this document is a part of my MBA program in Development.

2. DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in the thesis is original and has been done by myself under the
supervision of my supervisor.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and
giving their details in the references.
d. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources and due credit is given
to the sources by citing them.

3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a great pleasure to express my gratitude and indebtedness to my Faculty Guides Dr. Gaurav
Mishra and Prof. (Dr.) Hemnath Rao Hanumankar for their guidance, encouragement, moral
support and affection through the course of my work.
I am also grateful to all the staff members of Gram Vikas, Odisha for extending their helping hands
and supporting me in conducting all the Surveys and studies successfully within time.
I am also thankful to all the villagers of Kusaguma, Odisha for the wonderful stay in the village
and to all my well-wishers for their inspiration and help.
My sincere thanks to all of my friends, who have patiently extended all sorts of help and loving
supports during completion of this work.
Ravi Mahato.
Nilabh Raj.

4. List of Abbreviation
DMI Development Management Institute
PDM Post Graduate Programme in Development Management
DI Development Immersion
MGNERGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Act
PDS Public distribution system
PHC Primary health centre
ICDS Integrated child development service
SHG Self-help group
GP Gram panchayat
VWSC Village water and sanitation committee

5. Executive Summary
Gram Vikas is an Indian non-governmental organisation based in Orissa, and founded in 1979. It
uses common concerns for water and sanitation to unite and empower rural communities,
including Adivasi communities. Since its inception, Gram Vikas has worked on a variety
of development issues, including biogas promotion, community forestry, rural habitat
development, and education. Over the years, however, Gram Vikas have focused their efforts on
mechanisms that ensure sustainable solutions for water and sanitation.
VILLAGE PROFILE
Kusaguma is situated in the Ganjam district of Orissa. This village has a population of 540 people
with a total of 101 households. The main source of livelihood for the people of this village is
agriculture followed by labour.
During my stay in the village I got to learn about these people and their lifestyles from the
prospective, I got the chance to have a one-one conversation with the people living here regarding
their problems, the development strategies that are being implemented here, the overall lifestyle
change that these policies have brought in. From an outsider’s point of view you can’t really
understand the depth of certain situations, the importance and relevance of so many things that
take place on a daily basis in the lives of these people, but, spending a few days here, around the
ones who go through these situations brings about a new dimension to these things.
It really surprised me as to how things like proper sanitation facilities, water, electricity, well paved
roads, proper modes of communication, etc. are just so easily available to us, that we take them
for granted and don’t even bother to show our gratitude for any of these things, but there are groups
of people out there for whom these things that are just basic necessities of life could mean so much.
Due to my interactions with the members of gram Vikas and the villagers I got to know how much
efforts and hard work goes into providing for the basic necessities for the people here, how many
social barriers and financial constrains these people have faced to bring in development to this
village. Now most of the villagers have access to basic sanitation facilities, safe drinking water,
electricity, roads, have means other than agriculture to generate some extra income for their
families.
The most important change that gram Vikas has brought about is the change in the mentality.
Bringing a change in the outside is still easy but brining about a change in the mind-set of isn’t an
easy job. For changing things around someone, you need to get them to understand why that
change is important for them and how they are going to benefit from it, and gram Vikas, has very
successfully done that. As a result of all of this, women have now taken a lead in so many aspects,
the importance and value of education grown and changed the mind-set of people towards it.

6. Study findings
During our stay in the village we found that giving right information can help people to make right
decision. While staying in the village for a month we realized that the villagers have the potential
and skill to overcome poverty and misery but one of the most vital thing they lack is information
and knowledge about what should be done when and what is happening around the World. We
observed the fact that distribution of money by government and Non- government Organizations
has degraded the communities’ value and generated a feeling of dependency. We learnt the
importance of life skills & functional literacy which will help them to operate & manage their
enterprise. The households in the villages have very little or no savings which is not enough for
their risk mitigation. The rate of interest charged is 5-10 percent per month and repayment period
remain longer with number of self-consumption loans being more taken by the households.

7. Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ 11
OBJECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT IMMERSION:..................................................................... 11
METHODOLOGY........................................................................................................................... 11
SOURCE OF DATA ........................................................................................................................ 12
SAMPLE DESIGN........................................................................................................................... 12
DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 12
SCOPE OF THE STUDY................................................................................................................. 12
LIMITATIONS OF DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................... 13
MAPPING........................................................................................................................................ 13
VILLAGE SOCIETY....................................................................................................................... 14
VILLAGE DEMOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 14
VILLAGE TIMELINE .................................................................................................................... 15
LITERACY...................................................................................................................................... 15
INFANT MORTALITY RATE........................................................................................................ 16
MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE ................................................................................................ 17
BIRTH RATE .................................................................................................................................. 17
MIGRATION................................................................................................................................... 17
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE VILLAGE .................................................................................. 18
INSTITUTIONS............................................................................................................................... 18
PRIMARY SCHOOL....................................................................................................................... 18
ANGANWADI ................................................................................................................................. 18
VWSC .............................................................................................................................................. 18

8. VILLAGE COMMITTEE ............................................................................................................... 19
SHG.................................................................................................................................................. 19
CULTURAL PLACES..................................................................................................................... 20
OTHERS .......................................................................................................................................... 20
VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE..................................................................................................... 20
ROAD............................................................................................................................................... 20
ELECTRICITY ............................................................................................................................... 20
HOUSING PATTERN ..................................................................................................................... 20
DRAINAGE ..................................................................................................................................... 21
WEATHER AND SEASONALITY ................................................................................................. 21
WEATHER ...................................................................................................................................... 21
TEMPERATURE............................................................................................................................. 21
SEASONALITY AND CROP PATTERN ....................................................................................... 21
SEASONALITY AND DISEASES................................................................................................... 21
NATURAL RESOURCES ............................................................................................................... 22
LAND ............................................................................................................................................... 22
WATER............................................................................................................................................ 22
VILLAGE ECONOMY.................................................................................................................... 23
PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 23
AGRICULTURE.............................................................................................................................. 23
PLATES MADE FROM LEAVES .................................................................................................. 23
MICROENTERPRISE .................................................................................................................... 23
LIVESTOCK ................................................................................................................................... 24

9. LABOR ............................................................................................................................................ 24
INCOME GENERATION ............................................................................................................... 24
EXPENSES ...................................................................................................................................... 25
GINI COEFFICIENT ...................................................................................................................... 26
VILLAGE GDP................................................................................................................................ 27
VILLAGE LIVELIHOOD............................................................................................................... 27
DFID................................................................................................................................................. 27
VULNERABILITY CONTEXT....................................................................................................... 27
MAJOR OCCUPATION ................................................................................................................. 28
MARKET LINKAGES .................................................................................................................... 28
LOCAL GOVERNANCE ................................................................................................................ 29
ELECTION PATTERN ................................................................................................................... 29
GRAM PANCHAYAT..................................................................................................................... 29
GRAM SABHA................................................................................................................................ 29
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES........................................................................................................... 29
MADHU BABU PENSION YOJANA.............................................................................................. 29
ODISHA ADARASH VIDYALAYA YOJANA ............................................................................... 30
MGNREGA (MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT)
.......................................................................................................................................................... 31
MID-DAY MEAL ............................................................................................................................ 32
PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA.......................................................................................... 32
BIJU PUCCA GHAR YOJANA ...................................................................................................... 33
STATUS OF WOMEN IN THE VILLAGE..................................................................................... 33
SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE VILLAGE. ........................................................................................ 34

10. VILLAGE PLANS ........................................................................................................................... 35
VILLAGE SHORT-TERM PLANS................................................................................................. 35
VILLAGE LONG-TERM PLANS................................................................................................... 35
DAILY ACTIVITY.......................................................................................................................... 36
WOMEN .......................................................................................................................................... 37
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................ 39

11. Introduction
As a part of the field work section of Experiential Learning Segment course of our Management
course, we conducted survey of village Kusaguma in Ganjam district of Odisha. The organization
we were assigned was a non-government organization named ‘GRAM VIKAS’ working in the
Ganjam district of Odisha. We had the opportunity to closely observe the various forms of
interventions and interactions taking place within the village and understand the impact of such
interventions on the lives of the people residing in those villages.
Objectives of Development immersion:
The main objectives of the Development Immersion were as follows:
• To get insight into the socio-economic and cultural realities of rural life.
• To understand the various aspects of various village level institutions.
• To understand the status of women, how important are they in society.
• To understand the various aspects of social structure, infrastructure, resources, and
various interventions that are currently going in the village.
• To blend classroom learning with the field experience.
• To have the first-hand experience of rural life, and understand their living style by
living with them.
• To understand the various livelihood interventions and their impact on their income
generation.
Methodology
The data collected are on demography, social structure, infrastructure facilities, agro-climatic
resources, village economy, village organizations and people’s institutions and the issues faced by
the people of the village in development. The data collected for this report are of both kinds
Quantitative and Qualitative data. The quantitative data were on population, land holding, literacy
rate. The qualitative data were quality of drinking water, quality of the road, housing pattern,
sanitation, food habit which were obtained from the village through surveys, Focused group
discussions, informal meetings and after the interaction with the villagers with use of tools like
Participatory Rural appraisal.

12. Source of Data
The data for the study were collected from both the primary source and secondary sources.
Primary Sources
• Focused group Discussion.
• Transact walk.
• Survey.
• Observations
• Informal Meetings
Secondary Sources
• Gram Vikas.
• Gram Panchayat.
• School.
• Anganwadi.
• Block office.
Data from individuals were mostly collected through surveys, informal meetings and personal
interviews. In the process of collecting data on common topics such as village timeline and village
future plans, which required consent of all the villagers we relied mainly on semi-structured
interviews or Focused group discussions.
To remove biases and disparity of any sort and to verify the received data, we triangulated the data
from primary sources with the data gathered from secondary sources.
Sample Design
For a questionnaire survey, systematic random sampling was done. 50 households were
selected randomly; efforts were made to collect different information regarding the social and
economic status of the villagers from all economic groups.
Data Analysis
The data analysis is computed by statistical tools such as Tables, Charts (Bar, Pie, Line), etc. these
were used to analyse the data collected from various things like caste, sex ratio, landholding, etc.
and for the computation of the results, MS EXCEL had been used.
Scope of the study
Kusaguma GP has a total of 1 ward. The scope of our study is limited to this one ward only
and subsequently to the people who own a house within the village. Our purpose is to study
the village Kusaguma as deeply as possible. We have covered the unbiased information
because data triangulation is done whenever required.

13. Limitations of Data Collection
• The data collection work was done mainly in the morning and evening because many
people go to the farm for work in the day time.
• Mainly interactions happened only with men.
• People hesitate to tell about the details regarding their income and assets.
• Language is the biggest barrier between us and villagers.
• Limited availability of resource person.
Mapping
Kusaguma is a small Village in Dharakote Tehsil in the Ganjam District of Odisha State, India. It
is located 67 KM towards west from District headquarters in Chhatrapur. Dharakote ( 4 KM ) ,
Jaga Mohan ( 5 KM ) , Jharapari ( 6 KM ) , Mundamarai ( 7 KM ) , Suramani ( 9 KM ) are the
nearby Villages to Kusaguma. Kusaguma is surrounded by Aska Tehsil towards East , Surada
Tehsil towards west , Sheragada Tehsil towards South , Bellaguntha Tehsil towards North and is
175 KM from State capital Bhubaneswar.
There is a total of 101 households in the village with a total Population of 540; 290 male, and 250
females. There are no BPL houses in the village as of 2019. All the households in the village are
of the same caste i.e. OBC. As a source of income the village primarily relies on agriculture, and
villagers also practice manual labour works in the nearby towns. There are two shops in the village.
Ganjam, District
Dharakote, Block
Kusaguma, Village

14. The table below provides a quick overview of the village
Village Kusaguma
Gram panchayat Baradaballi
Number of wards 18
Block Dharakote
District Ganjam
Assembly Constituency Dharakote
Number of households 101
Total population 540
Household with a toilet facility All the households
Village Society
Village Demography
The local language spoken in the village Kusaguma is Odiya, Kusaguma has a total of 101
household with a population of 540 and a sex ratio of 1000:925.
Age group Population Male Female
0-5 year 51 34 17
6 year and above 489 256 233
Total 540 290 250
All the household in the village is of the same caste i.e. Swain.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Population Male Female
Population
0-5 year 6year and above

15. Village timeline
Literacy
In today’s world education is the basic requirement for everyone. The Indian government and state
government are coming up with the policy and scheme which help every person of the society to
get educated without any discrimination. The biggest problem that the education system is facing
is students dropping their education after a certain class of education. There is also some problem
which is created by society or we can say it’s there believed and it will take an ample amount of
time to change.
The village Kusaguma has a Primary school and Anganwadi centre in the village. The population
of women is 240 out of a total population of 540. The village has a Literacy rate of 68.91% were
male literacy is 76.13% and women's literacy rate is 63.19% as per census 2011. The village has
only one girl who is doing a job after completing her education. Whereas most of the people in the
village believe that educating a girl is not that important.
The date sheet of the 2019-20 students in the primary school
1870 Establishment of Village.
1954 Establishment of Primary School.
1960 The first bicycle.
1987 The village was Electrified.
1989 First pukka House in the village
1996 Television
2001 Water tank
2002 First motorcycle
2004 School New building
2007 First Tractor
2009 First Mobile
2012 Pukka road in the village
CLASS BOY GIRL TOTAL
1 1 6 7
2 3 6 9
3 3 2 5
4 2 3 5
5 2 3 5

16. Table to show the literacy in the gender of primary school in different year
Infant Mortality Rate
Infant Mortality Rate measures the level of health of the village. It shows the number of death of
children in 1000 live birth. PHC and Anganwadi are the main sources of IMR information. In
interaction with the Anganwadi Centre of the village, we found that there is no death recorded
of the child whose age lies below 1 year. The reason for this is the supplements and nutritious
food that is provided by the state government to pregnant and lactating women.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 3 4 5
Primary school
BOYS Girl
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Gender comparision in Primay school
BOYS GIRL TOTAL
YEAR 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
BOYS 37 39 35 27 22 17 13 11
GIRLS 31 33 27 21 19 17 16 20
TOTAL 68 72 62 48 41 34 29 31

17. • INFANT MORTALITY RATE (2019-2020) = (number of deaths to live-born infants under
one year of age/number of births) * 1000
= (0/12) *1000
=0
Maternal Mortality Rate
MMR measures the number of deaths of pregnant women per 100000 live birth. Due to all the
financial and nutritious supplement support from the state government, there is no death of
mother in the last one year so, the MMR of Kusaguma is 0 in the year 2019.
• MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE (2019-2020) = (number of maternal deaths/numbers of
live birth) * 100000
= (0/40) *100000
= 0
Birth Rate
It measures the number of births per 1000 population in a year. As per as Anganwadi and PHC
information. In the village 4 pregnant women gave birth to 4 children in 2019.
Ø BIRTH RATE (2019-2020) = (number of births / total population) * 1000
= (4/540) *1000
=7.50%
Migration
The village Kusaguma does not have too many livelihood opportunities around. The village is
dependent on agriculture and few people have their business. The daily wage for labor is very
less and work is not available regularly. So, the villagers prefer to migrate to a place of better
opportunities in the case of Kusaguma the people are mostly migrating to Surat, Gujarat. Most
of them are working in Textile Mills and they are working as manual labor. Only the men migrate.
The table of the population which focus on the male population.
Total population 540
Total Population of men 290
No of migration 114
No. of a child in a village 77
No. of Men in village 99
Analysis of Migration
Inhibition Forces Inducing Forces
The high cost of living Less income generation
Illness More physical labor required.
Mental stress Debt

18. Emotional attachment with the village. Lack of Resources
Low food and air quality Low agriculture production
For a better lifestyle.
Social Structure of the Village
All the households in the village are of the same caste i.e. OBC. As a source of income the village
primarily relies on agriculture, and villagers also practice manual labour works in the nearby
towns. There are two shops in the village.
Institutions
Primary school
At presents the school has two classrooms one kitchen and ground inside the school campus. The
other part of the school has old buildings and around 30 trees planted in the back yard of the school.
The school has a total of 5 classes for 1 to 5 class students the total no of students available in
school is 31 at present. They are having two classrooms in which all the classes run and also have
only 2 teachers. The school maintains environmental and self-hygiene. The biggest problem faced
by the school is several classes running in one room. The admission to the village school is very
less. At present, the mid-day meal scheme is going on in this scheme the one-time healthy food is
provided to keep them healthy. Their menu for every day is fixed that is made by the state
government. There is rice every day in the meal and Dalma for three days in week and egg for
three days in the week for the everyday meal the number of rupees 4.94 is given to school per
student and they have to provide 100 g rice as well as Dalma that has a green vegetable in it. The
school has maintained the cleanness and with the help of the Child parliament in which children
are made aware of the benefit of environmental and self-hygiene. Gram Vikas play an important
role in the cleanness in the village as child parliament is the initiative of Gram Vikas.
Anganwadi
It is also located inside the campus of primary school. The main objective of Anganwadi is to
fulfill the gap for primary health care and also fulfill the need of playschool that will also take care
of their nutrition by providing the meals to the small children. The pregnant lady of the village
gets all support from here they get monetary support, as well as packed food, which is provided to
them. They also provide timely vaccination of children so that they can keep healthy and protect
them from diseases. They are is one teacher and one helper who cook food and also take care of
the children. They also keep their eye on the birth ratio of the child recently in Kusaguma it was
reported that the child ratio is not normal on 2 boys there is 1 girl birth taking place.
VWSC
village water and sanitation committee which mainly made to control the village water and
sanitation. This committee has empowered the village women and had made them take their own

19. decision for the betterment of the village. this committee was formed by the Gram Vikas but still,
this committee follows the rules and norms strictly. Recently there was the problem in which
villager who was making home has no land for the toilet and bathroom as this problem was
reported to the VWSC they asked villagers to provide them a few lands in the backyard so that
they can maintain the ODF in the village. If any new house made in the village this committee
makes sure that they should provide them tab connection and every house should have a toilet also
called the house of dignity. Recently the village faced a water shortage in 2018 the VWSC then
come up with the plan of providing water for 8 hours a day that means 4 hours in the morning and
4 hours in the evening. This has resolved the basic urge of water but still, they are searching for
the new bore well to match the need for water. They have also demanded funds from the GP for
the enlargement of the water tank.
Village committee
This committee is headed by men's and are supported by VWSC for development planning. The
village committee decides what plan should be made for the village and how much funds should
be allocated to it. They also take care of the ponds in the village and also sell the wood that comes
down from the government place. every fund that is collected by the village committee is kept in
an account and is taken out when there is a need for money for the development of the village.
Recently the village has a motor failure and the village was facing a water crisis so the village
committee comes up with a plan to buy a new motor and the fund was released from the village
committee. Kusaguma there is a trend of having fest at the after their paddy is cut down and the
fest is conducted and funded by the village committee. Even the village committee has a very
strong relationship with the local leader it helps them to get government funds easily which is used
by the village committee and work is also done by the village and the saved fund is kept in the
village committee account. The village a very strong social bond as they never had two 2 people
standing for any type of election in the village. They decide their leader with social cooperation.
There are 5 ponds in the village and are used for fishery which is also done with social cooperation.
As the fishing is finished every household gets an equal amount of the fish and rest is sold in the
villager and the earned amount is kept in the village committee account.
SHG
When Gram Vikas came to the village they firstly formed four SHG group and they tried to
empower the women with help SHG. every member of SHG has to deposit a specific amount
every week. The main profit of the SHG is that it makes women independent of the financial
dependency on any person .there are two type of loan available in the SHG groups one is internal
loan which is taken within the SHG group that has higher rate of interest that is 2 %monthly and
second is the load taken by the SHG from bank and it is given on 1% interest rate. Few works are
done by the use of the loans have they started the business of plate making which has a good
response. There are women like Smt. Shantilata swain who took loan and started a shop but due
to less population and the smaller market she had to finally close the shop. another good thing
about the SHGs in the village is that they have never failed in returning loans. There is a total of
10 SHG groups in the village at present.

20. Cultural places
The village has two temples. And there is one community center in the village where most of the
religious ceremonies takes place. The cultural places and the commons are maintained by the
village committee and the usage of community center is completely managed by the village
committee which is headed by the village president.
Others
There are some other institutions also present in the village or in the nearby villages,
Service centers Distance (in
KM)
Service centers Distance (in KM)
Panchayat office 3 Cinema hall 17
Block 5 L.P.G dealer 5
Medical store 1.5 Vegetable market 1.5
Bus stop 1.5
Wine shop 1.5
School 0
Veterinary clinic 5
Sub PHC 5
PDS 3
Bank 1
Village infrastructure
Road
The village is very well connected with the road in each part of the village. RCC roads are there
in the village in the majority part of the village. The roads in the village are very good and wide.
Four-wheeler can easily reach to every household.
Electricity
The village was electrified in the year 1987. All households in the village have proper electricity
connections with energy meter installed. The electricity cut in the village is very less and the
village receives almost 22 hours of uninterrupted electricity supply. The streets in the village has
proper street lights. The difficulty comes only when there is any natural shock or any technical
problem in the powerhouse.
Housing Pattern
The whole village has a linear settlement. All the houses in the village are built in a very well and
planned manner, as all the roads and sub roads in the village are well connected with each other.

21. Majority of the houses in the villages are pukka house with a very few houses which are kuccha
houses.
Drainage
There is no proper Drainage Facility in the village. The waste water is directly discharged in the
open without proper treatment.
Weather and seasonality
Weather
The village Kusaguma lies in the Ganjam District and receives a good amount of annual rainfall.
There are three ponds in the village. The summers are long compared to the winters which lasts
only for 3 months. The summers are very hot and humid and at peak summers the mercury often
rises to 43 degrees. The winters are moderate.
Temperature
The climate in the summers are hot. As the place is near the coastal area there is less essence of
the winter and summer are very hot and there is ample amount of rain fall in rainy season so the
paddy is there main crop. There little humid in the air.
Seasonality and crop pattern
CROP SOWING TIME HARVESTING TIME
Paddy 6,7 11,12
Pulses 12,1 2,3
Mustard 1,2 4
Coriander 12,1 3
Vegetables 1,2,3,4,5,11,12 2,3,4,5,6,11,12
Seasonality and diseases
Disease Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Malaria
disease
* * * * * * *** *** *** ** * *
Sun
stroke
* * * **** **** **** *** ** * * * *
Dengue
fever
disease
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Cold &
cough
*** ** *** * * * * * * ** *** ****
Seasonal
fever
** * * ** * ** ** ** *** *** *** **

22. Diarrhea * * * * * * * * * * * *
Body
pain
* * ** * * *** *** *** ** ** *** ***
After doing the PRA exercise we came to know that the occurs more in the month of July to
November. As it was clear that the villagers got more affected by the disease in the months in
which agricultural activity is at its peak and the climate is also humid on changing.
Natural Resources
Land
he village Kusaguma is mainly reliant on the farming. The high percentage of the people are
having some sort of land that they use for the farming. The village structure is linear in the shape
so the village. The agriculture land of the village is approx. 65 acres that is located in the slope
area as the it always has to face water problem for the land. The land used for the housing in the
village is approx. 35 acres in which 101 houses are situated. The village has only 12 persons who
don’t have land for the agriculture Total of 63 acers are used for the agriculture the 2-acer land
is wasted as it is not used for the agriculture and are consider as not cultivable land. Total of 8
acer of land that is used for the agriculture and has ample amount of water available for it. There
is 55 acer of land that are has shortage of water at any point of time in the whole year. It is
because of the slope structure of the land and rocky surface is the main reason that the maximum
land faces the water shortage at some point of time in the year. The villagers prefer to have
paddy crop because the of the rain water that help them in harvesting of the paddy crop. some
of the villager are only dependent on the paddy crop while other used to have two crops and few
vegetables in between.
Water
The village was facing the drinking water crisis for the long time as they were mostly dependent
on the ponds and few handpump in the village. Gram Vikas intervein in Year 1999 and has
completed the work for water and sanitation in year 2004. There is also a village committee that
is responsible for the water and sanitation in the village that is known as VWSC (village water and
sanitation committee) there are six women’s who lead the VWSC. After 2004 there was no water
crisis till the 2018 between these years there was 24 hour of water supply in the village. After
2018 there was a crisis of water as they were searching for the new water source and had tried
to dig a borewell but the water source was not found. In the present year they have applied for
the enlargement of the water tank to meet the need of rise in population. After .As they have
address the problem VWSC has used a time limit for the water supply that has 4 hour in morning
and 4 hours in the evening making 8 hours of water supply in the whole day .Village has 4 pound
which are used for the fishing it is not done on commercial basis they do fishing at cooperation
level. The amount earn from the fishing is out in the village committee account and is used for
the development work of the village. For the emergency purpose there are 3 handpump which
are also used at day time when there is cutoff of water supply.

23. Particular Number
Water tank Capacity -32000 liter
Handpump 3
Borewell 1
Open well 0
Pond 4
Village Economy
Production
Agriculture
The village Kusaguma is mainly dependent on agriculture. The main source of income is
agriculture they are dependent on it. The major crop for agriculture is Paddy. Every village used
to have one good crop that is paddy. The marginal section of farmer uses the paddy for the
household need and save some amount of paddy crop for sowing in the next season. The other
major crops grown in the village are pulses, mustard, coriander, and seasonal vegetable. The
marginal farmer has an earning from the vegetable as they use to the sale that vegetable on their
own in the nearby market and it also fulfill their need for the of green vegetable.
The paddy crop is sold to the government in the nearby PDS center which is around 3km from the
village and other mandi is there but very few farmers use to go there as they don’t enough
production of the crop.
Plates made from leaves
Few women of the SHG group has taken a loan from the bank and started their own business of
making leaf plate. The business is the seasonal business as the women have to go to the forest
in the spring season when the leaf of the tree is falling. They use to collect leaf and make plates
from that and sell them to the near market. For this, they have to travel around 2-3km for the
forest and market work is handled by the men of the village.
Microenterprise
The village has two shops and one rice grinding machine. The villagers depend on the rice mile
for the grinding rice and other people from the nearby village also come there for the rice
grinding. The shop of the village is used for small daily use material the shop also has limited
earning as they have limited no of the people in the village and the nearest village to Kusaguma
is around 5 km.

24. Livestock
The villagers have the livestock as they have cow and bullock but they not use the cow for pouring
the milk from it. They believe that cow milk is for the calf not for them they use the bullock for
the farming purpose to cultivating. 2 of the villagers have started to keep goat for the meat
purpose. The villagers not raise poultry.
Labor
Migration -The highest manual labor comes from the migration as they use to go to the Surat
Gujrat for the manual labor work. every household in the village has one person migrate for the
income generation for the house as a village as not enough things available for income.
Agri labor – Few persons don’t have agriculture land for farming and some are a marginal farmer
who goes to other fields for daily wages.
Service – There are very few people who are in any type of private or government job as they are
very less in the quantity.
Income generation
The majority of the incomes come from the migrated people who go to some other place for the
income. The second highest income generator comes from agriculture as every person in the
village as farming land for them. The third highest income is generated from wage labor and they
are a mainly landless person or marginal farmer. The fourth most income-generating work is
salaried people and business persons of the village as they also contribute to the income
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Cow Bullock Calf Goat
21
34
16
6
19
17
16
2
LIVESTOCK
No of cattle Household

25. generation of the village. Forest produce is the least thing that contributes to the income
generation for the village.
Expenses
The total amount of income that is been spent on the livelihood of the family is known as the
expenditure, in other words, we can say that the total amount that is spending for the better life
by a human is known as the expenditure. The average expenditure that is spent by the family on
the different types of needs in life is shown in this graph. The total expense is divided into seven
parts that are needed for the family. The biggest share of the expense is held by the food
consumed by the family that is around 45% of the total expense. Then the second biggest share
is held by agriculture-related work that is 25% of the total expense as the whole village is mostly
dependent on the agriculture field. The 14% of the expense is used for the social function as they
have high faith in the god and there several social functions going in the village.10% of total
expense is used for the education purpose and they sent their children to the government school
for the education few are going to the private school for the education. They spent around 3%
on buying the clothes for the family. 2% is used for the health care villagers visit the doctor very
rarely they use the ancient way of treatment for the normal diseases.1% of expense is used for
the electric bill or the electric related work.
Agriculture
38%
Wage labour
10%Salaired job
5%
Migration
39%
Bussiness
5%
Forest produced
3%
MAJOR SOURCE OF INCOME
Agriculture Wage labour Salaired job
Migration Bussiness Forest produced

26. Gini Coefficient
The Gini coefficient describes the income distribution or equality among people in a society. It is
the ratio of the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of absolute equality (numerator) and
the area under the line of absolute equality (denominator). We conducted a survey of all the
households in the village asking them related to their monthly income and on the basis of that, we
constructed the Lorenz curve to check the inequality. The Gini coefficient of Kusaguma is 0.23
i.e. in Kusaguma people have a 23% variation for gaining equal income to all people.
Food consumption
45%
Clothing
3%
Health Care
2%
Electiricity
1%
Education
10%
Social function
14%
Agri. Related Exp.
25%
AVERAGE EXPENDITURE
Food consumption Clothing Health Care
Electiricity Education Social function
Agri. Related Exp.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
CUMULATIVESHAREOFTOTAL
INCOME
POPULATION GROUP

27. Village GDP
We have calculated the village GDP by the information Provided to us by the villagers, we
collected the data through surveys, Informal meetings and focused group discussions. The
approach used in this paper to calculate the GDP is income approach. Since the village was small
and there were only 100 households, we have not taken any sample size and considered all the
households.
sample average mean 10727.72277
sample standard deviation 10125.59251
confidence interval 1998.918983
upper limit 12726.64176
lower limit 8728.803789
max GDP 1285390.817
min GDP 881609.1827
average GDP 1083500
error margin 22.90026253
Village Livelihood
DFID
Human Social Natural Physical Financial
Capacity to
work
Gender
relations
Land Fully ODF
village
Access to the
bank for
credit/debt
Access to
information
Collective
access to
water for
irrigation.
Forest Access to safe
water
Pension
scheme
Access to
livelihood
SHG
members.
Hills Electricity,
communication
Subsidy
related
services
Water
bodies
Transport SHG
Vulnerability context

28. Vulnerability context Result
Shocks No jobs.
Trends Increase in the number of borewells and wells, market fluctuations
Seasonality Water is a major problem
Major Occupation
The Primary occupation of the village Kusaguma is agriculture, manual labour and a very major
part of the village population is working outstation in Gujrat who work in Textile mills. Apart from
that, almost every woman in the village is a member of SHG groups. They get short term loans
from Mahila Mandal.
Apart from all the above activities peoples are also doing many micro-enterprises. The following
are some important sources of livelihood activities.
Microenterprise Number
Grocery shop 4
Tailor 1
Rice mill 1
Disposable plates from leaves 2
Market Linkages
The nearby market places to the village where the villagers go to buy their day to day goods.
Non Agri-labour
22%
Farmer cultivator
51%
salaried job
2%
No secondary
occupation
23%
Agri-laborer
2%
OCCUPATION DISTRIBUTION
Products Nearby Market
Agricultural produce Haripur, Aska, Surada.
Meat Dasamaili.
Fruits and vegetables Dasamaili, Dharakote, Aska.
Grocery Kusaguma, Dasamaili, Dharakote

29. Local Governance
Election pattern
Odisha follows the 3-tier election pattern.
Tier -1 Village level
The sarpanch and ward member are directly is elected by the voter of the villagers. It is called
the Gram panchayat.
Tier-2 Block level
Each gram panchayat in the together elect a Samiti Sabha is the block level election that is also
elected by direct election.
Tier -3 Zilla level
Zilla Parishad is elected by Samiti Sabha of the Whole district and election patter of this is indirect
in Nature.
Gram Panchayat
The Kusaguma village comes under the Baradaballi in the Dharakote block of the Ganjam district.
There are 18 wards in the under this Gram panchayat. The present ward member's name is
Promodini swain. The sarpanch name is Pradip Bisoie he belongs to a different village. the ward
member election was conducted without any opponent as villager have decided the name in the
village meeting and then approached the name in the election and no one has objected against her.
Gram Sabha
The meeting of gram Sabha was conducted in the village on the 26th
of January as they were
disusing about the plan of village development and also village committee members were there
every household has to attend the meeting. The house whose member was not there was conducted
with a charge of RS 50 and they use to do so when some negate the meeting. The village committee
believes in making dissection with the cooperation of everyone in the village development plan.
In village meeting they have discussed the use of organic way of agriculture and also discussed
the use of greywater for the kitchen garden.
Government Schemes
Madhu babu pension yojana
The MADHU BABU PENSION YOJANA is the scheme that is started by the Odisha government
on the 1st
of January 2008. It is a merger of Revised Old Age Pension Rules, 1989 and Disability
Pension Rules, 1985. The main aim of the scheme is to provide financial support to Old-age
persons, widow and Disable people. The scheme comes under the Department of Social Security
and Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities.
Eligibility Criteria for the Scheme are: -

30. • The persons with age above 60 years are eligible.
• The person is a widow then she is eligible (No age criteria).
• The person has a body part that has not develop in a normal way (Deformity)or leprosy patients
are eligible (No age criteria).
• The person of 5 years or above the age are unable to do the normal work due to Deformity or
Orthopedically handicapped or Blind or hearing and speech impaired or are mentally disabled
or Cerebral Palsy or with Autism or with multiple disabilities are eligible.
• The person is the widow of an AIDS patient under Rule 6 (b) (WP-AIDS) of MBPY Rules,
2008(No age criteria).
• AIDS patient is eligible.
• Unmarried women above 30 years belong to BPL family or individual income less than 24000
per annum are eligible.
• The person must be the permanent resident of Odisha.
• The person must not have any criminal case.
• The person must not be availing any other pension scheme from the central or state government
or any organization aided by either Government.
There are 4 types of Pension getter Widow, Old age, Old age above 80, Handicapped. The Widow
and Old-age are getting an amount of Rs. 500 per month whereas the Old-age person above 80
gets an amount of Rs. 700 per month. As the village has very low income so the pension amount
helps the villagers to fulfill their need of medicine and their food. There is a total of 47 beneficiaries
in which 9 are widows, 2 are old age people above 80 and 36 are old age and 1 is Handicapped.
As the village has transparency there is no middle man involved. Having a strong faith and loyalty
of the village makes the availability of pension easy for the beneficiary, as the village committee
has a very strong hold on the Gram panchayat and block office. There is no one left who can get a
pension. The ethical and hard work of villagers and committee member makes the village a model
village.
ODISHA ADARASH VIDYALAYA YOJANA
Education is the most important part of development. The Odisha government addresses the need
for English medium education in the Semi-Urban and Rural area. These areas parents cannot afford
to Educate their children in an English medium school. So, the government has introduced the
scheme to brush up the rural and semi-urban student talent by making Model school in the name
of “Odisha Adarsh Vidyalaya’’ which comes under the scheme of “Odisha Adarsh Vidyalaya
Yojana”. It comes under the department of School & Mass Education Department.
The “Odisha Adarsh Vidyalaya” has been replicated from the Kendriya Vidyalaya the
infrastructure and facility of the school is same as Kendriya Vidyalaya. There is a school in every
block of Odisha. The schools are affiliated with CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education)
and classes start from 6th
till 12th
. Every class has two sections with a capacity of 40 students in
each section. The school is equipped with the advanced laboratory of physics, chemistry, Biology,
Math, Arts & Music Room and ICT lab, library, etc.
The school has a Student to Teacher ratio of 25:1. The school has a reservation of 50% seats for
the girls and there will be reservations available for SC/ST as the population in the block. The
school primary language will be English and Odia as its second language. The school will provide
free books, dresses, and other study material. To improve the teaching pattern and to achieve the
Objective of excellence there is inter-school and intra-school competition among the student and
training program for teachers regularly. For admission, there is an exam conducted if the student
passes it then they will get admission.

31. The nearest Odisha Adarsh Vidyalaya to the village Kusaguma is around 2km from the village.
The village has around 6 to 12 Students going for school. The reason behind the smaller number
of enrollments is lack of quality education that doesn’t make them competitive with the rest of the
student. The student is weak in English as they are as matching the level of English is a big problem
for the student. There is No ST/SC in the village so they don’t find the extra benefit of reservation
and compare to boys’ girls are that much into studies. Another reason is poverty that limits there
thinking under a boundary and less interaction to technology and scarce of the resource are some
factor that is affecting them. Still, the student is coming from a household that has a good economic
background its more required to enroll a student from a poor family. The government should
improve primary education so that students can match the level of the Model school. They should
also look for increasing the capacity of the school to enroll more and more students. There should
be a transportation facility so that it can reach the interior village and get a student from those
areas as well. The reservation in school should also have income criteria.
MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act)
The MGNREGA scheme was started by the central government on 7th
September 2005. The
scheme aims to enhance livelihood security by providing them 100 days of guaranteed wage
employment every year to every rural household whose adult members are ready to unskilled
manual work.
The feature of the MGNREGA are as following
• It provides work to the adult of rural areas to get employment for 100 days as manual labor.
• Within the 15 days of application, if the applicant didn’t get work, he/she will get
unemployment allowance
• 60:40 wage and material ratio for permissible work there should not be any contractor or
machinery used.
• Gram Sabha has to recommend for the work. At least 50% of work should be executed by
Gram Panchayat an and PRIs' role is to plan, monitor, and implement.
• There should be one-third of women's participation.
• The working site must-have shades for work availability of water and a first aid box.
• To maintain transparency there is a social audit.
• For unskilled labor, the wage is 100% paid by the central government as well as 75% of
material cost including skilled and semi-skilled workers.
• The state government will provide the rest 25 % of the payment for material including skilled
and semi-skilled workers and 100% payment for unemployment allowance.
The village has a very strong social and political aspect. The village has several works that have
been done under the MGNREGA. But there are only a few people who hold the job card for the
scheme they work that is done under this scheme are ponds were dug and now it has provided a
lot help to the village. As the pond is used for fishing and other water-related issues.
The road from Kusaguma to Dasamaili was also constructed by the workers of MGNREGA. The
people of the village are getting benefit from this scheme but there is still less participation from
the villagers.

32. Mid-day Meal
This scheme was launched on 15th
august 1995 and have several changes done until this year. The
scheme aimed to provide nutritious food to children for their better health and full the need for
nutrition. This program is also a way to overcome the problem of malnutrition.
The features of the Mid-day meal scheme
• Every student at a government school will get lunch at school.
• The food is highly nutrition
• It also takes care of proper hygiene
• Every school has its kitchen and cook some school are taking the same lunch made by NGO
• The meal has helped us improve our education system.
The village has two educational institutes that are primary school and Anganwadi. The mid-day is
running in both of the school and Anganwadi. As we have seen the school it was well maintained
and food was also kept in hygiene. The teacher also said that after this plan children have started
to attain more and more school. The health issue is also resolved.
PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
This scheme was started by the government of India to provide affordable housing to the Urban-
poor and the rural poor people. The target people for this scheme are the people who have land
but was not able to build their own Pucca houses on that. This scheme was launched on 25th
June
2015 to provide the Pucca house to every person of the country until we complete our 75th
year
of Independence in the year 2022. For providing the Pucca house central and state both have
shared were central has to pay the 60% fund of amount and state to provide 40% of the fund in
the plain area but in the hilly state and Northeastern state they have different share were central
pays the 90 % of the amount and 10 % of the amount is paid by the state. Some of the schemes
that are related to it are toilet making schemes, electrification of the house and having an LPG
connection to every household.
Eligibility criteria for this Scheme
• The economically weaker section of the village is identified
• The beneficiary must have not had any other pucca house.
• There should be any married family member who owns a pucca house.e.g. son and wife.
• The member should not earn more than 3 lack per annum.
• The caste of the person will also be identified.
• The person must be the voter of that area
• He must have the bonafide that he belongs to that area
Process for the scheme
• First, the beneficiary will be identified in the village and the list sends.
• The Gram Sabha will verify the list.
• They will make the total beneficiary of the year in the Gram Sabha.
• Gram Sabha need to write the reason and need to write the reason for the priority in the list
• The final annual list will be produced publicly.
Processes for the fund

33. • There two types of the fund in the available in the scheme
1. The beneficiary gets 1,20,000 in the plain area
2. The beneficiary gets 1,30,000 in the hilly area.
• There is a 70000-loan available for the beneficiary that will be given by the bank on the low-
interest rate.
• the beneficiary is entitled to 90 days of unskilled labour from MGNREGA.
• The fund will be released in the 3 parts.
• First, the part will be given after the foundation is completed
• The second part is paid after the completion of the ceiling of the house
• The final part is given after the completion of the house.
• Funds will be transferred in the bank account of the beneficiary
Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana
This scheme was launched in 2014 in the Odisha state. This scheme is directly funded by the state
government the scheme aims to provide the pucca house the house holding the kutcha house in
the area the scheme also gives support to the person who is been excluded from the Pradhan
Mantri Awas Yojana. The identified person must have 25 square meter carpet are excluding the
area for the toilet.
Eligibility for The Scheme
• The person must have kutcha house
• The person should be not been benefited by any other scheme for house making.
• The person who has not got the house under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana.
• The person will be identified by the Gram panchayat
Process of The Scheme
• The identified person eligibility is to be checked by Gram panchayat.
• The list is then verified by the sarpanch
• Then it is sent in the Zilla office
• The total list is then verified in the Zilla Panchayat.
Then the list is published in the block and panchayat office.
Status of women in the village

34. Women’s participation in
politics
The is no participation of women in politics.
Agriculture They take an active part in agriculture as most of the hard work is
being done by the women but newly wedded women are not
allowed to work in the fields.
Land Almost all the lands are held by the men in the village, women's
landholding is negligible.
Labour The demand of the women labour is high but their ways payment
is low in comparison to male. Women receive only 200-250
whereas men receive 300-400.
Marriage Marriage is done as soon as the girl reaches the age of 18. The girl
is not free to choose the person she is being married to.
Family planning The women has no say in family planning.
Education Most of the girls to school as the state government is providing
many services like free textbooks, free uniforms, med day mills.
Earlier the girls are not going for higher education but now the
mindset is changing.
Control over finance Women also have control over finance because of women’s dairy
and SHG both have their name only.
SWOT analysis of the village.

35. Village Plans
In addition to the yearly plan developed by the Gram Panchayat, the village has a village
committee which makes short- term and long-term goals and takes care of the day to day affair of
the village. While making the plans the committee takes consideration of the people of the village
and to take any concrete decision consent of everybody or the majority is taken into account. To
take a decision sometimes informal polling is also done if there are more than one choice or in
case of a conflict among the villagers.
Village Short-term Plans
The village has a few short-term Plans.
• Solving the water crises in the village.
• Promote income generating activities in the village.
• Clean the ponds in the village.
• Implement water quality management
Village Long-term Plans
The village’s long-term plans are:
• Social
capital.
• Village
committee.
• Illiteracy.
• Migration.
• Disposable plates
made from leaves.
• Selling of their
products at a better
market.
• Natural Calamities.
• Upcoming
shortage of water.

36. • Improve Education quality.
• Optimize the Agricultural production.
• Find alternative Source of water.
Daily Activity
The men in the village are mostly involved in the work that needs them to stay outside their homes,
for most of the part. There are a lot of men, especially the ones who belong to the younger
generation who don’t really see a future for themselves in the village and move out to bigger cities
for better opportunities. But for the ones, who’re there in the village their main source of livelihood
is working in the fields. Men are still the ones who take important decisions, so most of their daily
activities revolve around earning bread n butter for their families, and decision making.
The men in the village usually start their day-day activities as early as 4am in the morning, at 6am
or so they leave for working in the field, the duration between 4-6am is generally spent on getting
ready to the field, bio-breaks and bathing. After working in the field for 3-4 hours, they are back
home, an average of an hour of so is spent on having their breakfast.
In most of the families men take care of all the outdoor activities, which includes shopping for the
household necessities and groceries as well, the time between 11am-12pm is generally spent on
shopping, this shopping includes shopping for the things that are required for their field work as
well as shopping for the household necessities and grocery.
The afternoons (1-3pm) are generally meant for taking rest and having lunch before getting back
to the field and working in the field for another 3hours or so. In the evening the men in the village
gather together for some chit-chat and for discussing any important matters that are there. Since,

37. the men in the village are mostly involved with the decision making, this chit chat of theirs not
only includes sharing their personal matters but also involves discussing important matter
regarding the village as well.
At night they spend some time with their family, relax and have dinner. By 10pm or so they head
off to sleep and this basically concludes their day-day activities, there are no major changes in
their daily routine, but during some special occasions or festivals their routines alter a bit. During
my stay in the village I did attend one such occasion where, the whole village got together at night,
and a small feast was organised for everyone out there. People stayed spent time talking to each
other and enjoying themselves a bit longer than usual, but these incidents are rare and people here
generally stick to their daily routines and they follow their daily routines quiet strictly.
Women
Earlier, the role of the women in the village was confined to taking care of their spouse and
children, and doing the chores. But now, women are taking part in the decisions and are stepping
out of their houses to generate extra income for themselves and their families. Even though a lot
of women from the village have started to work outside their homes as well, still, majority of their
day-day activities revolve around doing household chores only.
Their day starts around 4am in the morning this time is usually meant for getting freshened up,
bathing and getting ready for working in the field. By 6am they go and work at the field, either by
themselves or with other members of their families. After coming back from work, they engage
themselves in the household chores like preparing breakfast, doing the dishes, sending their
children to school. Once they are done with these chores, they usually spend some time having
breakfast and serving it to the other members of their family.

38. After that, they continue with their other chores like, preparing lunch and getting done with the
rest of household work, which takes them around 2-3 hours. During lunch time (1-3pm) when
everyone is back home, these women are busy serving their family members lunch and get some
rest if they can.
Their evenings (4-6pm) is generally spent by chit chatting with the other women in the community,
or by watching television. Though, most of the household don’t have access to a television, these
women usually spend their time by interacting with each other. These interactions also involve,
discussing issues of the village and taking decisions regarding the same, their chit chats no more
revolve around just discussing their life, or other related issues. Women now play a significant
role in the decision making as well.
Once they are back home, or they are done with their hours of leisure they get started with
preparing dinner for the entire family and later on serving it and having it with them. At night by
10pm or so they are off to sleep and this generally is the daily routine of the women in this village
and this routine stays the same, until n unless there are some rare occasions or celebration in the
village.

39. Conclusion
My stay in the village enabled me to see things in a different light altogether, I learnt things about
the villagers and their lives that wouldn’t have been possible for me to see and learn without this
experience. our stay here, helped me understand their outlook towards life, their problems, their
needs through their lenses. Being an outsider, it’s easy to comment on the lives of these people
and how to bring about a positive change in their lives, but if we really want to help these people
improve their quality of life, we need to see and learn things through their prospective.
Being here, I did see, a lot of different programmes running here, that are meant to help this village
develop, I could see the positive impact of these programmes and how it affects the life of people
here. I got to know about personal experiences of people, and how things have changed around
here, and how the steps taken here for development have helped in improving their quality of life.
My first-hand experience helped me see that even though the life here is way different from what
I lead, there is still a certain charm here, that I wouldn’t be able to find anywhere else. Indeed,
there are a lot of shortcomings, that still need to be taken care of, a lot of problems which need to
be tackled, but there are so many positive aspects that we cannot ignore, like, how people from
different caste and creed stay together in harmony, equality between the sexes, unity amongst the
villagers, etc. I can say that, the steps that are currently being taken to improve the quality of life
here, the programmes and strategies that have been implemented are certainly helping the masses
out, but there’s still a long way to go. Even after so many years, there are a lot of problems that
people face related to the basic necessities of life, a few of the main constrains that these villagers
face are lack of income opportunities, water scarcity, lack of proper modes of communication,
lack of electricity. These problems are not as such, that can be solved in a day or two, but
something that can really help them out in improving their quality of life is generating income
opportunities. keeping in mind the natural calamities that these people face so frequently, the work
that is being done for them here is definitely of great help to them, but there’s always room for
improvement.