Polycephalum Essay

Polycephalum Essay
Physarum Polycephalum is a slime mold that has a yellow coloring to it and it resides in areas of shade, cool temperatures and moisture. Not only
does this slime mold have the name Physarum Polycephalum, but it is also referred to as Polycephalum as suggested by (Jabr, 2012). P.
Polycephalum is a multicellular microbe that feeds fungal spores and other microbes because the organisms are heterotrophic (Sauer, 1986). P.
Polycephalum is very interesting because it has traits of both fungi and animals, which I find very interesting. It has this ability to move around where
it is located to find food by engulfing and surrounding it, and it does this by going through enzyme secretion. Although we know a lot about this
organism, for many years it was mistaken as fungi due to the fact that it was thought to be heterotrophic but through further analysis it was removed
from that category because they realized that fungi is not as mobile as this organism. P. Polycephalum doesn't have acell wall but fungi have cell walls
made of chitin, which lead to the line being drawn between these two organisms (Ashworth and Dee, 1975).
The most ideal habitat for P. Polycephalum is a moist and shady region but not only is it suitable for P. Polycephalum but its also suitable forbacteria,
archea and protists that it feeds on (Jabr, 2012). When it engulfs its food, it grows with the help of Phagocytosis and then it becomes a mass of
multinucleate protoplasm, which then has a bright yellow color,
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Mix Culture Streak Plate Kitchen Lab Microbiology Essay
Introduction–
The purpose of this experiment is to obtain isolation of individual species of particles from the mixed culture. This is completed through the isolation
technique of streak plate. The objective of this experiment is to replicate the technique of streak plate but on a much larger scale. Because it is on a
larger scale the particles are able to be visually observed as they are isolated using the streaking technique as the experiment is conducted. The benefits
of the streaking technique is when a cultures has multiple species they are able to be more easily identified once they have been isolated. This
experiment is much like the experiments completed on an agar plate but on one a much larger scale and where techniques ... Show more content on
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The particles were even more narrowed down in this final streak allowing for further separation of each individual particle. The streaking utensil was
cleaned using the particle remover and returned to the utensil storage area. And the other items collected for this lab were cleaned and returned to their
storage areas.
Results–
The particles that were collected for the lab were very concentrated prior to being mixed into the medium. Once the particles where mixed into the
medium they was a decreased in their concentration as the medium allowed for separation by filling the spaces between them. Once the first streak
was made it was slightly less concentrated and this allowed for the particles to be spread out over the surface. The concentration of particles that
were spread with each streak continued to decrease. In the final streak, as seen in picture 7, the particles were separated almost to the point of being
able to individually identify each color of particle. Much as the same results that you might see with a mixed culture that was completed in a lab and
final results reviewed under a microscope.
Discussion–
The conclusion that was made from this experiment was that as the streaking is completed the consistency as well as the concentration degrees
allowing for a more accurate identification of the individual particles. The results lead me to this conclusion because as the streaks were completed the

Laurier: Mortiest Place In Schools
Laurier is a school of over 1500 students. It is important that the building is kept adequately clean to prevent students from getting sick. Some places in
the school that are overlooked by the caretakers, might have the most bacteria.
Which spot in the school is the dirtiest?
Considering the cleanliness of fish, the fish tank could very well be the dirtiest spot in the school.
The petri dish was sanitized and covered in the agar. The cotton swabs used to swab bacterial samples were dampened using water. The spots around
the school were swabbed and brought back to the petri dish to prepare to grow the bacteria. To get the bacteria to transfer off the cotton swab and onto
the agar, the cotton swab must be rolled around the entire surface

Petri Dish Experiment
The experiment was completed by first putting on safety goggles and an apron, then get a sharpie and draw a cross on the top of the petri dish that
has agar in it, then label each quadrant with one control group. After that has been completed the partner will need to clamshell open the petri dish
while the cotton swab dipped in Micrococcus luteus is being spread side to side from the top of the agar to the bottom. When that is completed the petri
dish is going to need to be turned ninety degrees and the same procedure will need to be performed. Once the bacteria is spread across the agar it will
need to be taken to the counter with six household products on it and put one household product in the first quadrant, another in the second quadrant,

The Effect Of Liquid Tested On The Area Of Inhibition
Discussion:
The inclinations of the results were that the, the more Dettol added to the ratio to water, the more beneficial to increasing the area of inhibition. This is
because the more Dettol is in the formula, the more antiseptic the formula begins as the Dettol is the active ingredient that kills the germs and a higher
concentration of Dettol increases the area of inhibition.
I reason that the method is valid to an extent aside from a few minor omissions and possible flaw; having a sterile airflow in the lab would do no
qualm and allow the results to be better untouched. Undertaking more trials in order to surface a broader spectrum of results to obtain a more precise
average would also add more depth to the end results.
The flaw with the design of this experiment subsists that the liquid tested (Dettol Surface Cleaner) is in fact disinfectant and not a steriliser, meaning
that although it kills most germs (therefore being a disinfectant), it does not kill all germs (therefore not being a steriliser) as it has deficiencies in its
sporicidal properties because it's killing 'techniques' are cell dehydration, membrane disruption, and protein coagulation, these along with Hydrophilic
Viruses (viruses which are mixed with another liquid, eg; water) also can also be resistant. Although E. Coli is hydrophobic, if any air transmitted
viruses were to settle on the agar, the results would be extremely altered.
Conclusion:
My hypothesis lined up with the results, but as there

Lincoln Peas Lab Report
The same volume of liquid (10 mL) was added to each petri dish Each solution was made with the same volume of liquid (50 mL) Each petri dish
contained 5 Lincoln Peas The size of the Peas where had been all relatively the same size Each petri dish had contained 5 pieces of paper towel All
seeds were exposed to the same amount of temperature and light as they were all kept in the same location at the same times The water of all
conditions were sourced from the same distilled water throughout the experiment Same type of sucrose in each solution Same size petri dishes The
experiment had continued for only seven days this may have not allowed sufficient time to gauge the effect of the different sucrose concentrations on
the rate of germination.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There had been no obvious signs of cracking and previous germination on the seed's coat. Seeds had visibly appeared the same for the first 2 days The
more concentrated the solutions became the cloudier and whiter the solution had appeared Prior to germination the pea's in lower sucrose
concentrations had swelled, while those within higher sucrose concentrations had remained shriveled. Germination had first appeared in the sample
watered with the solution containing no sucrose. The seed coats had split and seedling had emerged. The seeds watered with higher concentrations had
taken longer to germinate Calculating Standard Deviation: To calculate our standard deviation we used a TI–84 calculator, and used the 1–variable
statistics function to calculate the standard deviation of our data set without having to use a tedious process. The standard deviation of our data is
going to be represented on our graph in the form of data bars. Standard deviation can be calculated

Petri Dish Lab
Post–Lab Questions:
In which petri dish did you observe the highest hatching viability? Did the results support your prediction in Pre–Laboratory Question #2?
The petri dish with the highest hatching viability was the 1.0% dish. No, the results did not support my prediction in the pre laboratory question #2.
My prediction did not match the results because in the 1.5% petri dish it showed a lower hatching viability compared to the 1.0% petri dish. After, the
results came out it was proven that the best NaCl solution for the brine shrimp was the 1.0 petri dish because it wasn't too concentrated and it wasnt too
little.
Explain, in terms of natural selection, why one saline solution yielded the highest hatching viability of brine shrimp.
Natural selection is the process whereby organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring. One saline solution
yielded the highest hatching viability because only one of the solutions was suitable for the brine shrimps and they were able to adapt to that place. The
other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the limitation was that the experiment was unable to simulate the effects of predation. In an actual environment some of the brine shrimp eggs
could have been eaten before they are able to hatch, but since this was in a petri dish there was no such thing as predators that have reduced the hatching
viability of the brine shrimp eggs. Another, limitation was the exact amount of brine shrimps you could brush up. This made the hatching viability to
not be as accurate because there was different amount of eggs to start with. If there was an equal amount of eggs to begin with the hatching viability
percentage would have been more accurate since they all started the same. These two limitations made the experiment not as reasonable because it
stopped what could have happen to these brine shrimps in their actual

Bacterial Growth Lab : Bacteria
Bacterial Growth Lab
Priyanka Savaliya
Mrs. Bronson
September 18th/2013
Bacterial Growth Lab
Introduction:
In this bacteria growth lab, students from Mrs. Bronson's biology class collected bacteria samples from around the school and grew them in petri
dishes filled with agar which were prepared one day before in advance with the expectation that after one week, distinct bacterial colonies will grow
larger in numbers so that the human can see them. These single–celled prokaryotes were grown on agar as it is easy to culture and grow bacterial
colonies in nutrient agar, a gelatin–like substance with a semi solid surface on which bacteria can grow and reproduce quickly while consuming added
nutrients in the agar mixture. The petri dishes were then incubated for a period of one week, so that students can examine the significant bacterial
growth and compare observations of various samples collected by students.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to grow, examine and classify colonies of different species of bacteria from around Maxwell Heights Secondary
School. Mrs. Bronson wanted to show her students that humans are constantly surrounded by bacteria, without humans even noticing their presence
and that they can grow quickly once placed in the correct environment.
Hypothesis: If humans are constantly surrounded by many bacteria without feeling their presence or harmful effects, majority of the bacteria will be
gram–positive (dark purple colour), with thicker layers

Streak Plate Essay
Student: Yi–Ren Wang
Course: BIO–205 BD2 Microbiology
Instructor: Dirk VandePol
Date: 6/21/2013
Streak Plate Isolation for Obtaining Pure Culture
1. When an agar plate is inoculated, why is the loop sterilized after the initial inoculation in put on?
Ans: We use agar plate to inoculate microbes by zipping the loop on the agar several times. We streak on the agar plate four time, propose is to isolate
the unknown bacteria. Therefore, the first time to streak on the plate, there are million of bacteria on the loop. For that reason, we need to sterilize the
loop before next streaking. Then we can get small group of colonies out from the large group of colonies to observe and distinguish the unknown
bacteria.
2. Define ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Why is necessary to isolate individual colonies from a mixed growth?
Ans: Every individual colony in a mixed growth might present different bacteria. We isolate them to help us effectively to determine on their
differences.
7. Why was blood agar, rather than a nutrient agar plate used for the culture from your mouth?
Ans: Because in a blood agar contains more nutrient than a nutrient agar. In our mouth it could have more different species bacteria that blood agar
will be a great place for them to grow.
8. Are a large number of microorganisms found in the mouth a cause for concern? Explain.
Ans: In my opinion, it might not necessary to worry about microorganisms in our mouth. There are some of them are harmless bacteria, and keep
balance in our mouth. Therefore, depending on the species we may take more concern.
9. How do microorganisms find their way into the mouth?

Ans: there are a lot of ways microbe can go inside our mouth, such as eating food, drinking water, putting fingers on mouth. All of them could covered
with microorganisms to pass through to our mouth.
Date Collection
Nutrient Agar Blood Agar
Describe
Nutrient Agar: We use a mixed culture on this nutrient agar. As the simple we use, there are two different colonies. First of all, small circular size and
light white color. Secondly, large and flat ring size

Caffeine Experiment Lab Report
Materials and Methods
The planaria were placed in 1 petri dish, 18ml of pond water for storage, after the collection. The planaria were separated into groups designated by a
labeled petri dish. 1 planaria group was placed in a petri dish filled with 18ml of pond water. Another group, the control group was placed in another
petri dish prepared in the same fashion. Each group of planaria was fed each Friday, although most of the first group died from unclean dishes,
human error, which necessitated the sampling of a second group. During each experiment, 2 planaria from the control group were placed in a petri
dish filled with pond water, while 2 from the treatment group were prepared in a petri dish filled with pond water and 2ml of caffeine. The Planaria
were observed 5 times, once every 7 days, allowing them to recover from the effects of the caffeine each week before testing in a new trial, for
unbiased data. The following concentrations were (2, 1 ml), whereas the following times were (30,15). In order to observe the effects of the caffeine
on their decision ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They were fed pellets each Friday, and the water was cleaned each day, in order to prevent die outs. During each trial, the behavior of the planaria
in each petri dish, in the maze, and the length of time in the maze, was recorded, with the following experimental error: the planaria were attracted to
the small bits of metal in the maze, which affected the time in the maze. The times in the maze were measured three times to provide replicates. In
trials 1 and 3, the following time was recorded as the dosage time, (30) while each trial used the following concentrations (2, 1 ml) respectively. Trials
2, and 4 followed a likewise fashion with the following dosage time (15) and the same concentrations (2, 1

Does Water Fountains Affect The Spread Of Toilet In Schools?
Science 9 Research Project: Water Fountains Vs. Toilets
Schools are one of the germiest places in the U.S., as well as all over the world. Diseases such as colds, influenza, pink eye and others spread rapidly
in warm, moist conditions, which is why they thrive in schools. Kids touch just about everything and don't know much about hygiene, and don't clean
their hands properly, which further causes the spread of these nasty germs and bacteria. This problem has been going on for a long time, and it is a
battle that will continue to be fought. Among the germiest hotspots in schools is water fountains. Kids touch the button and drink the water, which
comes from a spout that is covered in germs because of kids that suck or touch the spout with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You will need 11.5 grams of Nutrient Agar mix, a flask, a stir bar, a hot plate, a polystyrene partitian sterile petri plate, and 500 mls of distilled
water. You now have to combine the agar mix and the 500 mls of distilled water and mix together. Put the agar into the 500 mls of distilled water
and make sure the stir bar is in the flask. Put this mix on the hot plate and bring to a boil. Make sure the agar mix is dissolved before removing from
the hot plate. After pouring into the plates, close the lids on them to prevent condensation. Also important is to use plates within one day of making
agar. Make sure to label the plates properly(name, date, swabbing area). What is especially important during swabbing is to use sterile cotton Q–tips
and to make sure they are not contaminated. To do this, you should not touch the tip of the swab or put it in contact with anything besides the area
being tested. This general rule should also apply to the plates. To swab, after collecting the sample, gently roll the tip of the swab against the agar in a
zig– zag type motion, making large patterns. This will help you to achieve better colony growth. Make sure to place the lid back on the plates. After
swabbing, place petri plates in 37 degree celsius incubator and let stand for 4 days, then record data. When collecting data, make sure to use qualitative
and quantitative

Exercise 1-3 Aseptic Report
Exercise 1–3: Aseptic Technique, Transfers, and Inoculations The Goal: The goal of this exercise is to learn and apply Aseptic techniques, which
will be used throughout this course, by aseptically transferring cultures to three types of media: broth, plate, and agar slant. Materials: Lab coat 10%
bottle of bleach Sharpie Masking tape Vortex mixer Sterile Tryptic soy broth test tubes Sterile Tryptic soy agar slants Tryptic soy broth culture of
Serratia marcescens Tryptic soy agar slant culture of Serratia marcescens Inoculating loop Bunsen Burner Striker Methods: Before you start any kind
of Transfer you must: 1)Wash hands, place on lab coat, and disinfect work area with the ten percent bleach. 2)Set up your Bunsen burner and light
flame using a striker ( make sure the flame has two cones) 3)... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4)Make sure that the inoculating loop is a complete loop, if broken obtain a new inoculating loop. Collecting microbes from a Broth: 1)Using your
writing hand, pick up the inoculating loop and heat it, from the base to the loop end, until it is glowing orange. 2)Allow the inoculating loop to cool
for a few seconds. 3)With your non–writing hand grab the desired broth culture tube. 4)While the inoculating loop is cooling, mix the broth culture by
placing the tube in the vortex mixer (hold the tube and not the lid). 5)After the broth is mixed and the inoculating loop is cooled, take the cap off of the
broth culture tube by using the two fingers, on your writing hand, that are not holding the inoculating loop. 6)Briefly pass the top of the tube through
the flame a couple of times. 7)Hold the inoculating loop still, move the broth culture tube up until the loop is within the

Pill Bug Research Paper
Armadillidium vulgare are commonly known as pill–bug. Pill–bugs belong to the kingdom Animalia and are classified as Malacostraca. Belonging to
the order of Isopoda, they belong to the Armadillidiidae family, and classified into the genus Armadillidium. A. vulgare are found in soil with a
preference to moist environment (Holland 2014). This species see with ommatidia, smell using esthetascs, and touch with tactile setae to sense their
environment (Holland 2014). Migita and Moriyama (2004) declare that in unknown environments, animal behaves inappropriately by expressing their
innate or learned behavioral patterns. A. vulgare are often found constantly moving around the edge of the Petri dish because the environment is
unfamiliar and appears as an obstacle (Migita and Moriyama 2004). One observation of pill bug's movement is when they follow each other. Males can
detect females through distance chemical communication (BeauchГ© and Richard 2013). Due to aggregation pheromone, the A. vulgare are attracted
to each other. Unlike other isopods, A. vulgare locomotor activity is presence in the morning and the species exhibit positive phototaxis when
temperature increase (Cloudsley–Thompson 1952). Cloudsley–Thompson (1952) also found that response to light is greater when the species have been
in the darkness. Refinetti (2000) found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
vulgare when exposed to different colored light environment. The study reveals that in the presence of white light environment, A. vulgare are more
active. On the other hand, they are least active in the blue light environment. The results also contradict the prediction because the control group
contains more kinesis than the red light group. While the white light resembles daylight, blue light with the lowest wavelength out of the treatments
cause the lowest circadian rhythm in A.

A Study On The Absorbance Measured At 440 Nm Within 2 Min...
for 2 min. The absorbance was measured at 440 nm within 2 min stirring period. The results were compared against standard curve developed using a
concentration gradient of Na2So4 with BaCl2 (De Zoysa et al., 2007).
3.15. FTIR of purified polysaccharide
FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) spectra of the partially purified SP were determined using FTIR spectrophotometer model 5700 (M/S
Thermo electron Corporation, USA). Polysaccharide powder (2–3 mg) was mixed with KBr and pressed into a disk. The whole IR spectrum was
analyzed with a scan range of 4000–400 cm–1. Thirty scans were taken with 4 cm–1 resolution. CO2 and H2O corrections were incorporated.
Reproducibility of the normalized spectra was В±2%. (Shanthi et al., 2014).
3.16. Testing isolates probiotic properties
3.16.1. Blood hemolysis
Hemolysis test was performed according to the method described by Guttmann and Ellar (2000). Overnight cultures of isolated Enterococcus durans
and Enterococcus hirae were streaked on blood agar and incubated at 37В°C for 24 h. Blood agar plates were examined for signs of hemolysis. Blood
hemolysis test was performed in duplicates.
3.16.2. Resistance to low pH
Isolates Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae were tested for their ability to resist low pH values as follow, 25 ml of sterile MRS broth
adjusted to pH 6.4, 4, 3 and 2 was inoculated using 1% (v/v) of an overnight culture, then incubated at 37ВєC for 6 h. The absorbance at 620 nm was
monitored using

Petri Dish Lab
Introduction Bacteria growth on the petri dishes can be compared to bacteria growth on food. Bacteria grows on food and takes its nutrients from the
food, in the same way that the bacteria in the petri dishes gets its nutrients from the nutrient agar. Also bacteria on food can spread very quickly over
the food, just as it can in the petri dish. The microorganisms that contaminate food can be good and bad bacteria, as it can be in the petri dish, not all
bacteria is harmful. The same common types of bacteria, like molds and yeasts, could be found in both the petri dishes and on spoiled food items.
The experiment was to swab bacteria onto the petri dish and see how the bacteria grew. The purpose of the experiment was to learn how bacteria
grows and what kinds of bacteria there were on every day surfaces.
State Problem/Purpose
The objective of this lab was to observe the growth of bacteria. It was also to learn how to swab bacteria samples ... Show more content on
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The ninth step was to observe the petri dishes for eight days and record what we observed growing in the petri dish over the course of those eight days.
Data Results and Observation
SampleDay 1Day 4Day 5Day 6Day 7Day 8
DateApril 15, 2016April 18, 2016April 19, 2016April 20, 2016April 21, 2016April 22, 2016
ControlControl shows no changeControl shows a white hair like substance Control shows a white hair like substanceControl shows a white hair like
substanceControl shows a white hair like substanceControl shows a white hair like substance
KeyboardKeyboard shows no changeKeyboard shows a white hair like substanceKeyboard shows a white hair like substanceKeyboard shows a white
hair like substanceKeyboard shows a white hair like substanceKeyboard shows a white hair like substance
MouseMouse shows no changeMouse shows a white hair like substanceMouse shows a white hair like substanceMouse shows a white hair like
substanceMouse shows a white hair like substanceMouse shows a white hair like

Screening Of Antagonistic Activity Of Marine Actinomycetes...
SCREENING OF ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY OF MARINE ACTINOMYCETES AGAINST CLINICAL PATHOGENS
Ramarajan K*,Karthick .V * P.K.Senthilkumar,
Department of Microbiology,Faculty of Sciences, Annamalai University Tamil Nadu, India.
Email: ramsmicr@gmail.com
Abstract The present study was conducted to examine the ability of six promising indigenous isolates of marine actinomycetes (NA–1, 2, 3, 4 and
TA–1, 2) as probiotics in nature. The actinomycetes isolated from these eco systemsare capable of producing antibiotics that strongly inhibit the growth
of gram positive and gramnegative bacteria. A total of 6 isolates representing the range ofmorphological diversity observed from each sample were
obtained in pure culture. However ofthe 6, two were found to produce antibiotic substances. NA1 and TA1 exhibited higheractivity and, selected for
further studies. The purification and characterization of thesubstances is now in progress.
Keywords:Marine actinomycetes, Isolation, Biochemical characterization, Chemical screening,Antimicrobial activity.
INTRODUCTION
As a great promising for new natural products which have not been observed from terrestrial microorganisms, marine bacteria are being developed for
the discovery of bioactive substances with new types of structure, with growing intensive interest. The achievements have been well reviewed
(Bernan,et al.,1997) ,where many novel antibiotics were acquired from actinomycetes (Okami, Y & K. Hotta,1998) .Thus

Flavus Preparation Lab Report
3.3.1 Aspergillus flavus Preparation
A. flavus was grown on Potato Agar Dextrose (PDA) media on Petri dishes at optimum growth temperature of 25 to 30В°C for seven days. Before
that, 39g of PDA was dissolve in 1 Litre of distilled water and poured into half of the petri dish. There are 5 Petri dishes that are needed for this fungi
preparation. Then, the culture was maintained at 4В°C and subculture every 30 to 40 days. Then, the Petri dishes were sealed with paraffin film and
kept in a box in order to make sure the fungi grow perfectly. Noted that all the steps above are done in the laminar flow to avoid contamination that
might stunt the growth of A. flavus.
3.3.2 Spores Suspension Inoculum Preparation
A. flavus from Petri dish was transferred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
5mL of water sample was filtered and the filter paper was put into oven (MMM Medcenter GmbH, Germany) operating at 100В°C for one hour. The
last step before final weighing, the filter paper was put back into desiccator about half an hour to normalize the temperature and the filter paper was
re–weighed. Total solid suspended can be determined by using formula below:
Total Suspended Solid (mg/l)=((A–B))/(sample volume,ml) Г—1000 (3)
Where,
A = weight of filter paper + dried residue, mg
B = weight of filter paper, mg
3.8.5 pH
Measurement of pH is one of the most important and always used test in water chemistry. For this work, the pH was measured by using pH meter
(Crison pH 25). For turbid water, the pH of water samples are adjusted from 2 to 8 using 1M NaOH and 1M HCl. The initial turbidity of turbid water
used were 150, 100 and 50 NTU while the dosage used were 10, 30 and 50 v/v. The pH changes before and after undergo Jar Test were

Potato Dextrose Agar Lab Report
each to be plated on 0.4 g potato dextrose agar (PDA). The PDA (10.26% potato extract, 51.28% glucose, 38.46% agar, 35.5366 Nm cycloheximide)
uses potatoes as a source of nitrogen, potassium, and glucose as the carbon source, while cycloheximide is used to inhibit fungal growth. Of each
dilution 0.1 ml was plated on PDA and spread with the hockey stick method. Each plate was then labelled with the dilution factor and placed in the
incubator at 37В°C for 24–48 hours dependent upon growth. A seventh plate was created with soil from wet sample, plated in the same manner on
PDA. Four master plates were then created from the serial dilution plates. Potato dextrose agar was selected and master plates were divided into a grid
for isolation of

A Study On Blood Hemolysis Essay
A portion of (2–3 mg) from the partially purified polysaccharide powder was mixed with KBr then pressed into a disk. The whole infrared spectrum
was analyzed at a scan range of 4000–400 cm–1. Thirty scans were taken with 4 cm–1 resolution. CO2 and H2O corrections were incorporated.
Reproducibility of the normalized spectra was В±2%. (Shanthi et al., 2014).
3.16. Testing isolates probiotic properties
3.16.1. Blood hemolysis
Hemolysis test was performed according to the method described by Guttmann and Ellar (2000). Overnight cultures of isolated Enterococcus durans
and Enterococcus hirae were streaked on blood agar and incubated at 37В°C for 24 h. Blood agar plates were examined for signs of hemolysis. Blood
hemolysis test was performed in duplicates.
3.16.2. Resistance to low pH
Isolates Enterococcus durans and Enterococcus hirae were tested for their ability to resist low pH values as follow, 25 ml of sterile MRS broth
adjusted to pH 6.4, 4, 3 and 2 was inoculated using 1% (v/v) of an overnight culture, then incubated at 37ВєC for 6 h. The absorbance at 620 nm was
monitored using spectrophotometer (Unico, USA) at hourly intervals (Nawaz et al., 2011).
3.16.3. Bile salts tolerance
The selected isolates were examined for their ability to grow in presence of different concentrations of bile salts. The two concentrations 0.1% and
0.3% (w/v) were used for this purpose. An aliquots of 20 ml sterile MRS broth supplemented with 0, 0.1% and 0.3% bile salts were inoculated with

Chemistry Of Naoh ( Sodium Hydroxide Solution
EXPERIMENT: 1
AIM: To prepare 100 ml of 0.1M NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) solution.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: NaOH, beaker, distilled water, measuring cylinder, stirrer, weighing machine, paper.
THEORY: NaOH is an organic compound aka caustic soda. It has Na+ as cationic part and OHв€’ as anionic part. At ambient ordinary temperature
this alkali decomposes protein causing severe burns. It is highly soluble in water and absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from air. In many
industries pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents are manufactured using NaOH and also used as a drain cleaner with wide
range of applications.
CALCULATION:
Molarity = Number of moles of substance 1 litre of solution
1.1= w/m 1 litre
= w/40 1 litre w = 4 gm 4 gm for 1000 ml X gm for 100 ml = 0.4 gm
PROCEDURE: Weigh 0.4 gm of NaOH using weighing machine. Add 100ml of distilled water to the beaker. Add NaOH to it and stir it using the stirrer.
PRECAUTIONS: Weigh the distilled water and NaOH accurately. Use gloves while weighing the organic compound to prevent injuries.
EXPERIMENT: 2
AIM: To prepare and autoclave 100 ml ofagar media.
MATERIALS REQUIRED: Beaker, distilled water, stirrer, measuring cylinder, weighing machine.
COMPONENTS OF AGAR MEDIA:
вћўPeptone 0.5gm
вћўBeef extract 0.3gm
вћўNaCl 0.5gm
вћўAgar powder 2gm
THEORY: Nutrient agar media is used to facilitate the growth of the wide range of non–fastidious bacteria.
0.5% Peptone – provide organic nitrogen
0.3% beef extract/yeast extract – the water–soluble content of these contribute vitamins, carbohydrates, nitrogen, and salts
1.5% agar – this gives the mixture solidity
0.5% Sodium Chloride – this gives the mixture proportions similar to those found in the cytoplasm of most organisms

Distilled water – water serves as a transport medium for the agar's various substances
pH

A Report On The Los Penasquitos Trail
In late October our class explored the Los Penasquitos Trail in Sorrento Valley and collected samples of the area's vegetation, water sources and soil.
We hiked early in the morning on a dry, dirt trail surrounded by drought resistant landscaping. The soil samples for this experiment were collected
from the descending end of a hill leading down to the Wagon Creek Bridge. It was our assumption that this area would have more microorganisms
because of the increased foot traffic. The purpose of this report is to discuss the bacteria we discovered in our soil sample. The samples were kept in
plastic tubes with a closed lid until we were ready for analysis. One gram of the soil was measured out from the tube and mixed with 20ml of
deionized water. A serial dilution was prepared consisting of five glass test tubes filled with 9ml of culture broth. Afterwards, 1ml of the soil was
piped from the center of the sample and placed into the first tube of the serial dilution. We lightly capped each tube and incubated the sample under a
ventilation hood at room temperature (~24ВєC) for 48 hours. After the incubation period the samples were mixed well will a vortex. We then piped
1ml of the first dilution into the second dilution and mixed thoroughly with the vortex. This process was repeated with remainder of the dilutions..
Streak plates were prepared in petri dishes filled with premade nutrient agar and 100Вµl of the third, fourth and fifth dilutions. We streaked an additional

Effect Of The Amount Of Hand Sanitizer In Petri Dish
Conclusion The hypothesis, "If the amount of hand sanitizer in the Petri dish increases, then the radish germination will decrease," was supported
by the data. With no drops of hand sanitizer on the radish seeds, the germination of the seeds was 100%. Then, with 1 drop of hand sanitizer in the
dish, 60% of the radish seeds germinated. The radish seeds with with 3 drops of hand sanitizer only germinated 40%. The germination decreased
40% from dish 1 to dish 2, and then another 20% from dish 2 to dish 3. A total decrease of 60% was observed between dish 1, with 0 drops, and dish 3,
with 2 drops. The results of the lab connect back to the waste and water pollution unit because the information learned in those environmental science
units

Petri Dish Lab Report
General BiologyBryarra Tinoco
BIO102 – Spring Semester – 2015February 24, 2015
Introduction For this lab the experiment was to test how effective the antibiotic properties were in four substances. The hypothesis that I conducted for
this lab was that if the disks containing the substances had a zone of inhibition then the antibiotic effect could be measured and compared. The part that
would be measured is the diameter of the zone if inhibition. The independent variables would be the substances (P–10, S–10, C–30, and TE–30) and
the dependent would be the zone of inhibition which is what would be measured. Some of the standardized variables for this experiment were the
bacteria, the petri dish, and the nutrient. A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We measured the greatest diameter for each substance which told us the zone of inhibition. To measure each we used a ruler and measured the
diameters in millimeters. After recording each zone of inhibition we copied our results onto the board and compared out answers to other classmates.
After comparing the results we then copied all the data onto a table and calculated the mean for each substance plus the control. When we completed
the table we then calculated the percent of difference and placed the results into a table by using the means. After doing so, we created a graph that
illustrated the mean zone of inhibition for each one of the substances.
Results
In order to compare the difference of each substance we had to calculate the percent of difference for each substance. The control vs the P–10 was
calculated to be 65% which was the lowest percent. The next substance which was not as high was the TE–30, when compared to the control it was
123%. One substance that was higher was S–10, when it was compared to the control it was calculated to be 145%. The biggest difference was C–30,
when this substance was compared to the control it was 239%.

High School Bacteria Experiment
In this experiment, we wanted to investigate which surfaces in the school had the most bacteria, and we thought that the surfaces used more would
have the most bacteria. For this experiment we used agar plates, cotton swabs and distilled water in order to see how much bacteria was on each
surface. Cotton swabs were wet with distilled water and then the swabbed ws wied on a 2 inch space of the surface and twisted to cover the entire
swab.once we swabbed the surface, we wiped the swab on the plate in a zigzag motion holding it upside down. The girls bathroom sink handle had 389
bacteria, and the boys bathroom by the football field had 0. We saw that places commonly used such as the bathroom sinks, door handles and railings
contracted the most bacteria. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Things that are used commonly by students and staff should be routinely disinfected to ensure the health and safety of the people using the provided
materials. Bacteria is related to disease (American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1885) Previous studies on the surface of a high school
telephone showed that the phones had an uncountable number of bacteria colonies (Yalowitz, 2003). We know that surfaces used by the public often
become contaminated because of the bacteria on peoples hands. A study on the bacteria on peoples hands showed that 28% of people have fecal
matter on their hands (Judah, 2010). A study done on the contamination on public doorknobs showed that over 86.7% were contaminated (Nworie,
2012). This experiment was to show us how much bacteria is on the surface of the things we use

Lab Experiment: The Effectiveness of Different...
Objectives:
1.To investigate the effect of different antibiotics on bacteria
2.To develop problem solving and experimental skills, for example, information is accurately processed and presented, experimental procedures are
planned, designed and evaluated properly, producing valid results, recording results, and valid conclusion is drawn.
3.To develop the aseptic techniques for preparing agar plates and bacterial culture.
Problem statement
Do antibiotics have the same effect on killing different types of bacteria?
Abstract:
The main objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of different types of antibiotics on bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. Some
of the main methods used in this experiment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Preventing the formation of cross–linking in the cell wall
3.Damaging the cell membranes of bacteria
4.Preventing the transcription or translation of microbial genes (mechanism for tetracyclines)
5.Stopping the bacterial DNA from coiling up
Examples of antibiotics that are commonly used in infection treatment include: gentamycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, and carbenicillin
Bacteria
Bacillus subtilis is rod–shaped and has the ability to form a tough, protective endospore, allow the organism to tolerate extreme conditions. Some uses
of Bacillus subtilis includes using as a model organism for laboratory studies. It can also be genetically modified to convert explosives into harmless
compound of nitrogen, water and carbon dioxide. (Wikipedia, 2010)
A close up view of B. subtilis bacterium. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis

Escherichia coli are commonly found in lower intestine of warm blooded animals. Most E. coli are harmless. The bacteria can be grown easily and its
genetics are relatively simple and easy to study, making it the best–studied prokaryotic organism. Certain strains of E. coli can produce toxins that can
cause food poisoning when eating unwashed vegetables. (Wikipedia, 2010)
Escherichia coli. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli
Aseptic techniques
Aseptic techniques refer to the procedures that performed under

The Anti Bacterial Properties Of Herbal Remedies
Investigation of the anti–bacterial properties of the herbal remedies, tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil
Viktoria Budafai – G00269730
Group J
Biology 1.1 Laboratory Project
Brian Moran
Contents
Introduction3
Hypothesis and aims3
General introduction to herbal remedies3
Tea tree oil3
Eucalyptus oil3
Penicillin G.3
Gentamicin3
Trigene3
Sterile water3
Escherichia Coli3
Methods4
Choosing reagents4
Preparation of agar plates4
Sterilisation of equipment4
Transfer of E. coli. culture onto agar plates4
Disk preparation and placement4
Incubation5
Results5

Tea tree oil5
Eucalyptus oil5
Penicillin G.5
Gentamicin5
Trigene5
Sterile water5
Conclusion7
Appendices7
Bibliography8
Introduction
Hypothesis and aims
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
EO is frequently used to treat viral infections such as influenza and the common cold. EO is also regarded to have antimicrobial activity against
pathogenic bacteria, therefore it is also used to treat wounds to prevent infection.
Penicillin G.
Penicillin G. is also known as Benzylpenicillin. It is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Usually Penicillin G is obtained from microbial
sources such as Escherichia coli (Cole, 1969). It works on most Gram–positive bacteria, and some Gram–negative bacteria.
Gentamicin
Gentamicin is also an antibiotic, like Penicillin, and is used to treat a number of bacterial infections. Unlike Penicillin, Gentamicin is more effective on
Gram–negative bacteria, and only works on a limited number of Gram–positive bacteria. It was first used in 1963 as the first clinically useful
broad–spectrum antibiotic. (Edson RS, Terrel CL, 1999).
Trigene
Trigene is a disinfectant and was used in the experiment as a positive control.
Sterile water
Sterile water was used in the experiment as a negative control.
Escherichia Coli
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a pathogenic, Gram–negative bacteria, and was used in the experiment to determine the antimicrobial activity of TTO and
EO.
Methods
Choosing reagents
Before the preparation for the experiment could be started, reagents needed to be picked. In the case of this experiment, the reagents were chosen to be
TTO and EO.
Preparation of agar plates

The

Outline Of An Article On The World
Care to Grow Mushrooms? Here 's What You Need to Know
By Hara Mae Ople Bado | Submitted On January 04, 2013
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Are you the one who wants to join in the bandwagon and cultivate your own patch of mushrooms? There is no surprise to that. Mushroom cultivation
has been like the mushrooms themselves. People who are interested in this kind of business have been popping out. Perhaps one of the reasons why
this has garnered so much interest is the availability of the supplies needed so that one can cultivate edible mushrooms.
Not only that, the way to cultivate edible mushrooms is easy breezy. In fact, the technique in planting the spores has not changed for quite some time.
Ever wonder why this is so? The answer is as simple as the nose on your face– the technique is simple,effective and very straightforward. If the
technique, though old can be quite effective, why revise it in the first place, right?
When cultivating these mushrooms, you have to know some information about mushrooms. Well, for starters, it grows in damp and dark places. Even
the location is simple. An area in your basement can be used to cultivate your first batch of mushrooms. You really

Biology : Ecology Of Life Lab
0. Title Page
Ecology of Life Lab
Courtney Patton
3/16/16 – 4/1/16
1. Introduction:
During this project, we tested if washing your hands multiple times would affect the bacteria growth on your hands. I think that the more you wash
your hands, than there would be less bacteria growth each time. This experiment will help to show us just exactly how the bacteria on our hands if
affected as we wash them. This way we will be able to see the bacteria better because a single bacteria would need a microscope to be visible to the
human eye. Since I wiped my finger on the agar plate, the bacteria will grow fast and will start to form colonies of bacteria. After the bacteria forms
colonies, you won't need a microscope to be able to see the bacteria. This will show us how washing your hands can keep you from getting sick or
spreading a sickness you already have. 2. Materials:
Paper towels
Soap
Incubator
Wax Pencil
Agar Plate
Parafilm Sealing Film
Student Data Sheet
3. Procedure:
Day One:
With your partner, get an agar plate and wax pencil. On the bottom of the plate, draw a cross that separates the plate into fourths. Put A–D on each
quarter of the cross and put your initials on the plate.

One person will be the one getting their finger tested and the other will be assisting their partner.
The partner in our group who was getting their finger tested went and touched a basketball before we did any type of testing. This partner then

Lab Report On Hand Washing
Lab Report #1: Hand washing –––– is it worth it?
Introduction:
This experiment illustrates the importance of handwashing and proves that hand washing is worth it. Since our hands are constantly coming into
contact with ourselves and others, touching surfaces, grabbing objects, being sneezed into, etc., keeping our hands clean is one of the most effective,
yet simple way we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. Many diseases and conditions are spread by not washing hands with
soap and clean, running warm water. "The human skin is a host to anywhere between 10,000–10,000,000 bacteria per square centimeter and since health
care providers come into contact with pathogenic bacteria by being engaged in patient care, hand washing can reduce the risk of spreading diseases
(page 3)." The objective of the experiment is to test the effectiveness of hand washing and demonstrate normal flora. This report presents the procedures
and materials for the experiment, the experiment's results, and an analysis of those results.
Exercise #1
Materials Needed:
A Nutrient Agar Petri Plate
Sharpie Marker
Fingers and/or Thumb filled with bacteria
Sink
Soap
Paper Towels
Incubator rack marked 37C
Procedures:
In the beginning of lab, we were advised to obtain a nutrient agar petri plate, which is used for the cultivation of microbes supporting growth of
non–fastidious organisms. Since it contains many nutrients, a wide variety of bacteria and fungi can grow. Taking the plate,

Gram Stain Essay
All media incubated at 37В°C, except gelatin.
Slant or gelatin media used a needle to inoculate the microbe.
Day1
Professor handed out one unknown organism to each of the students. Students had to record their own unknown ID. Used the aseptic techniques to
perform the gram stain and inoculate the nutrient media(nutrient broth, nutrient agar slant, and nutrient agar plate). Only for the nutrient agar plate media
used four quadrant streak method. Gram stain was distinguishing the gram–positive or gram–negative cells. Preparing of the heat–fixed slide was
taking some times while air dries it. Therefore, inoculated the media of growth during the waiting time. Additionally, placed the media in the "to be
incubated area." The gram stain required four important stains and solution: Crystal violet, iodine, 95% ethanol, and safranin. Crystal violet was for the
primary stain. Iodine was the mordant to form the crystal violet–iodine complex. Used the 95% ethanol to decolorize the stained slide. Safranin was the
counterstain to colorize the gram–negative cell. One had to use the DI water to rinse every stain between these procedures. It was very hard to
decolorize the stains, because it may ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Inoculated the "B12" on the blood agar plate, mannitol salt agar(MSA), phenol red mannitol/glucose broths, nutrient gelatin tube, MRVP broth, and
urea agar. And then, placed everything in the "to be incubated" area. Blood agar plate helped to detect the hemolytic ability. MSA was for the salt
tolerance and mannitol fermentation. Phenol red broths were for the mannitol and glucose fermentation. Nutrient gelatin tube was the test for the
presence of gelatinase. Gelatin melt at 28В°C; therefore, it incubated at 25В°C for a week. MRVP broth incubated for 48 hours at 37В°C to test for
the capability of performing a mixed acid fermentation. Furthermore, it determined the ability of glucose fermentation. Urea test was for the presence
of the

Aseptic Technique And Culturing Bacteria
MATERIAL and METHODS:
Aseptic Technique and Culturing Microbes(1) experiment was followed as stated in the lab manual from Clinical Microbiology Class C–453. Aseptic
technique was initiated at the beginning of each experiment. Starting by cleansing the work surface with disinfected wipes to prevent cross
contamination each time. Utilizing the gloves and personal protective equipment assisted in maintaining a pure culture during the series of
experiments. The first step, was to grow the yeast and bacteria cultures. The materials used for the Aseptic Technique Experiment(1) were:test tube
rack, 5 mL nutrient broth tubes, pipettes, a lit tea light, Fleischmen's rapid yeast pack, E. Coli tablet and the S. epidermidis tablet. Started by activating
the yeast, by placing the content of Fleischmen's yeast bag in a disposable cup. Then added approximately 60 mL of warm tap water into the
disposable cup. To assist in mixing the two items, I carefully swirled the cup. Once the mixture was combined, it then was left alone for around 10
minutes or until it was frothy. Each nutrient broth tube was labeled with the correct name of the microorganism that was cultured in that tube and
dated. The S. epidermidis was selected first, to be cultured. Taking one of the 5mL nutrient broth tube in one hand, the pipette in other hand. The cap
was removed with the same hand that had the pipette. Utilizing a lit tea light, like a bunsen burner, I flamed the mouth of the nutrient

What Is 5. 5 Antimicrobial Agar Diffusion Assay
5.5 Antimicrobial Activity
The antimicrobial agar diffusion assay was performed according to disc diffusion method against four bacterial strains; Bacillus subtilis , Shigella
flexneri, Escherichia Coli ,Enterobacter cloacae and four species of fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger and
Pencillium Species.Potato Dextrose Agar for fungus and NAM(Nutrient agar media) for bacteria was prepared according to the accurate composition
and immediately after autoclaving, it was cooled in a 45 – 50В°C.The freshly prepared and cooled medium was poured into petri plates. The agar
medium was cooled to room temperature unless the plate is used the same day; and stored in a refrigerator (4В°c).
5.5.1 SPREADING OF BACTERIA AND FUNGUS ON THE PLATES
100 ВµL of bacteria and fungus from freshly prepared culture was taken in the pipette and poured in the middle of the respective petri plate.
Remove excess inoculum by lightly pressing the swab against the tube wall at a level above that of the liquid.Using a cotton swab that has already
put in UV light, the bacteria and fungus was spread evenly on the surface of the plate so that bacteria and fungus were spread in each corner of the
plate and dried for 4–5 minutes Inoculate the agar by streaking with the swab containing the inoculum. Rotate the plate by 60В° and repeat the rubbing
procedure. Repeat two times. This will ensure an even distribution of the inoculum. Allow the surface of the medium to dry for

Lab Report On The Bacteria
Introduction
The primary goal of this lab was to notice the bacteria growth in each tube/plates and to be able to properly inoculated the media to get a good result.
Materials
4 Nutrient Broths
4 Agar Slants
4 Agar Deeps
4 Petri Dish
1 loop and needle
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus Samples
Procedures
1.Label all of the tubes and petri dishes with the name of the bacteria and my lab partner and I initial, but leave one of each media as a control and
label it with the letter C.
2.Sterilize loop or needle
3.Using the loop grab a sample of B.S and streak it onto the first plate. Second plate and third plate you repeat the same steps, but instead using one for
E.C. and the other one for S.A.
4.For the three nutrient broth you first sterilize the loop and grab a sample of B.S and inoculated by spinning it in a circular motion inside the tube and
then repeat the same method for the other two bacteria.
5.The next thing is to grab your Agar slant tube, sterilize the loop, take a sample of B.S and inoculate it inside the tube and gently do a snakelike
motion from bottom to the top. Repeat the steps for the other bacteria.
6.Lastly, for the Agar deep, sterilize the needle, grab a sample of B.S and inoculated it by simply pushing the needle straight down about three quarters
and then slowly bring the needle out. Repeat the same steps for the other two bacteria.
7.Inoculate the media's in 35oC until the next lab period.

How Does Planaria Affect Classical Conditioning?
Introduction Planaria are free living flatworms form the class Turbellaria (Caitlin 2015) which is a class platyhelminthes who are mostly aquatic
and have cicilia on the body survive. Planaria are ideal subjects because they are bilateral symmetrical and because they have a synaptic nervous
system (Caitlin 2015). Planaria have also demonstrated the ability to learn through classical conditioning (Shank 2002) which is a learning process
in when two stimuli are repeatedly paired in this case the stimuli were the light and the electric shock. It is very important to cut the planarian after
they have been properly trained to learn that a flash of an LED light means that they will be shocked. Planaria, also known as dugesia tigrina, use
auricles to sense currents in water and to find their food. Planaria also use the auricles to sense the direction and intensity of light. These auricles are a
crucial part of the experiment because they are allow the planaria to sense stimuli, and if there is one thing that is crucial in classical conditioning it is
the stimuli, because we need to manipulate how the planarian react to them.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When a planarian is cut segments one the anterior, the head, and the other segment the posterior, the tail, both segments will regenerate into two
individual organisms. What is interesting is that both individuals retain their memory from when they were a single organisms (Caitlin 2015). These
planaria also use a chemical called gradient to learn, this allows them to be subjected to classical conditioning. The reason these planarians are studied
is because through these simple animals scientists wish to understand more about the memory and ability to learn of higher functioning animals such as

E. Coli And Its Effects On The United States
E.coli outbreaks have steadily grown over the last few decades. An expansion in big farming has led to E. coli not only being found in meat, but
vegetation as well, due to waste runoff. This has increased our need for adequate antibiotics that can fight bacteria, like E. coli. The best way to
pinpoint which antibiotics work is by measuring their ability to create antimicrobial agents or zones of inhibition. When a paper disc that has been
saturated in an antibiotic is inserted in a solution of E.coli and medium, the zone of inhibition will be noted as the clear ring that forms around the disk.
The antibiotics efficacy is then determined by measuring each disk zone of inhibition, and comparing these measurements to the zone measurements of
an untreated specimen. If an antibiotic is to be deemed sufficient for treating E. coli it should show a zone of inhibition that is at least double the size
of the untreated specimen.
On August 19th, 2015 this experiment was performed, by 6 separate lab groups.The experiment began by measuring 1 Ml of E. coli into a pipette and
pump, then placing the bacteria into a culture medium. The E. coli and medium were then swirled together for a period of 15 minutes, until completely
mixed. This mixture was then poured into a petri dish and allowed to solidify for 45 minutes. After the 45 minute solidification time, 5 small paper disks
were inserted into the dish. 4 of the disk contained treatments of antibiotic and 1 was left untreated. The

The Petri Dish Analysis
The human race is about to be annihilated in 240 hours and at the bottom of it all is an infamous genius. Equipped with vast resources stolen from the
Supreme Leader of North Korea, the most powerful man on the planet decides to impart his wisdom. GENIUS is an electrifying account of a
self–taught thermonuclear physicist and former bomb squad technician, Arden Blank. A page turner at its core, the story takes multiple twists to come
to the epic conclusion on why the petri dish needs to be sterilised and the human race deserves to start fresh. What's terrifying – at the end of it all –
you'll concur with the psychopath. In a flashback, the narrator takes the reader on a petrifying journey to the Al Qaeda head quarters, located in the Tora

Microorganisms Can Easily Be Found From Water
Microorganisms can easily be found in water. In third world countries, this can pose a huge threat, because lots of people can get sick from drinking
water. SODIS is a method used by many in undeveloped countries as means of attaining microbe–free water. It involves allowing water to stay exposed
to sunlight in order to kill whatever microbes are living in it. For this experiment, microbial diversity was determined by collecting a sample of water
of different from shaded water and water directly hit by the sunlight. Microbes were then cultured for 7 days. The abundance of the different colony
types was then counted. Results exhibited that the community from the light area was more biodiverse. It was concluded that a possible reason for this
is due to the different structures of bacteria, allowing some of them to sustain the light and others to be restricted by it. Since SODIS relies on light to
kill microorganisms, it should be accompanied by another method that will also kill the bacteria that may survive in the water after being treated in the
sunlight.
Introduction
Microbes are any organism that can't be seen with the naked eye. They can be classified as bacteria, protists, fungi and sometimes even parasites. Many
different types of microbes can exist within a community, which means that they have the potential to have a high species diversity (Reece et. al. 2014).
Found virtually anywhere, microbes can range from being very beneficial for the environment to being

Microbial Survey, Smear Preparation, and Simple Stain Essay
MICROBIAL SURVEY, SMEAR PREPARATION, AND SIMPLE STAIN
Instructional Objectives 1. Define
Roccal = green, liquid disinfectant.
Pathogen = an agent which causes disease.
Wet Mount Slide = a microscope slide of a liquid specimen covered with a cover glass.
Yeast = a single celled fungi.
Budding = a true characteristic method of asexual reproduction among yeasts where budding of a new cell from a parent cell can be observed.
Mold = multicellular masses of filamentous fungal growth.
Hyphae = individual filaments of mold, generally comprised of more than one cell.
Mycelium = the entire mass of the intermeshed hyphae.
Colony = the sometimes circular body of fungal growth that is visible to the unaided eye. Can be comprised of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
To prepare a wet mount slide you begin with the substance at hand. The specimens studied in the laboratory using this type of slide were a hay
infusion, a yeast suspension, and the mold specimen. For the hay infusion you begin with placing two drops of the suspension in the center of a clean
microscope slide using a transfer pipet. The specimen must be immediately covered with a cover glass completing the wet mount slide. The yeast
suspension is transferred from the tube to the slide using a flame sterilized inoculating loop. Immediately cover the specimen with a cover glass. The
stained yeast suspension is prepared the same way except that the suspension is mixed with a drop of lactophenol cotton blue placed on the slide prior
to transferring the yeast. The mold must be cut from the petri plate and placed on top of the drop of lactophenol cotton blue already placed on the
microscope slide. After it is covered it may be studied under the microscope. 3. State the scientific name of the yeast studied in the laboratory.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the scientific name of the yeast studied in the laboratory. 4. Name the medium upon which the mold was cultured.
Sabouraud agar is the medium upon which the mold was cultured. 5. Name the stain routinely employed on fungal specimens.
Lactophenol cotton blue is a stain routinely used on fungal specimens. 6. List two methods by which the mold specimen was examined.
The mold

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