This document provides tips for making an effective presentation. It outlines six basic steps: 1) Formulating a strategy by understanding your audience and objectives. 2) Developing a structured presentation with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. 3) Considering design and layout of visual aids. 4) Having an engaging presentation style with techniques like eye contact and gestures. 5) Handling questions confidently with prepared answers. 6) Using visual aids strategically to enhance the message without overusing them. The document emphasizes understanding your audience, organizing content logically, and practicing delivery skills to make an impactful presentation.

1. Business & Technical Writing
SUBMITTED TO: xxx
SUBMITTED BY: REHAN IJAZ
ROLL NO: xxxxxxxxxx
CLASS: MSc (CS)
TOPIC: How To Make PresentationEffective

2. Abstract
Presentation is the process of presenting the content of a topic to an audience consisting of one or
more persons. Presentation is a skill developed through training, practice and experience. It utilizes
some visual aid. It is generally a PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech. An
effective presentation makes the best use of the relationship between the presenter and the
audience. It takes full consideration of the audience’s needs in order to capture their interest,
develop their understanding, inspire their confidence and achieve the presenter’s objectives. To
make presentation effective we use many strategies.

3. Table of Contents
Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ iii
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Six basic steps in making effective presentations...............................................................................1
I. Formulating a strategy..............................................................................................................1
II. Developing a flexible and flowing structure ..............................................................................1
The audience needs to have the following basic questions answered:.................................1
Some pointers while organizing your ideas:.......................................................................2
III. Design and layout.....................................................................................................................2
IV. Presentation Style.....................................................................................................................2
Techniques to gain and maintain attention:.......................................................................3
Gaining audience interest:.................................................................................................3
V. Handling Objections/Questions: ...............................................................................................3
Guideline for answering questions:....................................................................................3
VI. Visual aids................................................................................................................................4
Conclusion:.......................................................................................................................................4
References.........................................................................................................................................5

4. Introduction
Great speakers aren’t born, they are trained. Presentation is a skill as well as an art in which we
present our knowledge through verbal, nonverbal communication. To make an effective
presentation use following strategies:
Six basic steps in making effective presentations
 Strategy- formulate a strategy for the specific audience.
 Structure- develop a flexible and flowing structure.
 Design- enhances the presentation.
 Presentation style- how you present is important as what you present.
 Handling questions- confident and informed responses to questions and challenges.
 Visual aids- Visuals (or pictures) are a great tool for seeing and understanding.
I. Formulating a strategy
1) It is critical to know the purpose of communication.
2) Knowing the audience and expectations of the audience is very important to decide what
to present and how to present.
3) Tailor your presentation to the audience with respect to their needs, desires, knowledge
level and attitude towards the topic.
4) Be concrete, specific, practical, and relevant.
5) Be clear about your objective.
6) Research your topic thoroughly.
II. Developing a flexible and flowing structure
1) Once you know what you want to say, you need to organize all the information in a
structured manner.
2) Do not assume that the information will speak for itself.
3) The audience might interpret the information in different ways based on your
organization and presentation.
The audience needs to have the following basic questions answered:
1) Why should I pay attention to you when I can think about more interesting things?
2) Now that I am listening, why should I care about this issue?

5. 3) I agree with the significance of the topic, but how are you justifying your ideas?
4) So, now that I am convinced, what do you want from me?
Some pointers while organizing your ideas:
1) Begin by placing your topic in context; you might want to provide an outline or a road
map.
2) Provide the intended, expected benefits, organization of the presentation, and ground
rules.
3) Organize the body of the presentation logically.
4) When appropriate, plan ways to encourage audience participation.
5) Maintain credibility: discuss the pros and cons.
6) Conclude on a “high note”, include an overall summary and proposed actions or options.
7) Incorporate visual aids effectively like graphs, pictures, etc.
8) Prepare for contingencies – practice your presentation.
III. Designand layout
1) Skip the Stock Template
2) Keep it simple.
3) Limit bullet points.
4) Use high quality graphics.
5) Size Fonts Appropriately
6) Maintain a Strong Contrast Between Text and Background
7) Use No More than 5 Colors
8) Use Contrasting Text Colors to Draw Attention
9) Use Single Images
10) Use Visuals to Increase Emotional Appeal
11) Freeze the Transitions
IV. PresentationStyle
1) Presentation style and personal confidence are as important as the actual content of the
presentation itself.
2) Effective presenters recognize that communication is both intellectual and emotional.
3) Organizing your ideas is one important task.

6. 4) The other most important task is to gain and maintain the attention of the audience.
Techniques to gain and maintain attention:
1) Convey ‘controlled enthusiasm’ for your subject.
2) Pay attention to posture and tone.
3) Your audience will mirror your attitude- radiate confidence without preaching.
4) Don’t confuse enthusiasm with loudness; try to convey a range of emotions from
concern, anticipation, excitement, dismay.
Gaining audience interest:
1) Provide variety and relief if possible.
2) Presentations are movies not snapshots; prepare the space for movements.
3) Use humor appropriately – make it in good taste.
4) Eye contact is your primary tool for establishing audience involvement; look at your
audience in random rotating order.
5) Use gestures naturally; do what is natural to you.
V. Handling Objections/Questions:
1) Avoid asking risky questions – that is, questions that may imply lack of knowledge or
intelligence.
2) Be firm and assertive without being aggressive or defensive.
3) Don’t let interruptions disrupt your composure.
4) Avoid circumstance that require an apology.
5) Maintain control of the session.
6) If necessary, offer to obtain additional information and follow up.
7) Put “you” element in the questions – make them relevant to the audience’s personal
experience.
8) Prepare key questions prior to the presentation; it is difficult to think of good questions
on your feet.
Guideline for answering questions:
1) Anticipate questions: think of the ten most likely questions and plan out your answer.
2) Try to understand the question properly and then answer it gently.
3) Be honest while answering the questions.

7. 4) Reinterpret loaded questions: if attacked try to show the similarity to other situations.
5) Control interchanges if a member of the audience becomes a heckler try to enlist the
audience; if a questioner digresses, try to remind the audience of the goal of the
presentation.
VI. Visual aids
Words and images can be used throughout your presentation from the introduction to the
conclusion. However, remember to restrict their use to key moments in your presentation; an
over use of visual aids can be hard to follow.
Think about using visual aids at the following times:
1) display the title of your presentation;
2) define particular technical terms or units;
3) indicate a structure to your presentation by listing your main points;
4) display an image which encapsulates your theme(s);
5) highlight a question you intend answering during the course of your presentation
6) highlight new points with an appropriate image or phrase;
7) support technical information with clearly displayed data;
8) indicate sequence by linking points together;
9) offer evidence from your research to support your argument;
10) summaries your main points on a slide;
11) present your conclusion in a succinct phrase or image;
12) display your key references to allow your audience to read more on your topic.
Conclusion:
1) Start preparing early; don’t wait until the last few days to prepare.
2) Think about your audience.
3) Be clear about your purpose.
4) Use an effective introduction.
5) Use supporting material to support your point.
6) Use body language effectively.
7) Use visual aids to enhance the message.
8) Check the physical environment in advance.
9) Finally, cope with stage fright by remembering that it is normal and everyone feels it.

8. References
1) Duarte, Nancy. (2009). Using Slides Effectively in Communications. 60 minute recorded
presentation by Nancy Duarte available online at: http://www.nwcphp.org/training/hot-
topics/2009-hot-topics/using-slides-effectively
2) Duarte, Nancy. (2008). Slide:ology – The Art and Science of Creating Great
Presentations. Sebastopol, California. O’Reilly Media, Inc.
3) Duarte, Nancy. (2010). Resonate – Present Visual Stories that Transform Audiences.
Hoboken, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4) Duarte, Nancy. (Ongoing). Duarte Design Blog: http://blog.duarte.com.
5) Tufte, Edward R. (2001). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information. Cheshire,
Connecticut. Graphics Press.
6) Atkinson, Cliff. (Ongoing). Beyond Bullet Points Blog: http://beyondbulletpoints.com
7) Goodman, Andy. (2006). Why Bad Presentations Happen to Good Causes. Cause
Communications.