lead to mental health disorders

Nicholas Copernicus : Heroes And Villains
Adit Shah
Heroes and Villains Essay
In the words of Stephen Mizwa, Nicholas Copernicus "stopped the sun and set the earth in motion."
Nicholas Copernicus was the astronomer who formed the heliocentric theory, which states that the
Sun is the center of the universe and that all planets orbit the Sun. This drastic idea would
fundamentally change astronomy and led to the Scientific Revolution, a period when scientific
research skyrocketed, even though there was resistance from the religious leaders of the time.
Copernicus was a hero because his development of the heliocentric theory led to a significant impact
on future astronomers and led to the birth of modern science.
Copernicus' discoveries had a significant effect on the scientists, ... Show more content on
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Copernicus "lived, worked and died in that period which is generally regarded as a transition from
the so–called middle ages to modern times. It was a period of the revival of learning and of the birth
of modern science." Copernicus' discoveries led to the formation of the branch of science that we
continue to develop and refine today. In effect, it was the beginning of the scientific method of
inquiry as we know it today, because it finally drew the distinction between religion and science; it
resulted in "...the destruction of a worldview that science (in the person of Ptolemy), philosophy (in
the person of Aristotle) and religion (Jewish, Christian and Islamic) [were] centred on man and
created for him." By rejecting the idea that the Earth and man were at the center of the universe,
Copernicus' discoveries fundamentally changed the goal of the field of science.
Although Copernicus' heliocentric theory was mathematically and scientifically sound, the religious

Astronomy: A Career Essay
Timothy Ferris once said, "We live in a changing universe and few things are changing faster than
our conception of it. " Astronomy is a centuries old profession that has developed immensely
throughout history. As time has moved foreword, astronomy has moved with it. It has developed a
non–utilitarian use in modern–day society compared to its early use like navigation. As this
profession has developed, the competitiveness has also emerged due to several factors such as
government cutbacks. Astronomy is a rigorous job that requires the right degrees and personal
qualities to keep up with it. Even though astronomy has changed much throughout history in many
aspects, it retains the overall sense of wonderment and amazement that astounded others ... Show
It is mentioned in the Encyclopedia Britannica that "Perhaps the single greatest effect that
astronomical studies have had on our modern society has been in molding its perceptions and
opinions. Our conceptions of the cosmos and our place in it, our perceptions of space and time, and
the development of the systematic pursuit of knowledge known as the scientific method have been
profoundly influenced by astronomical observations" (Evans). Astronomy works to answer the
fundamental questions humanity has about the universe and what else is out there. Astronomy has
changed humanity's method of thinking. Astronomy has opened the doors to discoveries and
advancements in other fields and areas in society. In C. Renée James' paper titled What Has
Astronomy Done For You Lately, she states, "Engineer John O'Sullivan worked with others to
search for signals from evaporating black holes. He later extended that same technology to create
the basis for reliable wireless networking" (33). Without astronomy, wireless Internet would not
exist. It is the principles taken from astronomy and applied to other sciences that is one of the
reasons astronomy is so important to the world. Another example of astronomy influences other
inventions are optical mapping technologies. James say, "Optical mapping technologies developed
for the James Webb Space Telescope's optics system are also benefitting contact lens fittings and
laser eye surgeries"

Scientific Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, And...
"Therefore I would not have it unknown to Your Holiness, the only thing which induced me to look
for another way of reckoning the movements of the heavenly bodies was that I knew that
mathematicians by no means agree in their investigation thereof". This had been what motivated
Copernicus to discover the greatest finding of his time. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
went ahead and contradicted many theories that is well known in their time. Fear and uncertainty
had kept some of them from letting others in on their new foundings. Afraid that their theories were
going to be shut down and not accepted at all, as they would contradict many of the theories that had
already been greatly accepted by everyone. In the scientific revolution the ... Show more content on
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The start of all his ideas was when he was forced to return to Woolsthorpe for more than a year, "In
those days I was in the prime of my life for invention and minded mathematics and philosophy more
than at any time since". Moreover, with all this inspiration flowing through Newton he came across
the finding of his greatest work. The three laws of motion, Henceforth, with only one law he was
capable of determining all things that went into the motion of the universe. Newton's first law;
Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a
force. Newton's second law of motion; The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to
the force acting on it. The last Newton law acknowledges that every action must have an equal and
opposing equation. In the end, Newton's findings were a good amount of what changed people's
view of the

The Creation Of The Solar System And The Solar System
To many, it is basic knowledge that the Earth revolves around the sun, which means that the solar
system is heliocentric. However, the solar system was previously believed to be geocentric, with
Earth being considered the center of the universe and the solar system. Aristotle, a dominant force in
the early days of science and philosophy, was one of the first to propose the idea that the Earth was
positioned at the center of the universe. Ptolemy, an Egyptian mathematician, and astronomer,
agreed, and expanded on this geocentric model. Although the Aristolean–Ptolemaic model had the
support of the Christian and Catholic churches, Nicholas Copernicus, however reluctantly, put
forward the idea that the solar system and the universe, were heliocentric. Though completely
opposed by Christian and Catholic churches, the heliocentric model prevailed with the additional
discoveries made on Italian philosopher and scientist Galileo Galilee and German astronomer
Johannes Kepler.
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.) was one of the most famous and influential Greek philosophers of his time.
He was born in Macedonia in 384 BC and was responsible for setting up a school in Athens called
the Lyceum, which was one of the most famous learning centers at the time. Prior to that however,
he was a former student of Plato and a former instructor of Alexander the Great. It was easy to say
that he was a man fascinated by many things, including zoology, astronomy, history, politics.
Regarding astronomy,

How Mayans Intertwine With Astronomy
"Are we Alone? the history of astronomy has shaped the course of human society, connecting
science with human spirituality and sense of wonder at the unimaginable vastness of the cosmos".
(Shuttleworth). Astronomy is the branch of science that deals with celestial objects, space, and the
physical universe. Ancient astronomers attempted to explain religion rather than explain natural
phenomenon. Religion can be defined as a belief in, or an acknowledgement of some superhuman
power or powers (ex. a god or gods) which is typically manifested in obedience, reverence, and
worship; such a belief as part of a system defining a code of living, esp. as a means of achieving
spiritual or material improvement. Religion, in the early times, helped to explain natural
phenomenon, for instance, the stars, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Astronomy impacted civilizations throughout history in such a way that affected daily life, for
example, Halley's Comet always seems to bring fear, destruction and rebirth, it sometimes served as
a warning, indicating that either a person of royal standing had died, or that dark days lay ahead
(Williams). The Mayans used priests and astrologers to measure time. This paper investigates how
the Mayan culture intertwine with astronomy. Several of their inventions such as the solar calendar
and the Pacal's tomb. The paper also addresses the scientific belief that religion is not necessary due
to advancements of technology and knowledge. The scope of this investigation begins by explaining
some aspect of the Mayan Culture and providing examples of how astronomy and their beliefs
intertwined. The essay furthers investigates the relationship between Mayan culture and astronomy
as its arguments. This essay explains the counterargument, the reason why some scientists believe
religion is no longer need it. As time and technology advanced scientists became more skeptic about
religion and spirituality, driving religion and astronomy

The Catholic Church And The Copernican Revolution
The Catholic Church and the Copernican Revolution The Catholic Church played an important role
at the time when all the works in which the movement of the earth was admitted, Catholics were
forbidden to teach, and even read, the Copernican theories. The "Copernican Theory" modeled some
problems of enormous importance for Christian's obviously theological nature. Leaders like Martin
Luther and John Calvin told us that Scripture brandished against Nicolaus Copernicus and provoked
repression against its followers, but generally abandon the fight Protestantism once the "Theories of
Copernicus" were confirmed with indisputable evidence. In this paper, I will first evaluate the
history about how "Copernican Theory" and its model of the earth came into existence. I will also
analyze the "Copernican Theory" in light of Churches idea of the earth being flat. I will ultimately
argue that Nicolaus Copernicus played an important role in the history of Philosophy of Science.
The Copernican Revolution involves the exchange of a "geocentric" worldview to a "heliocentric"
view and is inseparably linked to the "scientific revolution" of the seventeenth century movement
that represents a renewal of all scientific knowledge of the time. Contrary to popular belief, the
"idea that the Earth was round" was written by many ancient Greek texts, and was supported by
many philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Pythagoras, Archimedes, Eratosthenes and Ptolemy,
among others. (Cohen, 30) During the

The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies
During the 16th–18th centuries many historical events happened, in the 16th century Nicolaus
Copernicus wrote a book called On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies. During the writing of
the book, Nicolaus Copernicus was trying to prove that the Geocentric Theory was wrong. The book
talks about how the planetary movements work and it also has many mathematical equations he
used to solve the Heliocentric Theory, which would help other scientists continue his studies. A few
years later, in the 17th century another scientist named Galileo wrote another book called Starry
Messenger. Galileo wrote a book because he had a telescope and was making observations. Galileo
wrote the book about all the observations that he had made. The books of these scientists showed the
world the the Scientific Revolution was going to make a big impact on the world.Which is why the
Scientific Revolution gave a big impact to the world because without the scientist the world would
not have many of the inventions the scientists made. The Heliocentric Solar System would not have
been discovered to help us understand the outer system. We would also not have medicine to help
cure diseases and they would have not made advanced technology. In fact, many people believe that
the Scientific Revolution would not have had the Heliocentric Solar System. "Beck 109–191" states
that before Nicolaus Copernicus came up with his theory about the Heliocentric Solar System there
was another theory, that

History of Astronomy-Ptolemy, Kepler, Galileo and Neptune

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