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1. Sociological perspective- anapproachto the understandingof humanbehaviourbyplacingitwithin
itsbroadersocial context.
Society- referstothe groupof people whoshare culture anda territory.
Theoretical perspective in sociology
Theory- isa general statementabouthow some partsof the worldfittogetherandhow theywork.
Symbolicinteractionism- peoplewhoevaluate theirownconductbycomparingthemselveswith
others.
Functional analysis- itscentral ideaisthatsocietyisa whole unit,made upof interrelatedpartsthat
worktogether.
-alsoknownas functionalismandstructural functionalism
Manifestaction- intendedtohelpsome partof the system
Latentfunction- unintendedactionsthathelpasystemadjust.
Latentdysfunction- humanactionthatcan hurta system
Conflicttheory- developedbyKarl Marx,the keyto humanhistoryisclassstruggle.
-Ralf Dahrendorf,seesconflictasinherentinall relationthatinvolve authority.
 Levelsof analysis:macroandmicro
Macro-level analysis- the focusof functionalistandconflicttheories.Examineslarge scale of the
society
Micro-level analysis- focusonsymbolicinteractionism.
Culture
Culture- isthe whole complex whichincludesknowledge,belief,artmorals,law,customandany
othercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanas a memberof the society.(EdwardB.Taylor,Eng.
Anthropologist)
 ElementsofCulture
Knowledge- the total range of whathas beenlearnedandorperceivedastrue.
Social norms- normis an ideathatdictatesman of what he oughtto do and notto do.
Formal norms- implicitlyusedasmechanismof social control.
 Kinds ofsocial norms
Folkways- rules,customsandtraditionsandanyconventionof the society,habitsof people.
Mores- valuesof ethical andmoral significance.

2. Laws- formal normsapprovedbypeople tothe legitimateauthority.
 Ideas- nonmaterial aspectsof culture
 Beliefs-individualsperceptionof reality
 Values- we use asa pointof reference orcriteriafor recognizing…
Material culture- concrete andtangible objectsmanufacturedandutilizedbymaninordertogratify
hisownwants andneedsinlife.
Symbols- object,signs,colorsoranythingthatwouldidentifyitselffromthe rest.
 Characteristics ofculture
Culture issymbolic
Culture iscommonlyshared
Culture asadaptive mechanism
Culture asa systemof norms
Culture associal legacy
The FilipinoCulture
-influencedbyvariousotherculturesthathadonce beenpart of our evolutionasapeople
-consistsof language,family,values,etiquette,customsandprotocol basisinthe tagaloglanguage.
Filipinosocial values
-values(latin, valere- tobe strong/worth)
3 core values
 Kapwa- isthe core of the Filipinopersonhood
 Pakiramdam- the Filipino’ssensitivitythatcoversboththe internal andexternal dimensions.
 Kagandahangloob- sharedinnermobilityandsharedhumanity.
Subsistence levels- itaimsatindividual survivalanddignity
6 Several Existence Level
 Automaticexistence-economicsecurity.
 Tribalisticexistence- consistsof:bahalana,supernaturalisticview,non-scientificandnon
rational belief,psychological time orientation,swerte atawang Diyos.
 Egocentricexistence- amorpropio,hiya,tayotayo
 Saintlyexistence –pagtitiis,utangnaloob,bayanihan,religiosity,solidarity
 MaterialisticExistence-economicsecurity,socialmobility,plakasan,nepotism.
 Personalisticexistence-social acceptance,ppagsasarili,acceptance of the person,fearand
rejection,sensitivitytopersonal affront orconfrontation,pakikisama,euphemism.

3. 2 intermediate values,Dr.Frank Lynch
 Smoothinterpersonalrelationship- abilityof individual togetalongwithothersinorderto
pre-emptmisunderstandorconflict.
Pakikisama- actof givinginor yieldingtothe wishof the leadersorthe greater
majorityalthoughsometimesitcontradictsotherideas
Euphemism- artof statingan unpleasanttruth,opinion,orrequest aspleasantas
possible.
The go- between- preventdirectconfrontationbetweenindividualsorgroup.
 Sensitivitytopersonal affront
Hiya- refersto the emotionarisingfromarelationshipwithanauthorityfigure orwith
society,inhibitingself assertioninwhichisperceivedasdangeroustoone’sego(Bulatao).
Refersthe shyness,self steemorlosingface (LandaF.Jocano).
AmorPropio- whenapersonneedsprotectionagainstthe possibilityof losingsocial
acceptance or evenarousedinhimthe feelingof regainingitonce ithasbeenlostor
diminished.
Socialization
- Neverendingprocessof learningthroughinstitutionalizedmeansandlearningby
experience.
- Learningprocessthatbeginsshortlyafterbirth
2 Complementaryprocesses
 Transformationof a cultural heritage
 Developmentof one’spersonality
Theoriesof Socialization
The Looking- GlassSelf,CharlesHorton Cooley
- societyasan interweavingandinterworkingof mental selvesthatindividuallyimaginethe
reflectionsof theirmindsof otherindividuals.
3 Element
 the imaginationof out appearance tothe otherperson
 the imaginationof hisjudgmentof thatappearance
 self-reflection
Mind,Selfand Society, George HerbertMead
- activitiesorbehaviourof the individual asitiswithinthe social process.
MIND
Social phenomenaarising anddevelopingwithinthe social processwiththe matrix of social
interaction

4. SELF
It arisesinsocial experience;objecttoitself;possessesasocial structure.
2 dimensions
 I- identifyinresponsetothe attitudesof others
 Me- assumesthe organizedsetof attitudesof other.
PresentationofSelfin Everyday Life,Erving Goffman
- We are in a constantpresentationof ourself wheneverwe are at the companyof another
person.
- Life islike astage.Front stage,characterizedbya packagingof self ina manner that is
acceptable andappreciatedbythe society.Backstage,sense of individualityisexpressed but
isrepressedbythe individual especiallyif itisregardedassomethingcontradictoryto
society’ssystemof norms.
Anti- Social Self,SigmundFreud
- Conflictrelationbetweenself andsociety.
3 componentsof personality
 Id- animal instinct;pleasure principle;motivatedtowardsthe immediatesatisfactionof
one’sdesire.
 Ego- realityprinciple.ItbalancesitIdandSuperegoof individual.
 Superego- conscience of the individual thatinternalizesthe society’smorale convictions
embodiedinthe GoldenRule.
Formal education- primarilyhappensinaclassroom
Informal education- canoccuranywhere
Social Group
Groups
- consistsof people whoregularlyand consciouslyinteractwithone another
- membersmayshare similarvalues,normsandexpectation.
2 Memberships
InvoluntaryMembership
- social groupthat provide littleoptiontobelong.Theseincludesthe family,andthe gender,ethnic
and racial groupsintowhichwe are born.

5. Voluntarymembership
- Groups to whichwe choose tobelong.
- These includesscouts,professionalassociation,churchgroups,clubs,workgroupsandthis
sociologyclass.
2 Terms usuallyconfusedwith Groups
Aggregate- individualswhotemporarilyshare the same physical space butdonotsee themselvesas
belongingtogether
Category- people whohave similarcharacteristics.
Kinds ofGroups
Primarygroup- groupcharacterizedbyintimate,longterm, face toface associationandcooperation.
Secondarygroup- larger,relativelytemporarily,more anonymousformal andimpersonal group.
In-groups- groupstowardwhichone feelsloyalty.
Outgroup- groupstowardwhichone feelsantagonism.
Identificationwitha group can be generate the ff.:
Sense of belonging
Loyalty
Feelingsof superiority
Discrimination, hated
Reference group
- To evaluate accomplishmnets,failures,valuesandattitudes.
Clique- aclusterof people withinalargergroupwhochoose to interactwithone another,an
internal fanction.
Social Network- electroniccommunitieswhichare people interactingwitheachotherinthe internet.
Group Dynamics
- The way inwhichindividualsaffectgroupsandthe waysin whichgroupsinfluence
individuals.
Dyad- smallestpossible group,whichconsists of twopeople.
Triad- three people
Coalitions- alignmentofsome membersof a group against the other.

6. Leadership- a leaderissomeone whoinfluencesthe behaviour,opinions,attitudesof others
Types ofLeader
Instrumental Leader
- Task orientedleader
- Triesto keepthe groupmovingtowardsitsgoals.
- Remindingof groupgolas
Expressive Leader
- Socio- emotional leader
- Crack jokes,tooffersympathy
- Peacemaker
- More popular
LeadershipStyle
Authoritarianleader- leadsbygivingorders.Assigntasksandsetworkingcondition.
Democraticleader- leadsbytryingtoreacha consensus
Laissez-faireLeader- leadsbybeinghighlypermissive
Deviance
- Actionsor behaviourthatviolate social norms,includingformallyenacted(e.g., crime) as
well asinformal violation of social norms(e.g.,rejectingfolkwaysormores)
5 typesof Deviances
Innovation.Response due tothe straingeneratedbyour culturesemphasisonwealthandlackof
opportunitiestogetrich.Innovatorsacceptsociety’sgoalsbutrejectsocial acceptable meansof
achievingthem.
Conformists.Acceptsociety’sgoalsandthe sociallyacceptedmeansof achievingthem.
Ritualism.Inabilitytoreachcultural goalsthusembracingthe rulestothe pointwhere theylose
sightof theirlargergoalsinorderto feelsrespected.
Retreatism.Showsthe inabilityof apersonto rejectboththe cultural goalsandmeansletiingthe
person“dropout”.
Rebellion.Somehowsimilartoretreatism, becauserebellionsalsorejectthe cultural goalsand
meansbuttheygo one step furtherand a “counterculture”thatsupportsothersocial orderthat
alreadyexist.
Primary deviance- personcommitsacrime but mildsanctionare given
Secondary Deviance- personscommitsacrime withhard sanctions.

7. THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
PSYCHOLOGICALEXPLANATION
OF DEVIANCE
Like biological theories,psychological explanationsof deviance tendtobe individualistic,focusingon
abnormalitiesinthe individualpersonality.Thoughsome abnormalitiesare hereditary,psychologists
viewmostas a resultof socialization.Since personalityisshapedbysocial experience throughout
life,deviance isusuallyunderstoodtobe the resultof “unsuccessful”socialization.
ContainmentTheory
WalterRecklessandSimonDinitz
The desire toengage indelinquentactivitycanbe containedif one personhave developedstrong
moral valuesand positive self-image.
The researchersfoundthat….
• The GOOD BOYShad indeedexperiencedfewercontactswiththe police thanhadthe BAD
BOYS.
• Boyswho managedtostay out of trouble hada strongconscience anda positive self-
conceptthat servedas“an internal bufferwhichprotectspeople against(violation) of the
social and legal norms”.
EMILE DURKHEIM:
The Functionsof Deviance
• Withoutsome amountof deviance,societycouldnotexistatall.
• There isnothingabnormal aboutdeviance,since itisanintegral partof all societies.
4 Major functionsof deviance
• Deviance affirmscultural valuesandnorms.
• Respondingtodeviance clarifiesmoral boundaries.
• Respondingtodeviance promotessocial unity.
 Deviance encouragessocial changes.
LabelingTheory
The assertionthat deviance andconformityresultfromthe responseof others.Labelingtheory
stressesthe relativityof deviance,meaningthatbehaviorunderstoodinone situationmaybe
defineddifferentlyinanother.

8. Primary and SecondaryDeviance
• EdwinLemertexplainsthatbeinglabeledasdeviantcanchange a person’ssubsequent
behavior.Lemertcallsactivitythatisinitiallydefinedasdeviant primary deviance.A person
whoaccept thislabel maythenengage in secondary deviance,behaviorcausedbythe
person’sincorporatingthe deviantlabelintoself-conceptandsocial identity.
Stigma, a powerful negative social label thatradicallychangesaperson’ssocial identityandself-
concept.
Retrospective Labeling
- The interpretationof someone’spastconsistentwithpresentdeviance
Labelingand Mental Illness
- Mental illness isagoodexample because aperson'smental conditionmaybe difficultto
define.Psychiatristhave oftenassumedthatmental disordershave aconcrete realitysimilar
to diseasesof the body.Itistrue thatfactors such as heredity,diet,stressandchemical
imbalancesinthe bodyare at leastpartial causes of some mental disturbances.
The MedicalizationofDeviance
- The transformationof moral and legal issuesintomedical matters.Inessence,thisisa
matterof changinglabels.Inmoral terms,peopleandtheirbehaviorare seenassome
combinationof “bad”and “good”.However,the scientificobjectivityof medicineallowsno
such oral judgement;therefore,the medicalizationof deviance involvesadoptingclinical
termssuch as “sick”and “well”.
Differential AssociationTheory
EdwinSutherlandsuggested thatall humanbehavior,includingdeviance,islearnedthrough
associationwithothers,especiallyinprimarygroups.Becauseof the complexityof socialization,
people are exposedtosituationsencouragingcriminalityaswell asthose supportingconformity.A
person’slikelihoodof engagingincriminal activitydependsuponthe frequencyof associationwith
those whoencourage normviolationcomparedwiththosewhoencourage conformity.
Deviance and Capitalism
• StevenSpitzerclaimsthatdeviantlabelsare appliedprimarilytopeople whoimpede the
operationof capitalism,asSpitzerexplains,such“problempopulations”includesvarious
kindsof people.
• Capitalismisbasedonprivate control f property.
• Capitalismdependsonthe productive labor of the majorityof people,andtherefore those
whocannot or will notworkriskdeviantlabeling.
• Capitalismdependsonrespectforfiguresof authorityandsothose whoresistauthorityare
likelytobe labeledasdeviant.
• Capitalismrestsnhe widespreadacceptance of the statusquo;those whoundermine or
challenge the capitalistsystemare subjecttodeviantlabeling.

9. Deviance and the Rich:
White-CollarCrime
• DefinesbyEdwinSutherlandin1940 as crimescommittedbypersonsof highsocial position
inthe course of theiroccupations.