Restoring The Physical Integrity Of The Tidal Wetland...

Restoring The Physical Integrity Of The Tidal Wetland...
Across all projects, the first step in tidal wetland restoration is almost always to create a "restoration site template" that will form the basis of the entire
project. Experts believe that "restoring the physical integrity of the tidal wetland offers the best opportunity of restoring ecologic integrity" (Faber
"Design" 17). How the template is formed will ultimately dictate what the final wetland will look like. Construction of the wetland base may require
either excavation or fill depending on the site conditions. Some sites, like the Ballona Wetlands, have been filled with a massive layer of dirt, and in
these cases, the site will need to be excavated back down to the bottom of the root zone so that natural sedimentation processes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the consideration of which method is appropriate, one must also evaluate the site's natural sedimentation load and its effect on the site's own
capacity for self–restoration. For example, at the Sears Point Wetlands, no additional fill was placed on the project site even though the land had
significantly subsided because of the "high local suspended sediment concentrations in the San Pablo Bay promoting rapid natural sedimentation"
(Wetlands and Water 65). Another element to the template design of a restoration site is the decision to excavate tidal channels and adrainage system.
Oftentimes, project managers can choose to "rejuvenate pre–existing tidal drainage system by redirecting tidal flows into the area." If the natural
drainage system has become too shallow over time, one may choose to excavate channels that follow the original drainage network of the wetland.
This decision can contribute significantly to the success of the wetland because the natural processes will be restored much more quickly than if the
wetland was allowed to re–develop those channels on its own (Faber "Design" 47). Because the drainage systems function as valuable wildlife habitat,
the Sears Point project took special care to establish the "antecedent channel configuration" by
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Essay on Wetlands
Wetlands
A clear and widely accepted definition of a wetland has yet to be established. Wetlands are of various types and function, and occur in diverse
locations, and climates which in part make them difficult to define. Many definitions of a wetland have been posed by different groups and
individuals, some of the definitions include: "An area of land that has hydric soil and hydrophytic vegetation, typically flooded for part of the year, and
forming a transition zone between aquatic and terrestrial systems (Brady and Weil, 1999)." Awetland is an ecosystem that depends on constant or
recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate (soil). The minimum essential characteristics of a ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
96–01, NCDENR, Div. of Envir. Mngt. Water quality section.
Wetlands are defined for classification purposes as areas that under natural conditions posses three factors including: hydric soil, wetland
hydrogeology, and hydrophytic vegetation. Hydric soils are soils that are anaerobic (without oxygen gas) for at least one week during the
growing season (Lilly, 1993). Specific criteria to identify hydric soils are not easy to develop, but indicators have been developed by scientist to
aid in their delineation. Hydric soil indicators are listed in "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States: A guide for identifying and
delineating hydric soils" which was printed by the United States Department of Agriculture in March of 1993. A publication written by Vepraskas in
1993 entitled "Redoximorphic Features for Identifying Aquic Conditions" is also available through the North Carolina Cooperative Extension
Service. Wetland hydrology criteria are based on depth of the water table from the soil surface and the length of time the water table is at any
specified depth (Lilly 1993). Wetland hydrology is difficult to define due to its dynamic nature. Wetland hydrology is subject to rapid changes due to
rainfall and flooding and may occur only during wet periods or seasons. Hydrophytic vegetation is defined as plants that prefer or require wet soils.
For a site

Thi Turtles In Wetlands
Wetlands are areas where water covers the soil, or is present either at or near the surface of the soil all year or for varying periods of time during the
year. The amount of water saturation plays a tremendous role in determining soil development and the wildlife communities interacting with it, both
terrestrial and aquatic. Abiotic and biotic factors such as topography, climate, vegetation, and human disturbance give way to a wide variety of
wetlands, but for the most part can be generalized into two main categories. Tidal wetlands are those found close to an ocean and are linked with
estuaries, providing an environment with fluctuating salinities. The combination of salt water and differing water levels from tides create a harsh
habitat for most plants. However, some species are able to thrive in... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mating typically occurs in the spring, then females search for terrestrial nesting sites in June or July. After laying their eggs, the female turtles will
leave them, forcing the newborn turtles to survive on their own. The hatchlings grow rapidly until maturity, then growth rate significantly decreases.
The Testudines order is a contradiction to ther/K selection theory, as it does not conform solely to one strategy. K–strategists are defined as long–lived
individuals with a low reproductive and growth rate. Offspring are produced in low numbers with high survival rates, and typically require parental
care in their juvenile years. Alternatively, r–strategists are short–lived and give birth to many offspring at a time with low survival rates. Minimal
parental care is required, as caring for so many would over–exert the parents. Each of these strategies can be applied to turtles because they produce
large numbers of un–nurtured offspring, yet have high survival rates, slow growth–rate past maturity, and a long lifespan. Gravid turtles are also
typically older, which is another trait of K–selective

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Wetlands
One resource that can be both classified into two totally different categories make the management of wetlands more difficult. The public want to
protect the wetlands for their valueable functions while privates want to use the wetlands for their direct economic profits. Kohn (1994) suggested that
policymakers and society need to balance private rights to convert land with public benefits from keeping wetlands inact by compensating wetland
owners or society can regulate conversion of wetlands. However, the facts that about 82 percent of wetlands are privately owned in US and there is no
clear agreement between private owners and public (Heimlich, et al. 1998) make wetland protection more complicated and controversy. Valueing
wetlands can help visualizing the benefits of wetlands, however difficult to implement, since values of wetlands are affected by historical events,
technological development and social views. In addition, even when wetlands'values are determined, these values will vary temporaly and spatially, for
examples not all wetlands have the flooding protection values or the recreational values can seasonally change. It is therefore the problem of
institutional arrangement to balance the public benefits (positive externalities of wetlands) and private interests.
Policy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Protecting or conversing wetlands are the decisions made by balancing those two benefits. In case of wetlands conversion the private benefits are bigger
than public benefits, in contrast if wetlands are protected, the public get more benefits than owners. Putting in the historical context, wetland policies
can be divided into two periods: emphasizing private good benefits (1600s– mid–1900s), considering public good benefits (1970 – now). Wetlands
policies in the US are quite diversity, this paper only discuss some most impacted policies on wetlands

Wetland Research Paper
When most people think of wetlands the first thing that will pop into their mind will be visions of swamps and flooded plains. These marshy lands
would seem to have no purpose, while in reality they are the most precious form of ecosystem that we have in America. Wetlands contribute to
biodiversity, clean water, flood control, and provide a habitat for millions of species of plants and animals. Even with all this wetlands still face mass
destruction, much like the rain forests they are just as productive and face similar rates of devastation (Mitchell, J. (1992, October). "Our Disappearing
Wetlands" National Geographic, Pg 15).
 
 It really is hard to get someone passionate about a mosquito–infested piece of swamp that seems just to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, appearances may be deceiving. The unique environment of vernal pools provides habitat for numerous rare plants and animals that are
able to survive these harsh conditions. Many of these plants and animals spend the dry season as seeds, eggs, or cysts, and then grow and reproduce
when the ponds are flooded again. In addition, birds such as egrets, ducks, and hawks use vernal pools as a seasonal source of food and water
(Marshall, 1978).
 
 Prairie potholes are a very beneficial wetland that is home to dozens of migratory waterfowl. They are found primarily in the Upper Midwest,
especially North Dakota, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. This formerly glaciated landscape is covered with a vast number of potholes,
which fill with snowmelt and rain in the spring. Some prairie pothole marshes are temporary, while others may be virtually permanent. Here, as in
other marshes, submerged and floating aquatic plants take over the deeper water; while bulrushes and cattails grow closer to shore, and wet marshes
lie next to the upland. These wetlands are a sort of cousin to vernal pools, sharing the same location, and seasonal waters. (Marshall, 1978).
 
 Another infamous type of wetland is the bog. These wetlands have for centuries have been shrouded with mystery. Bogs are known for their
ability to produce peat, which is just as valuable as coal. They also have the ability to preserve things, one such incident in 1987 where a

Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands Essay
Impact of Global Warming on Coastal Wetlands
Professor's comment: Jane wrote this research paper for my Advanced Composition course. The assignment asks the students to read and understand six
to ten articles within a research area of their choice, then synthesize the information so that a reader can quickly understand the present state of
research in that area. Jane chose to look at how increased flooding and salinity might affect coastal wetland soils and species, and she organized the
material clearly and effectively. What I liked particularly about this review was that it moved logically from the effects of flooding and salinity on
wetland soils to the effects on the plants growing there to the overall effects on the wetland, both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, Ehhas been shown to decrease even further when soils are flooded with increased salinity levels (Baldwin and Mendelssohn, 1998; Flynn
et al., 1995). Under these conditions, the soil medium becomes highly reducing and can affect wetland vegetation in two ways. First, and probably
most significant, is the reduction of sulfate (present in seawater) to hydrogen sulfide, a known phytotoxin that has been shown to reduce wetland
vegetation growth and/or survival at higher concentrations (Flynn et al., 1995). Secondly, highly reducing conditions can interfere with a plant's ability
to uptake nitrogen by altering its form and availability in the soil (Webb et al., 1995).
Other problems created by high salinity soil conditions include the change in water potential necessary for the plant to overcome the elevated salt
concentration in the soil, and the possibility of toxicity due to uptake of Na+ and Cl– ions (Flynn et al., 1995).
Physiological Responses of Wetland Plants due to Increased Flooding and Salinity
Although tolerance to increased flooding and salinity conditions varies somewhat by species, wetland species that survive these heightened conditions
demonstrate either some or all of the following characteristics: lowered photosynthetic activity,

Parker Wetlands Argument Analysis
In his presentation, Cal Dueck of the Parker Wetlands conservation committee, argued that the wetlands should not be destroyed, because the ecosystem
contributes to the overall health of the city and its inhabitants. His first point, to support his view, is the fact that the land serves as a natural water
management system. The wetlands help regulate floods by absorbing excess water. If the land is developed, and covered in concrete, flooding may
become a bigger problem in the city, and thus decrease the overall health of the city. In addition to flood control, the wetlands also help purify the
ground water. The vegetation in the wetlands, per Ducks Unlimited Canada, "traps sediment and pollutants, and wetlands microorganisms break down
the contaminants." This means, that the people of Winnipeg, would have their rights to better ground water taken from them, if the land gets
developed. Cal therefore argues, that when wetlands are destroyed, the well being of the cities inhabitants is also destroyed. This argument is in line
with the arguments of William Blackstone, as presented by Joseph Desjardins in his book "Environmental Ethics: An introduction to environmental
philosophy". Blackstone argues that there is a need to recognize a new human right, which is the "right to a livable environment" . Furthermore,
Blackstone also argues the right to a livable... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Joseph R. Desjardins says, that in the Kantian view of ethics, rights have a higher standing than wants, even if the wants provide the maximum amount
of good. Therefore, the desire to develop the wetlands, which could provide more tax revenues to the city of Winnipeg, is in conflict with the right to
a livable environment for the people of Winnipeg. In this case, the right to a livable environment trumps the desire to develop the land in order to get
higher tax

Louisiana Is A Place Of Beautiful Wildlife And Landscape
Louisiana is a place of beautiful wildlife and landscape. With about forty percent of the state being marshes and wetlands. It is very important for us to
preserve these wetlands and keep them from disappearing like they have been for the past fifty years. Almost eighty percent of wetland loss in the
nation has happened in Louisiana. Just in the past ten years the state has seen a thirty percent deduction in the wetlands. The bad thing about these
wetlands disappearing is that they are just being converted into open water. While other wetlands in other states are being used for many things. The
destruction of these wetlands in the coast of Louisiana can be prevented by funding restoration acts and stopping pollution.
If this rate of Louisiana's wetlands being lost, the state will lose another fifteen percent by the year 2050. With these numbers being said, Mark stated
"Louisiana's coastline has been losing wetlands at a rate of 16.57 square miles a year during the past 25 years, equal to the loss of a football field of
coast every hour, according to a study released today by the U.S. Geologicial Survey" (Mark).This loss of wetlands is five square miles a year faster
than a study showed between 1985 and 2004.
The explanation for these outrageous numbers are the amount of pollution and hurricanes that hit Louisiana almost every year. Due to devastating
hurricanes such as Katrina, Rita, Gustav and Ike. With all these hurricanes, Louisiana has almost lost about 1,883 square

Biomes Of South Afric The Human Influences On Biomes And...
This pie chart is proof that almost a quarter of the flora in South Africa falls into the category of "threatened" or "of conservation concern". This
project's main aim is to investigate the different biomes in South Africa, the human influences on biomes and the meaning of biodiversity.
Question 1:
The biodiversity of a biome refers to the variety of living organisms, like plants, animals, fungi etc., found in this particular biome.
Question 2:
I live in Gauteng, South Africa which is classified as the grassland biome. Plants found in the grassland biome are also adapted to survive fire as
grasslands often burn.
Figure 2: sample of the grassland biome.
Task 1:
We as a group have chosen the savanna (terrestrial) and the wetland (aquatic) biomes of South Africa to investigate:
Savannas
1.1)The Savannas are found around the northern parts and Lowvelds of Southern Africa, in the provinces: Mpumalanga, Limpopo, the North West
province and parts of the Northern Cape, Gauteng, Kwazulu Natal and the Eastern Cape. The largest biome that makes up 46% of South Africa is the
savanna biome.
1.2)Savannas are split into two layers: the upper layer which is called the 'shrubveld' and the lower layer called the 'woolands', or more commonly
known as the 'bushveld'. Savannas are generally warm and humid in the rainy seasons but cool down during the dry seasons (for more than seven
months a year).Savannas have a wetdry climate and

Wetlands In Louisiana
Over the last few decades, the loss of Louisiana's coastal wetlands has become a point of concern because of the vital roles the wetlands play in the
environment. They have been destroyed over time because of natural causes such as hurricanes and weather as well as from the construction of
man–made flood–control levees. Wetlands serve many purposes within the environment. Not only do the wetlands effect the residents of southern
Louisiana, but they effect the animals that call the wetlands home as well as the industries that thrive off the wetlands. Since the wetlands have begun
to disappear, steps have been taken in order to prevent Louisiana's wetlands from disappearing. Restoration acts have been put in to place by the
government to help... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The annual budget for CWPPRA has differed throughout the years from $30 million to $80 million per year. This money funds the projects to be able
to provide for long–term conservation of the wetlands and their inhabitants. In these funded projects, a variety of techniques are used including marsh
creation and restoration, shoreline protection, hydraulic restoration, beneficial use of dredged material, terracing, sediment trapping, vegetative
planting, barrier island restoration, and bank stabilization. Every restoration project can use one or more of the techniques to help repair the wetlands
depending on how (About CWPPRA, 2016). CWPPRA has been very successful with the help of the United States Environmental Protection Agency in
helping restore and protect Louisiana's coastal

Coastal Erosion And Informative Essay Outline: Coastal...
I.Introduction
A.Attention Getter– Louisiana has lost over 1900 square miles of wetlands, and continues to lose 25–35 square miles of wetlands each year. That
equals out to a football field of land lost each hour. 2
B.Credibility statement– Louisiana has the greatest amount of land loss due to coastal erosion.3 According to S. Jeffress Williams, "The swamps and
marshes of coastal Louisiana are among the Nation's most fragile and valuable wetlands, vital not only to recreational and agricultural interests but also
the State's more than $1 billion per year seafood industry."4
C.Relevance statement– As the coastline vanishes so do its benefits.3
D.Thesis statement– Coastal erosion in the Gulf South region has and continues to be an environmental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What is coastal erosion and why does it happen?
A.Coastal Erosion is a natural process that takes place along the nation's coast causing a loss of sediments in some places and deposits in others.3
B.This total erosion is a result of a number of factors caused by both natural and human activity.1
C.The levee system has disrupted the natural deposits that are left from the overflow of the river.2
D.Oil and gas exploration, pipeline canals, and navigation channels have allowed saltwater to intrude into freshwater areas.2
E.The natural rise in sea level and sinking sediments also contribute to coastal erosion.2
F.Transitional statement– As our wetland begins to disappear so do the plants and wildlife.
III.What kind of effect does coastal erosion have on the environment?
A.Native bird species will be forced to fly further north during migrating season, causing problems with repopulating.3
B.The wetlands are a natural environment for native fish and shellfish population shellfish that make up Louisiana's seafood and fisheries. Without
these habitats the region's fisheries will find it difficult to cultivate and live on.3
C.As the land disappears, so do the essential nutrients needed for the native plants to

Wondrous Wetlands Ecology Summary
Wondrous Wetlands Ecology Summary
SUMMARY
Wondrous Wetlands is an article about the conservation department of Missouri finding ways to save wetlands for future generations. Those who are
directly impacted by wetlands are those who enjoy things such as hunting and wildlife watching, but can affect everyone, because wetlands contribute
to the clean water that we drink and even cycling nutrients in our environment. When wetlands began to diminish in the 1980's, conservationists
realized there was a problem when they saw waterfowl populations' diminishing. The department then developed a plan to develop more wetlands to
try and save the populations, which was known as the 1989 Wetland Plan. The wetland plan developed an additional 12,500 acres ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
I really enjoyed how the article talked about the plans that the state of Missouri is working on to keep waterfowl populations around as well as all
other organisms that live in a wetland environment. I think that it is so true that so many are forgetting about how important ecosystems such as this
one is to the survival of many. We as a human species have gotten so wrapped up in our smart phones and computers that many of us forget the beauty
that the outside world holds.
One piece of information that really stood out to me in this article was that since the advance of technology used to study wetlands has grown, we
now can determine what kinds of plants will grow in just a few inches of water and who will benefit from it. Since contour maps were replaced with
computer mapping software they can now also determine small changes in elevation that also affect organisms and where they can be found. Even
though it will take time to fix many of the populations that were affected by the decline of wetlands, I am glad to see that there is a plan in place to
try and preserve these areas for future generations as well as needing them for our

Floating Wetlands
Floating treatment wetlands are a manmade ecosystem that mimic natural wetlands (David J. Sample, 2013) and are used to increase the water
quality of lakes (SWCD, 2017). These floating wetlands can serve many task such as creating habitat for a variety of organisms, such as birds, can
add to the aesthetic of the lake, recharge aquifers and can reduce large hydrologic loads from storm events (Lubnow, 2014). The main focus of the
floating wetland and this project will be to act as a filter to remove certain pollutants primarily phosphorus and nitrogen which for Mattatall Lake has
been over–run by excess phosphorus entering and settling within the lake. From these increased levels of total phosphorus as well as other factors has
fuelled the growth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They then move or float to the surface where they will then be able to out compete any other algae or organisms for light (Lubnow, 2014). In
addition to this and the toxins they produce the cyanobacteria that has inhabited Mattatall Lake are also known to have heterocysts, which are
specialized nitrogen fixing cells that are within the bacteria (Lubnow, 2014). This means that they can produce their own nitrogen from the
atmosphere and are not reliant on just the inorganic sources of nitrogen from the lake (UniProt, 2018). However, for that process to occur the algae
needs a great deal of energy, which is where the vast amount of phosphorus is also needed (Lubnow, 2014). Therefore, the perfect environment for
this algae to grow would be one that has increased levels of phosphorus, high water temperatures, and low flushing rates / recharge rates (Lubnow,
2014). Which is exactly what Mattatall lake has been experiencing in the past few years (2014, 2015,

Comprehensive Assessment Of Wetlands
Society views about wetlands have changed considerably since the continent was settled by the colonists, and especially since the mid–20th century
when interest in wetland preservation and protection for the functions and values they serve emerged (Dahl & Allord, 1996). In the 1700's, there were
approximately 90 million hectares of wetlands in what is now the conterminous forty–eight states, with a significant proportion of those associated with
the nation's river systems (Dahl, Johnson, & Frayer, 1991). Two hundred years later, over half of this area has been lost or significantly modified by
some form of conversion or by alteration of the hydrologic regime (Dahl & Allord, 1996; Hauer & Smith, 1998).
Interest in wetland protection and efforts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In 2006, EPA issued "The Elements of a State Wetlands Monitoring and Assessment Program", and since that time EPA regional divisions have
actively worked with states and tribes to advance wetland monitoring and the use of assessment data to better manage wetland resources (USEPA,
2013).
In 2008, EPA developed the core element framework (CEF) approach to guide states and tribes with wetland program development. The CEF was
designed so states and tribes could focus wetland management and program goals into one or all of four common objectives. These four common
objectives are: 1) Monitoring and assessment; 2) Regulatory activities, including 401 certification; 3) Voluntary restoration and protection; and 4) Water
quality standards for wetlands (USEPA,

Guidelines For Fences Within The Wetlands Conservation...
Guidelines for Fences within the Wetlands Conservation District
(Adopted MM/DD/YY)
The detailed plan and application shall address the following items:
1.Provide a statement on the type of materials to be used to construct the fence.
2.Identify the location and height of the proposed fence.
3.No fence post shall be placed in a wetland or surface water body.
4.The fence must be at least 6 inches off the ground to allow natural drainage flow, prevent the blocking or damming of surface water and to allow the
passage of small animals.
5.Fence construction shall be done using hand held tools without the operation of heavy equipment (i.e. excavators, bobcats, backhoe, etc.).
6.Fence constriction shall not result in any vegetation clearing, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An up–to–date survey of the entire property which shows the existing improvements and the location of all wetlands and poorly and very poorly
drained soils (including wetland flag numbers), wetland buffer, and 12' primary structure setback from the buffer edge. The survey should be prepared
by a licensed surveyor. For properties where the wetland delineation is older than 3 years, the professional who did the original delineation should
reconfirm the accuracy of the boundaries in writing as part of the application. The Conservation Commission reserves the right to request
documentation/notes for any wetlands delineation.
2.Clear identification of the location of construction and areas proposed to be disturbed and their relation to property lines, buildings, roads, and
waterbodies within one hundred (100) feet.
3.New improvements should be distinguished from existing improvements by hatching, cross hatching, shading, or other clear designation.
4.Distance of the nearest point of the improvements to the buffer edge and to the 12–ft. primary structure setback.
5.Clear identification of the square footages of the improvements and the square footage increase in disturbance.
6.The percentage of existing and proposed impervious cover on the parcel.
7.The limits of disturbance (building envelope) and construction ingress/egress should be identified with care given to restrict disturbance, to the fullest
extent practicable, to areas outside of the

Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland Complex
Silver Creek Wetland Complex is a rare coastal wetland found along the eastern side of the Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline. It falls within the town
boundary of the Town of Collingwood, which was formally a part of the Town of Blue Mountains. Because the area is a part of the greater Silver
Creek Watershed, the marshy land is classified as a Schedule B Category 1 land under Environmental Protection as per the Official Plan of the Town of
Collingwood. Blue Mountain Trust Watershed Practice monitors the watershed and the significant wetland is protected and maintained by
Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority. The 2700 Ha watershed flows through the "Lake of Clouds" by Castle Glen, down the Niagara
Escarpment, where the 160 Ha complex at the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By the end of this report you should have a better perception on the geological landscape of Silver Creek Wetland Complex, and further in–depth
knowledge on what stewardship responsibilities fall on you and your relationship with the land you use.
1.2 Public Land Management – Conservation Qualifications
In 1985, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) evaluated the Silver Creek Wetland, and qualified it for environmental protection. A re
–evaluation
was done in 1995, and a decision was made to combine three areas into one complex. The provincially significant wetland is listed as "unimpaired"
and protection was recommended in 2000 by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority's watershed health monitoring summary. As the area provides
vital biological, social, and hydro geological functions, protection is crucial. Not only does the area act as flood control, water purification, and
sediment containment, it is a prime fishing location for locals as it provides a cold–water habitat and spawning grounds for several varieties of game
fish such as brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Numerous
species of birds, such as the Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia), the great egret (Ardea alba), the black–crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax),
and other waterfowl also favour the staging and feeding grounds that the

Human Impact On Wetlands Essay
Human Impact
Humans have had a huge impact on wetlands in multiple ways. From construction of homes to pollution to altering chemical composition of the
wetland, we have had a negative impact on our precious wetlands. Without even noticing, our daily actions have greatly affected the ecosystem.
Statistics
In the 1600's, there were approximately 220 million acres of wetlands in the forty–eight states (Dahl 1990). Since then, the numbers have been dropping
drastically. In 1980, an estimated number of 103.3 million acres of wetlands were left (Dahl and Johnson 1991). That's a 53% decrease! (See Figure
3.5) Most states have lost around 50% of their wetlands, but others such as Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Kentucky, and Ohio have lost about 80%. ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wetlands are extremely important to the environment, but many don't know this. The term, "swamp" is the word that most people would think of
when wetlands are discussed. Because of this, public support of wetland conservation is low and therefore conservation efforts aren't at their full
potential. If we can raise awareness through public gatherings at local forums such as the library or town center, we can create a much bigger

Analysis Of Tidal Wetlands
In the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's 130 year assessment of Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Long Island Sound Area, the results indicated
that there was a 48% loss of Tidal Wetlands from the 1880s to 2000s in New York. Even after protective legislation was passed in the 1970s, wetland
decline increased by 19% decrease in New York from 1970 to present day. (Basso, 6)
This decline in wetlands should be of concern to ____ as wetlands provide a variety of ecosystem services to the general populace. They provide
provisioning services by the providing habitats to different marine organisms such as shellfish, finfish, and waterfowl, some of which provide humans
eat They provide supporting services, such as nutrient cycling (Teal 1986,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, too much nitrogen is leading to the wetland's demise. While the main concern for the loss of wetlands up until the 1970s was draining and
filling, and while the laws created then focused on reducing wetland destruction through urbanization, wetlands are still being deteriorated. Today, the
main concern is wetland loss created by increased amounts of open water on the marsh surface. The literature suggests that on average, healthy New
England marshes have 9% permanent open water on their surface. However, an open water assessment indicates an average of 47% permanent open
water on the marshes studied (Kirwan 2013).
In Long Island, the marshes are wetter and vegetated areas are shifting from high marsh to low marsh or to mud flat, which are far less productive and
give fewer services than the salt marshes and other high marshes that are supposed to be there. (Kirwan 2013
Warren and Niering 1993, Muschacke 2007, Tiner 2006, Field 2014, Rozsa 1995, Watson et al. 2014, Smith 2009, USFWS 2011)
While there are plenty of human–created stressors that are creating this conversion, such as invasive species, sediment deprivation, hydraulic
modification, pollution and climate change (Smith 2009, Gedan 2009, Wigand 2014, Watson 2014, Silliman 2009, Kirwan 2013). (Silliman 2009,
Lotze 2006), one major stressor is that of urban runoff, specifically, the high nutrient levels of fertilizer runoff. In a nine–year study, researcher Linda
Deegan added

Louisiana Coastal Land Essay
The loss of Louisiana coastal land is one of the most, major factors in our environment today. Louisiana has already lost 1,880 square miles of land in
the past eight decades. This problem is effecting the state funding to help solve the problem before the state lose more coastal land. In order to stop this
situation, the state needs to have a stronger structural protection for the coastline (Wilson, 2013). Louisiana's wetlands today represent about 40 percent
of the wetlands of the continental United States. (Wilson, 2013) The threat of more land and communities being lost is a much greater concern now, as
scientist and coastal specialists predict that Louisiana can lose an additional 1,750 square miles of land in the next ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The natural processes of coastal land formation are based on the sedimentary load delivered by the Mississippi River. Natural disturbances that
contribute to coastal land loss are form hurricanes eroding marshes and putting excessive saltwater into the system. Another disturbance is from
humans, which has a massive impact on the balance of wetland growth and decline. (Wilson, 2013). Over half of the wetlands have been lost since the
colonization of America. The main forms of human disturbance are the river–control structures such as dams and levees, the dredging of canals, and
draining and filling. (Davis–Wheeler,

Conservation banking was modeled after the U.S. wetland...
Conservation banking was modeled after the U.S. wetland mitigation banking system and the two programs share many similarities. However, unlike
the wetland mitigation system, conservation offsets do not have a stated 'no net loss' goal, but instead have a species recovery goal. Both conservation
and wetlands mitigation banks are privately or publicly owned lands which are protected and managed for its ecological value. By doing this, the bank
sponsor generates habitat or wetland or stream credits to sell to developers or transportation departments who need to offset their impacts and comply
with the legal requirements for the permitting of development or roadway projects. Both types of banks offer benefits to both the landowner that owns
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Plus studies have shown that on–site mitigation often failed to produce compensatory wetland resource values (Ruhl et al., 2005). Wetland mitigation
seeks to replace functions that are damaged or lost at the impact site by creating, restoring, or enhancing wetlands nearby, generally in the same
watershed or eco–region. When wetland mitigation banks are not available, the alternative is on–site or off–site mitigation performed by the permit
applicant. These project specific mitigation sites led to small, isolated wetlands being restored that provided minimal ecological uplift to the watershed.
Wetland mitigation banking can be used to combine the smaller wetland restorations sites into larger restored habitats that can better replace the lost
functions from the impacts. Regulatory agencies express a preference for wetland credits generated from restoration, creation, or enhancement instead
of preservation. This is in line with the no net loss policy, which seeks to maintain the wetland acreage or even increase the acreage in the United States.
Conservation banking took the idea of wetland banking and transformed it into threatened and endangered species conservation with a few alterations.
The primary objective of wetland mitigation is to meet the no net loss goal by replacing the acreage and function of the wetland areas that will be
impacted by a proposed project. The goal of

A Brief Note On Wetlands And Agriculture : A Complicated...
Ella Weaver
ENR 5250.01
17 November 2016
Wetlands and Agriculture: A Complicated Relationship Wetlands and traditional agriculture have experienced a complex relationship as a growing
population has mandated an increase in food production, leading in turn to the conversion of wetlands. While previously these ecosystems prevailed
in areas around the world, generating wildlife habitat, clean water, and performing ecosystem services vital to the survival of specific communities,
they are now disappearing from the landscape and reappearing as row crops. This transformation is specifically evident in areas of the country, such
as Northwest Ohio where the Great Black Swamp once sat. While the ability to produce food and fiber for new and expanded generations is vital, so
are many of the resources that these wetland areas furnish, such as access to water for developing countries. The amount of agricultural land is
increasing, and wildlife is more often finding their home ranges now encompassed in this crop production. This competing relationship between
agriculture and wetlands may be present in some regions of the world, but not all. There exists a balance between agricultural production and wetland
ecosystems, which is essential for the sustainability of future societies. Investigation of this balance would allow for more sustainable agricultural
systems and an improved method of preserving wetlands. Wetlands have not always held the positive stigma that they do today. They

Enviro Development And Development Guidelines
Enviro Development guidelines to follow:
AspectsRequirements to followNotes
Energy One of the following
1.Photovoltaic System to be installed of at least (minimum) 1.0 kw
2.Gas boosted solar hot water system (2,600 kwh) along with insulation in ceiling and wall (1,500 kwh) and make a minimum total of 4,100 kwhGas
boosted solar – minimum 5 star rated
Energy efficient lights
Water use1.Specification for grey water recycling system
2.Rain water harvesting system with 3000 L tank and 100 Sqm roof catchment areaDual flush toilet, taps – minimum 4 star rated
Shower head – minimum 3 star rated
Passive environment Unit orientation towards north light to access daylight into living areas
Outdoor living area – as per the R codes
Good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proponent commitments:
During the process, there are certain commitments made by Proponent for Environmental management, in which 3rd commitment is particularly
related to the wetland management which ensures to focus on the minimisation of impacts on the wetland and make sure that there is no harm to
environment. The commitments are as under:
1. Identification of existing wetland area to be retained;
2. Avoiding direct and minimising indirect impacts on the wetland;
3. Ensuring no net loss of wetland values and functions;
4. Rehabilitation techniques to be employed;
5. Selection of appropriate local wetland and dry land species to maintain and enhance existing habitats;
6. Mitigation strategies for loss of any vegetation will be investigated, including both on–subdivision area and off–subdivision area options;
7. Creation of a new wetland area to be located adjacent to the retained wetland and the river foreshore suitable for Black Swan breeding habitat;
8. Adopt existing mosquito and midge management protocols currently utilised by the City of South Perth;

9. Monitoring criteria to determine success of the plan;
10. Progress and compliance reporting; and
11. Timing and implementation schedule.
As per the wetland management:
TasksDescription
Objectives to be followedAll the objective for the wetland management

The Everglades Analysis
'OOOO, AHHH' is the sound the crowd at Florida's very own National park the Everglades, but why should Floridian's and other people value the
Everglades so much ? The Everglades has brought many opportunities for work and play, without this wetland bad consequences will occur.
The everglades has given the people who live around it and the other humans who come to visit this marsh many wonders and smiles. This wetland
has provided many opportunities for work and play. According to the article "Are the Everglades Forever ?" In paragraph 11 it states, "Why should
humans worry about the Everglades? The loss of the area's biodiversity doesn't just hurt the plants and animals that originally made their homes there.
Humans have benefited from the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In addition to endangering the wildlife and economic prosperity of an area, the loss of wetlands also puts humans at risk. Wetlands serve as a
natural buffer zone against storms and hurricanes, slowing down the storms and reducing their force before they move inland. However, as the
wetlands disappear, some cities are becoming more exposed. The city of New Orleans, Louisiana, has already suffered the consequences of this
gradual depletion of wetland buffer zones. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina, one of the deadliest and most destructive hurricanes in the entire history of the
United States, hit the Gulf Coast. There were more than 1,800 casualties, with the greatest number of them concentrated in New Orleans. Eighty
percent of the city was flooded, and there were more than 700 dead. Many blamed the destruction of New Orleans on the failure of the levees, which
are manmade barriers that prevent water from flooding into a city. However, scientists and researchers believe that the hurricane would have done far
less damage to the city if the surrounding wetlands had been intact. Since the storm, there has been a greater national focus on preserving and restoring
the wetlands on the Gulf Coast. Preserving our wetlands and maintaining a buffer zone against storms will only become more crucial in the future, as
climate change may increase both the frequency and the severity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes. " There are so many

Boondall Wetlands
Boondall Wetlands is currently managed by the local State Government, Brisbane City Council and also has many volunteers that educate the public
and help to maintain the atmosphere of the ecosystem. The Council acquired this land in the 1960s and then in the 1970s/80s the wetlands were
planned for development. Concern of the public resulted in the creation of Boondall Wetlands in 1990 and the Environment Centre was then opened in
1996.
Moreton Bay is one of the largest Ramsar sites in Australia, covering more than 110,000 hectares. A Ramsar site is awetland designated of international
importance under the Ramsar Convention. The Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental environmental treaty which came into force in 1975.
Wetlands are highly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These limitations wouldn't have affected the overall results to a great extent because they are so minor.
Some secondary data was also found using websites and print outs from the internet. All of this data provided relevant information for the report and
were from reliable/official Government and Boondall Wetland sites.
2. Findings
2.1 Location
Boondall Wetlands lies at the edge of Moreton Bay between Nudgee Beach, Boondall and Shorncliffe and includes approximately 1500 hectares of tidal
flats, mangroves, saltmarshes, melaleuca wetlands, grasslands and open forest.
The location of the two different sites selected to be assessed are provided in the map below (figure 1). Site 1 is located at the marina with a major
mangrove ecosystem and a surrounding recreational land area that may affect the overall quality of the site. Site 2 is located beside the Gateway
Motorway, the Brisbane Entertainment Centre, a nearby airport and a waste disposal yard. Both sites were assessed at high tide which leads to a
large range of possibilities in data accuracy. Site 1 is managed all year round whilst site 2 is currently

Constructed Treatment Wetland Treatment Wetlands Essay
Constructed Treatment Wetlands Below is some valuable information that we believe you should know about constructed treatment wetlands (CTWs).
This will include the value of CTWs, how they work, the different types of CTWs, and some examples of CTWs in use today.
Value of Constructed Treatment Wetlands Engineers and scientist have designed constructed treatment wetlands for the sole purpose of improving
water quality that was polluted from point and nonpoint sources of water pollution. Including storm water runoff, domestic wastewater, agricultural
wastewater, and mine drainage. They're many benefits for CTWs that you should know about. Natural wetlands are some of the most biologically
diverse and productive natural ecosystems in the world, therefore most CTWs can provide the same benefits that natural ones provide. First, CTWs
are generally less expensive compared to traditional wastewater treatment options. This is an important detail because CTWs can cut the cost of water
treatment over time by a large amount due to low maintenance cost. In addition to cutting cost, CTWs are self sufficient, with proper construction
/maintenance. If a large storm comes in or unexpected level of wastewater is experienced, a CTW would be able to handle the extra load with little
problem if constructed correctly, while traditional water treatment options can have a negative impact due to excess wastewater. Another benefit of
CTWs is the ability to reduce or completely eliminate odors

Restoring Tidal Wetlands : Restoration Of Natural Habitats
пїјRestoring Tidal Wetlands Ivan Torrenegra
Tropical Landscapes Professor. Juan Bueno April 9, 2015 Restoring Tidal Wetlands
пїјThe proper process in restoring wetlands is fundamental to recover some of the lost habitats and biodiversity from our lifestyle. Ensuring this
recovery could change our lives. Meanwhile, it is the mentality and innocence about the importance of this topic what doesn't lead to more restoration
of natural habitats. However, changing out the mentality towards nature through education will ensure quality of life for us and the generations yet to
come. Throughout this paper we will discover the importance of the tidal wetlands, restorations processes, functions and results from these restorations.
The Tidal marsh is one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the hydrology of the tidal swamp form intertidal and supratidal cays shores and rivers, as well as sites along coastlines with low–energy waves. also
tidal flood and ebb of brackish water. there is very slow percolation even at low water table in which tidal import nutrients upland runoff nutrients.
The most significant part of the tidal marsh is its ecology which posses a dense uniform grass, rush, sedge prairies, smooth cordgrasses at deep sites
and black rush
пїјat shallow sites. This community has an extremely high biological productivity it is the habitat for numerous fish, shellfish and birds. The tidal
marsh is in charge of the stabilization and protection of shore and the soil formation. Unfortunately there has been a lot of human impact not only in
this community but in the overall picture. In the case of the tidal marsh apparently secure from natural community in Florida and on earth may be rare
in some regions, the offshore pollution, inland pollutant runoff, dredging and filling erosion of unvegetated marsh are still affecting this community.
However, there has been a large number of interventions trying to restore the natural habitats. projects like the Bandon marsh national refuge located
near the mouth of the Coquille River, in Oregon has become an oasis for migrating birds and many other species, this project was the largest tidal
marsh restoration ever constructed in
Oregon, according to Stan Van De Wetering, fisheries biologist

The Us Constitution
Provide the class with the details of the project (location, acres restored, methods used, species benefited if available, etc.). Be sure to integrate what
you find with what you are learning in your text and other readings and supplement it with additional research.
ALSO, as September 17th is Constitution Day, I want you to reflect on this and comment on it in your forums for this week. The preamble of the US
Constitution directs the Federal Government to "promote the general welfare"...."secure the blessings of liberty". ..and protect "ourselves and our
posterity". When thinking about our obligation to protect the environment (e.g., plants, animals, habitat, ecosystem services), can a case be made that
we are constitutionally bound to do so based on the quotes I gave you? What do you think? If so, how does that play into our responsibility to conserve
and restore the environment? If not, why not?"
For this week's forum, after searching for "wetlands restoration," I found a local wetlands restoration project that was completed in November 2011
and encompassed an area of 150 acres. The San Dieguito Wetland Restoration Project included the coastal area of San Dieguito Lagoon and the San
Dieguito River Park – estuarine and riverine wetland systems, respectively – which serve an important role in the local ecology. They provide a stop
for birds along the Pacific Flyway, nesting and foraging areas for endangered species and serve as a fish hatchery.
The basis for this

Essay on Wetland Restoration
Wetland Restoration
Most people think they know a wetland when they see one, but the delineation of wetlands for the purpose of granting permits has proven enormously
controversial. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), an area is defined as a wetland when a combination of three technical
criteria are met: Wetland hydrology (land that is saturated within 18 inches of the surface for more than seven days per year), Hydrophytic vegetation
(a list of plants that will thrive in wet areas), and Hydric soil (mucky and peat–based soil). The continual destruction of these valuable lands is due
mainly to farmers, oil and mining interests, and development groups (Russel, p.36). It is estimated that 30–40% of the original ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Wetland restoration is more complex that it may appear on the surface. Random transplantation of plants will not qualify as restoration. Wetland
restoration and creation proposals must be viewed with great care, particularly where promises are made to restore or recreate a natural system in
exchange for a permit to destroy or degrade an existing more or less natural system (Abalone, p.15). Expertise in planning and careful project
supervision at all project phases is essential. Careful attention to wetland hydrology is needed in design because different sites will require specific
alterations, that is to say, there is no "cook–book" approach to wetland restoration. Wetlands should be designed to be self–sustaining systems. There
should be no need for continued water level manipulation after establishment. Restoration should be favored over creation, as it is extremely difficult
to create a natural habitat, and there is a much greater success rate in restoring wetlands (MacDonald, p. 29). This factor is extremely important
because creating and restoring wetlands can be costly. The combination of these factors is crucial for the long term success of a restoration project
(Kusler, pp. 5–12).
In coastal Louisiana, backfilling canals is used as a technique for wetland restoration. Thousands of canals have been dredged in Louisiana

Melting Glaciers are Devastating for Wetlands Essay
Melting Glaciers: Great News for Titanic, Devastating for Wetlands Overview This essay is dedicated to the importance of wetlands and the
impending danger of rising sea levels due to global warming. Historically we humans have taken for granted the numerous vital roles played by
wetlands in our ecosystem and viewed them only as unpleasant and undesirable. So we have destroyed much of our wetlands, and now that we
finally see how important they are we are going to lose what little wetlands remain to rising sea levels. What are wetlands? Wetlands are, quite simply
wet lands. The word "wetlands" is the collective term for marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar areas. Here in Florida, wetlands are quite abundant. They
can... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, continued use of navigation channels, canals, and flood control levees continue to convert significant amounts of wetlands to open water
by blocking the ability of the wetlands to keep up with rising sea levels. Back to Contents Why are wetlands important? Wetlands play a vital role
in our intricate Earth system, having a strong effect on all of the different components, especially the hydrosphere and biosphere. Often, runoff water
from uplands is intercepted by wetlands where pollutants are removed or transformed before reaching the water resources. Wetlands are also
important reservoirs for the watershed, which is the region or area drained by a river, stream, etc. Wetlands are also useful as a natural protection
from flooding, from shore line and stream bank erosion, and storm damage. The wetlands hold the soil in place with their roots, reduce the velocity
of streams and river currents, and absorb wave energy thus buffering the shorelines against strong waves from heavy, even tropical storms. More
strongly felt, however, is the importance of . Many diverse species of plants and animals, particularly amphibians, fish and birds depend on wetlands
for food and/or habitat. More than one–third of the United States' threatened and endangered species depend solely on wetlands for habitat, while
another twenty percent use or inhabit them at

Texas Bottomland Wetlands
Bottomland hardwoods are wetlands found along rivers and streams which sometimes flood beyond their channels into hardwood forested floodplains.
These wetlands, which include forests, swamps, ponds, and water channels, are considered some of the most important habitats in Texas wildlife.
Soil type and adaptation of that soil. What is different about wetland soil? How can we recognize it?
The Texas bottomland hardwood soil is highly fertile due to the nearby water resources. These wetlands are able to control the soil erosion in order to
prevent flood damage and maintain water quality. The soil is often a deep brown or brownish–red color.
Yearly amount of rainfall.
In the Texas bottomlands and areas are it, the amount of rainfall varies throughout... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When this occurs, water from the wetland buildup can seep into the ground and be stored as ground for aquifers.
Human impacts in habitat, pollution, chemicals, etc...; Why should we protect wetlands? How can we protect wetlands?
These wetlands can be protected if humans reduce pollution amounts. Many wetlands are affected by pesticides and fertilizers, among other pollutants,
clogging up the waters. Another thing which is harming wetlands is when people drain them or get rid of them to make way for open land. People
can help by either joining a cause which preserves wetlands or by making sure rivers and streams become pollution–free zones so that the organisms
living there can continue to survive.
Any Background or History on the Texas Wetland of that particular region
Since the European settlement, Texas has lost over seven million acres of wetlands throughout the state. Wetlands are some of the most diverse
ecosystems, and East Texas contains most of Texas' bottomland hardwood wetlands. In the East Texas bottomlands, the climate is humid and hot. This
region has some of the highest amounts of rainfall in

Taking a Look at Wetlands
What is it? Where is it?
Wetlands are an eco–system that is home to both native and foreign species, especially waterbirds and are wet some of the time. The inter–tidal
wetlands of Bicentennial Park may be threatened by the quality of the fresh and salt water that flushes them as a result of the human activities in the
catchment and Waterways. In this report, we will explore themangrove wetlands in Bicentennial Park, Olympic Park, Homebush. The sixty–five
hectare Badu Mangroves are listed in the Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia and is an ecologically significant estuarinewetland system. The
wetland was created because of a series of land reclamation over several decades, including extensive mangrove stands, open water waterbird refuge
and an estuarine creek system. The park offers a variety of pathways and boardwalks for spectacular viewing opportunities, allowing the animals to
live peacefully while the wetland system can be enjoyed and studied. The Waterbird Refuge is rich in bird life, and provides habitat for large numbers
and species of birds, including migratory species protected under international agreements.
What's polluting the mangroves and how is it being solved?
From anecdotal evidence taking a tour on the Kadu boardwalks you will find that there are a numerous of items being litter on the mangroves including:
Plastic
Take–away packaging
Glass
Bicentennial Park has a sustainable process to water conservation based on stormwater

Shoreline Front Wetlands Research Paper
In southern California, there are various challenges facing the recovery of shoreline front wetlands and salt swamps. For a few times people have
ignored the contrary points of view, that would achieve the environment some mischief in perspective of urbanization.
What is the verifiable setting of wetlands? Wetlands are areas where water covers the earth, near the surface of the soil all through the whole year or
in the midst of drawn out extends of time. Wetlands are secured by plants, running from lowland grasses to trees. These plants must have the ability to
live in soil without oxygen in the midst of parts of the creating season. A couple of wetlands are far from immeasurable water. These are molded where
water accumulates or where groundwater raises to the surface. Wetlands can be depicted as swamps, tidal lowlands, shoreline wetlands, and estuaries....
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some are undermined or endangered species make their home in wetlands and half, use wetlands in the midst of a couple areas of their lives. Various
sorts of fish like bungle and sea trout depend on upon wetlands for sustenance, safe house and duplicating zones. Shell edge also depend on upon a
wetland regular environment; various flying animals use shoreline front inland wetlands. These flying animals use wetlands as resting, supporting,
raising, and settling grounds in the midst of particular times of the year. The wetlands in Malibu Lagoon is the place the Malibu Creek meets the
Pacific Ocean.
Malibu Lagoon State Beach is the prime spot for surfers in Southern California. The land highlights incorporate 42 sections of land of wetlands,
neighborhood plants, and sandy shoreline. Travelers value searching for the 200 bird species among the saltwater marsh. Pelicans, gulls, and sandpiper
and many organisms; that these species would look for. The Adamson House is a prominent piece of Spanish Revival that was built in the mid 1900's
on the

Drought In The Mississippi River Delta Wetlands
Wetlands are extremely valuable to society. Wetlands can decrease flooding, remove pollutants from water, recharge groundwater, protect shorelines,
provide habitat for wildlife, and serve important recreational and cultural functions. The Mississippi River Delta ecosystems alone provide at least $12
– 47 billion in benefits to people every year. If wetlands are lost, the cost of replacing them can be extremely expensive, if at all possible. Lost
wetlands can result in a city having to invest more money in drinking water treatment or higher costs to citizens for flood insurance. Wetlands act as
natural sponges that trap and slowly release surface water over time. This ability to store water in times of heavy rainfall means that... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the Gulf of Mexico region, some of the species of birds that live in wetlands include white egrets, ibises, anhingas, blue herons, and roseate
spoonbills. In fact, wetlands are some of the most productive ecosystems in world. Wetlands provide a habitat for more aquatic and terrestrial species
on an area basis than any other habitat type, making them among the most ecologically important ecosystems on earth (Comer et al., 2005). In the
Gulf, wetlands are also home to many endangered species such as the Louisiana black bear, wood stork, snail kite, and Bachman's warbler. In fact,
more than one–third of the United States' threatened and endangered species live only in

Louisiana Wetlands Research Paper
A wetland is an area of land that retains it water on it surface as in swamps, marshes, and bogs. Although we would prefer to keep the wetlands they
are being destroyed very rapidly. Louisiana loses about 25– 35 square miles of wetlands each year. By 2050 it's estimated that the annual loss of fishing
income due to coastal wetland erosion will be around $550 million dollars of revenue. The wetlands are valuable in many ways. They provide fish
for commercial fishing and eating. The wetlands also act as a sponge for floodwater during storms and heavy rains. Also retaining its water during
dry spells as a flash flood preventer. When it comes to the culture of Louisiana, the wetlands play a very large role in it, mainly in seafood. In
Louisiana we are the first to harvest seafood such as: Shrimp, crabs, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A swamp is a wetland that has a very high concentration of woody plants. The soil has a very lackluster drainage system and retains the majority of
its water that it soaks up. Swamps are deeper than marshes (another type of wetland) which can be about 3 feet deep. You can find a swamp on
slow moving streams, rivers, or low isolated areas. An example of an area that low and isolated would be the Everglades in Florida, which are a
massive system of wetlands. Although you may think of a swamps as having mainly trees, some swamps are completely dominated by shrubs.
Those are the two categories of a swamp: Shrubs and Trees. Swamps are a wetland, and wetlands are known for having an abundance of animals,
some of those are: Alligators, beavers, otters, snakes, insect, bobcats, and very large amounts of birds. Swamps have rich soils for sustaining plant
life as in the cypress tree. Cypress trees have a reputation of being able to sustain being submerged in water and not dying from it. This is most stems
from the fact that the cypress tree grows with its roots and part of its base

Shortland Wetlands Research Paper
The Shortland Wetlands have became one of the most popular and well–known attractions in Newcastle for its extensive wildlife, many activities and
intensive research on conservation of many topics. (Wetlands.org.au) There are many biotic features of the wetlands and these include the Pampas
grass, the elm (both of these are seriously terrestrial weed species). There are also other varying biotic factors such as the diversity and quantity of the
plants and animals found there. (Tpwd.texas.gov) Abiotic factors in the wetlands are mainly the soil texture, water quality and topography. Examples
of this do include the soil in the wetlands. There are also many various animals located inside the wetlands. These include 217 bird species with
examples... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egrets are another addition to the wetlands family, 14 types of them at the wetlands. As far as plants go, the rainforest located in the wetlands holds
71 species of plants from 42 families of native plants and introduced species. These include lantara camara, a type of weed, the Moth Vine and the
Purpletop. (Wetlands.org.au) Humans impact the wetlands in very many ways. Many people like to pollute the environment of the wetlands with
rubbish, smoking and eating. Yes, there are designated smoking areas, however many people disregard these signs and continue to smoke around the
wetlands, thus putting smoke into the air, affecting the plants and animals around them. This also goes for rubbish as many people do not use bins
provided to disperse their rubbish. This makes the surroundings not clean and could potentially injure some of the animals if the rubbish is consumed.
(Own thoughts) The distribution and abundance of the wetlands is a very vague topic, however as there are very limited species, there should not be
any worry of distributing the animals and plants, however there are various weeds etc that could potentially harm the plants and animals and there are
more and more being found in the wetlands themselves. This is also a serious issue and if not treated soon, could affect more and

Impact Of New Orleans On The Orleans
Robert Mayhue
Geography
Mr. Sullivan
October 5, 2014
Katrina
New Orleans as time has progressed has become more susceptible than most cities when it comes to the detrimental power of hurricane force and
storm surges. There are two reasons for this. The first is that New Orleans has a very low elevation relative to the surrounding sea level, the second is
the lack of Louisiana's natural defense against storm surges; that is the coastal wetlands and its barrier islands.
The location of the city has always been very low in relation to the sea level, but the amount of human growth and expansion has caused the city to
sink deeper into the landscape. When New Orleans was originally being laid out they were in short supply of good, usable ... Show more content on
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There were many storms that hit the gulf coast, but Katrina was a wakeup call.
As Katrina grew stronger and stronger, the warnings were crystal clear. As said by National Hurricane Center Director Max Mayfield Aug. 28 as the
storm approached;
"All signs point to it becoming one of the strongest hurricanes ever to hit the United States."
One Weather Service meteorologist even voiced a very prophetic Katrina announcement, stating that: "Most of the area will be uninhabitable for
weeks."
Even though the warnings were dire many people it believed as if very few in government had heard their calls for help. Below is a partial transcript
of an interview with a resident of New Orleans after the flooding happened;
"I can 't know I cant get out. How am I [sigh] expected to get out?".
"I 'm scared, I 'm so scared. I don 't know what is going to happen,"
The main big failure was the levee system. Three hundred fifty miles of levees and floodwalls that were created to protect the city of New Orleans
failed and the flooding allowed the entire Ninth Ward and much more to be swept away. A field reporter described it as this after a few days of the
flooding;

"Over 80 percent of the area is under water, the residents are dealing with some of the worst of human conditions in the world, definitely in the United
States."
In the beginning, the Army Corps of Engineers insisted it was not at fault for the failure of the levees.As stated by Gen.

The Restoration Of Wetland And Wetlands
According to Elizabeth Willott, wetland and mosquitoes have generally gone hand in hand. One reason that many wetlands have been drained is to
get rid of mosquitoes. In the process, valuable ecosystems were destroyed. Now many people want to restore wetlands. It may be possible to restore
some wetlands while controlling mosquitoes, but it would require planning and frequented intervention on the part of humans. Should people have to
be concerned with what is going too happened to the mosquitoes and wetland, or they have to be thinking about how to protect the ecosystems? On a
higher understanding should we give priority to people's lives or priority to the ecosystem and wetland? I will try to show that the restoration of
wetland, it... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that for developing countries wetland are very important ecologically, because the serves as habitat for a variety of animals. The truth is that
the elimination of the insect shows the arguments for and against. Negative factors are obvious. Infected people die each year of malaria, dengue,
yellow fever, encephalitis, West Nile virus and other diseases of which is carried by the mosquito. Not counting the permanent fumbling for people.
In many places they make strangling swarms covering areas such as caribou in Alaska. But on the other hand, they live all over the planet, fulfilling
the function of feeding species of different ecosystems. Some scientists argue that kill them would turn to other predators without plants without
pollinators. In relation to the Arctic, where they form a compact biomass floating on the tundra, eradication could cause the number of migratory
birds whose power supply are reduced mosquitoes. There are also many fish, spiders, frogs, salamanders, lizards, who like to eat their larvae, as they
are tasty to their palates and easy to catch. Radically, it affects their diet and do not know what they could do to survive. In turn, the loss of these fish
would affect the chain from bottom to top (World Health Organization, 2016) General consensus is that, while it is true that are necessary for many
species, are not essential. Most

Preservation Of Wetland Conservation Protection Laws,...
Introduction Wetlands are one of the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems on the earth. While they only occupy a very small
percentage of land area, wetlands can be located all over the planet, ranging from near the northern and southern poles all the way to the tropics. Many
biological, chemical and physical properties of wetlands allow them to provide various functions to surrounding ecosystems, and humans have found
personal value from several of these ecological functions. Unfortunately, a history of exploitation of wetland services has led to their destruction and
degradation. The loss of wetland area has consequences for many aspects of the environment that are tied closely with the functions of wetlands.
However, the values of wetlands are now being recognized worldwide, and have led to the installment and enforcement of wetland conservation,
protection laws, regulations, and management plans [Mitsch and Gosselink, 2007].
Definitions In order to appreciate the many functions and values of wetlands, it is essential to understand what a wetland actually is. Wetlands can be
found in all climate zones, ranging from the tropics to the tundra, while only occupying 4–6 percent of the earth's land area [Mitra et al., 2005].
Wetlands, as ecotones between terrestrial and aquatic systems, have many unique features that set them apart from other natural ecosystems, including
the presence of standing water for extended periods of time, particular soil

The Degradation Of Coastal Wetlands
Introduction
There is rapid destruction of salt marshes and wetlands due to dredging operations and filling. In Boston, almost eighty–one percent of the salt marshes
have been lost. For the Canadian Maritimes, almost sixty–four percent of the coastal wetlands have disappeared due to agricultural reclamation.
Approximately, ninety–three percent coastal marshes have been lost along the Pacific coast in the United States. In addition, there is a degradation of
coastal wetland due to invasive species, nutrient enrichment, and storm water discharge. It is critical to preserve and restore coastal salt marshes so
that carbon can be sequestered, and fish and bird populations can be preserved (Roman et. al. 2012). It is estimated that coastal wetlands are being lost
at the rate of two times the rate at which they are being restored. Salt marshes are found amid human developments and coastal areas and play an
important role in protecting these communities from the threats posed by being close to the coast. Depending on the density of vegetation, production
of biomass, and the size of the marsh, salt marshes provide many critical ecosystem services, such as, stabilization of the shoreline, weakening of the
waves, and reduction of floodwater (Shepard et. al. 2011). Wetlands include boreal peatlands and tropical mangroves. They provide critical ecosystem
services by acting as reserves for carbon, conserving biodiversity, purifying water, enhancing fish production, and

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