The presentation shows the Socio Economic and Health Condition of Paniya Tribes in Thavinjal Gramapanchayath, wayanad, Kerala, India.

2. INTRODUCTION
According to Oxford Dictionary -
“ A tribe is a group of people in a
primitive or barbarous stage of
development acknowledging the authority
of a chief and usually regarding
themselves as having a common
ancestor.”

3.  There are approximately two hundred
million tribal people in the entire globe,
which means, about 4% of the global
population. They are found in many
regions of the world and majority of them
are the poorest amongst poor.
 Tribal people constitute 8.6% of the
nation's total population, over 104 million
people according to the 2011 census.

4. The 10 important tribes in the world:-
 Kayapo – Brazil (Along the banks of the Xingu
River, Amazon basin)
 Huli – Papua New Guinea
 Chukchi – Siberia (Chukotka Autonomous region
in Russia)
 Drokpa – Ladakh, India
 Andamanese – Andaman Islands, India
 Nenets – Siberia (Yamal peninsula)
 Yanomami – South America (Venezuela, Brazil)
 San Bushmen – Africa (Botswana, Namibia, South
Africa, Angola)
 Maori – New Zealand
 Aborigines – Australia

5.  Tribals in Kerala (Adivasis of Kerala) are
the indigenous population found in the
southern Indian state of Kerala. In Kerala,
tribal people live in the forests and
mountains of Western Ghats, bordering
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. According to
the 2001 census of India, the Scheduled
Tribe population in Kerala is 364189.
Wayanad has the highest number of
tribal’s (136,062). Idukki- (50973)
and Palakkad (39665) districts are the
next two that make the lion portion of the
native tribal people groups in the state.
The Paniya (Paniyar) are the largest of the
35 major tribes

6. Socioeconomic status
(SES) is defined as a measure of one's
combined economic and social status and
tends to be positively associated with
better health. This entry focuses on the
three common measures of
socioeconomic status;
 Education,
 Income, and
 Occupation

7. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
AIM
The main aim of the present study is to
understand the socio-economic and health
conditions of Paniya tribes in Thavinjal
Panchath, wayanad district.
OBJECTIVES
 To identify housing conditions of the study area.
 To identify the level of educational attainment of
the study area
 To identify economic condition of the study area
 To examine the health conditions in the paniya

8. SCOPE OF THE STUDY
Tribal peoples are one of the minority group in the
world. Their proportion is very small in the world
population. Even though they are living in the
modern world, but their Socio-Economic condition
is still very backward. They follow hereditary life
style and, their interference is very poor on the
society. Due to these reasons, the development of
the tribes is a great challenge to the government.
The implemented programs by Govt. have so
many deficiencies and also the approach of the
tribe to the government is different. In these
situation, the present study helps to tribes and
government to understand the SEC and Health to
the proper development.

9. DATA BASE
Socio-Economic and Health data collected
from selected sample population 2016.
Demographic Data collected from Tribal
Extension office, Thavinjal
GramaPanchayath.
Data about plans and projects collected
from District Planning Office, wayanad.

10. METHODOLOGY
 The main source of data for the present
study is the primary and secondary sources.
 Primary data is collected through
questionnaire survey, direct interview method
and field visits.
 The survey was conducted among 252
houses
 The secondary sources data are available
from much access.
 Secondary data will available from Tribal
Department and Panchayth office

11. LIMITATIONS OF THE
STUDY
 The study had to be completed within
a short span time
 Lack of proper relevant data from the
authorities
 Poor transportation facilities and lack
of accessibility

12. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 “Health, Education and Employment in a Forward-Backward
Dichotomy Based on Standard of Living Index for the Tribes
in Kerala”- D. Rajasenan, Bijith George Abraham and Rajeev
B
(Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive
Policy (CSSEIP), Cochin University of Science and
Technology, Kochi-22, Kerala.)
The Paper unfolds the paradox
that exists in the tribal community with respect to the
development indicators and hence tries to cull out the
difference in the standard of living of the tribes in a
dichotomous framework, forward and backward. Four
variables have been considered for ascertaining the standard
of living and socio-economic conditions of the tribes. The data
for the study is obtained from a primary survey in the three
tribal predominant districts of Wayanad, Idukki and Palakkad.

13.  “Paniya Adivasi Women’s Innovative Livelihood Development
Endeavors in Farming” by - Chandrika C. S., Nandakumar P.M
In this article says that changing new life styles
conditions of the paniya tribal womens and The fact that the Adivasi
women involved in this project were able to learn the methods of
innovative farming proved beyond doubt that they are capable of
successfully going beyond conventional development perspectives
 Report of the high level committee on socio-economic, health and
educational status of tribal communities of India 2014may
The report was mandated to examine the socio-
economic, educational and health status of tribal communities and
recommend appropriate interventional measures to improve the same.
The Committee formulated thematic sections based on various socio-
economic parameters mentioned in the Terms of Reference and each
theme was taken up by individual members based on their areas of
expertise.

14.  TRIBAL WOES (Human development report of tribal's in Attapadi)
by Richard Scaria, Reejo.R.J, Sumesh.K, Dhanush. D.M in 2014. In
this project discus the detailed human development status of tribes in
attapadi. They calculating HDI by UNO, UNDP, and OPHI etc.
 Report on India’s Tribal Population Kept under Worldwide Refugee
Admissions Processing System (WRAPS)
A report of the current status of tribal communities,
submitted to the Prime Minister's Office in May 2014, and has been
kept under wraps with no action being taken on its findings.
Submitted by a high-level committee headed by Virginius Xaxa,
professor at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, the report, exclusively
accessed by Down To Earth, focuses on the socio-economic, health
and educational status of the country’s tribal communities.

15.  Vineetha Chawla wrote an article in 2014 “Tribal's in India current
status and Treatment given by Public” in this article accounts the
public interest in the tribal development and the poor condition of
tribes.
 Panchayath level statistics 2011-Wayanad it gives the accurate data
of wayanad districts economy and population by Department of
Economics And Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram 2011.
 TRIBALS IN KERALA : A case study in sulthan bathery taluk of
wayanad district the paper discus the soio-economic condition of
paniya tribes in sulthan bather, wayanad.
 Kulamani Padhi in his article “Tribal Development in India -A
Study in Human Development”(2005 march) give brief summary of
tribal human development in India

16. ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
 The Dissertation were arranged in five chapters
 First chapter include Research Design.
 The second chapter deals with location and
extent, physiographic, climate,rainfal, drainage,
vegetation, demography and transport &
communication of the study area.
 Third chapter gives authentic information on
Socio-Economic and Health Condition.
 Fourth chapter include the study of Socio-
Economic and Health Condition in Thavinjal
panchayath.
 The fifth chapter show the findings, summary and
conclusion of the study.

17. STUDY AREA
Thavinjal is a village in Wayanad
district in the state of Kerala, India. It is
formally known as aranguthumchall, meaning
the place for cultural programs.Thavinjal is
located 40.2 km north-east of the district
headquarters Kalpetta. Thavinjal is one of the
big panchayath in Mananthavady Block
Panchayath. The headquater of the panchayath
is located on Thalappuzha, Chungam.

18. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION
Tavinjal panchayat lies between 110 46’09” and
11054’06” north latitude, 730 47’27” and 750 59’07”
east longitude covering a geographical area of
14,210.26 ha. The panchayat is bounded on the east by
Mananthavady panchayat, west by Thondarnad
panchayat, north by Kottiyoor and Thirunelli
panchayat and south by Edavaka and Thondarnad
panchayat. Tavinjal panchayat is located at the north –
west part of Wayanad district. The panchayath is in
Mananthavady taluk and comprises of three revenue
villages namely Tavinjal, Valad and Perya.

21. DEMOGRAPHY&CLIMATE
As of 2012 ICDS census, Thavinjal
had a population of 41838 with 21072 males
and 20766 females. There are 1750 Scheduled
Caste and 8659 Scheduled Tribes. Children’s
are 2025 males and 2025 females respectively.
In this panchayath there are Literates 14333
and 7239(Males) 7094(Females) Illiterate
3507 and 1522(Males) 1985(Females).

22.  The monsoon season is extensive and
long and continuous rainfall can be
experienced for four months of the year.
Winters are mild and cool and this season
is the best time to visit the place. Summer
season is from the months of March to
May. During this time temperatures range
from a minimum of 28°C and can rise up
to a maximum of 35°C. The month of May
is the hottest part of the year, especially
around the third week of the month.

23. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONDITION IN WORLD
 Socioeconomic status is an important
determinant of the likelihood that
individuals and populations are exposed
to environmental and other risk factors
for health. Social and economic
resources shape the health of individuals
and populations. This can be seen in the
simple statistic that richer countries tend
to have better average health than
poorer ones..

24.  Although no consistent association
has been found between Gross
Domestic Product (GDP) and life
expectancy amongst richer countries,
several studies have found that within
richer countries lower socioeconomic
status is associated with poorer health

25. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONDITION IN INDIA
The socioeconomic status is the one
of the most important phenomenon of define a
development of a country. Some of its major
dimensions Include: the level of economic
growth, level of education, level of health
services, degree of modernization, status of
women, level of nutrition, quality of housing,
distribution of goods and services, and access to
communication. In India, the progress of socio-
economic development among major states is not
uniform. The states in India are marked with wide
disparity in socio-economic development.

26. SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION
OF KERALA&WAYANAD
Kerala has received international acclaim for
its conscious policy intervention for high levels of
human development. The socioeconomic scenario
of Kerala constituted by net state domestic
product, per capita state income, demographic
trends, structural changes, employment scenario,
family structure, food culture, leisure time
activities etc have changed drastically with the
advent of globalisation.

27.  Wayanad is primarily a rural district, in
which 96.2 per cent of the total population
lives in villages None of the talukas have a
sizable urban population. However it is to be
noted that in the context of Kerala, there is
no perceptible difference between rural and
urban areas in terms of demography or
facilities, as there has always been historical
rural-urban continuum with respect to
demography, economy and development.

28.  The factors, which are found out to be more
important for the overall development
process, relate to basic needs like education,
availability of food, minimum purchasing
power and facilities like safe drinking Water,
health care infrastructure, etc. It is also found
that enrolment ratio cannot be raised unless
minimum needs of the common people are
satisfied

29. SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITION
OF PANIYA TRIBES IN
THAVINJAL GRAMA PANCHAYTH
Paniya or the Ippimala makkal (Children of the
Ippi Hills, a legendary mountain range) constitute the
largest tribal community in Wayanad district of Kerala.
They have some similarity to the Negroes. This
section of people are seen in Niigiris, Wayanad,
Kozhikode, Kannur, Kudagu areas. Paniyas speak
primitive Malayalam without any script. Most of them
were slaves of the non-tribal land lords in the early
periods. Majority of them do not have education and
land.

30. Male Female Total
29759 31042 60801
Source: 2011
census
Tribal population in
Wayanad

31. 0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Male Female Total
PopulationinLakh DISTRIBUTION OF PANIYA TRIBES IN WAYANAD

32. Tribes Population in number
Adiyan 49
Wayanadan Kadar 4
Kattunaikar 257
Kurichyas 4772
Paniyas 2648
Thachanad
Moopan 4
Vettakurumar 29
Kurumar 90
Tribal Population In Thavinjal
Gramapanchayath
Source: 2011census

33. 0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Adiyan Wayanadan
Kadar
Kattunaikar Kurichyas Paniyas Thachanad
Moopan
Vettakurumar Kurumar
Populationinnumbers
Types of tribes
TRIBES IN THAVINJAL GRAMA PANCHAYATH

34. Number of
families
Male Female Total
597 1295 1353 2648
Paniya Population In Thavinjal
Panchayath
Source: Tribal Sub Plan, Wayanad
District

35. 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Number of families Male Female Total
Populationinnumbers
DISTRIBUTION OF PANIYA TRIBES IN THAVINJAL
GRAMA PANCHAYATTH

36. ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION
Socio-Economic condition is one of the important
scales to measure the quality of the people. In Mananthavady
Block panchayth, Tavinjal is the second highest tribal
population (7853) found after Thirunelli panchayatth(13103).
According to 2011 local legislative program says that tha
thavinjal have eight type of tribes
To get a clear idea of the socio-economic conditions of
the tribal’s, a primary survey including 252 Paniya tribal
households from Thavinjal panchayath of Mananthavady
Block. The primary data were collected from the 252 houses
with direct interview method; from each ward I took 15
samples. But sample size is not same throughout the ward.
The total population covered 1081 with 528 males and 553
females.

37. INCOME AND WAGE STATUS
OF PANIYA
 The first indicator in measuring the SES is
INCOME. The word ‘Paniya’ is related with job. In
Malayalam the word Pani is work and paniya is labourer.
Thavinjal is a rural panchayath and the main occupation of
the peoples are agriculture or agriculture related jobs. The
important crops are cultivated in thavinjal is Coffe, Tea,
Pepper, Plantain etc.
 Traditionally, the tribals earn their livelihood through
agriculture.
 They gives importance to the primary sector jobs only.

38. Daily Wage Male Female
Wages i n
Pecenatge
0-300 3 110
22.69
300-600 296 86
76.70
Above 600 1 2
0.60
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0-300 300-600 Above 600
Numberofworkers
Wages in Rupees
WAGE STRUCTURE OF
PANIYAS
Male Female
It is observed the majority of paniyas were worked as daily wage workers
at an wage of 300-600

39.  97% of paniya worked in agriculture
related jobs directly or indirectly.
 76.76% of peoples were work for daily
wages of Rs.300-600
 Only 19.89% of woman work
participation in MGNREGA (Mahatma
Gandhi National rural employment
guarantee act)
 The paniya don’t give importance to
savings and they don’t have other assets
like Farms, Shops, other business etc.
They are daily workers and they spend
the money to their daily needs.
 2 paniya tribals worked in panchayat as
Tribal promoters

40. EDUCATION
 In all the Five Year Plans, priority
was given to educational development of
Scheduled Tribes. The main reason for the very
slow spread of education among Scheduled Tribes
is the peculiar nature of their dwelling. Majority
of the Scheduled Tribes are living in remote areas
far away from educational institutions. The social
and economic conditions prevailing in the tribal
settlements are not conducive for studies.

41.  Lack of sufficient educational institutions in
tribal areas, poverty etc, curtail effective
educational development among Scheduled
Tribes. Moreover, the parents of the tribal
children being generally illiterate, they
neither attach much importance to education
nor insist their children to attend classes
regularly.

42. Level of Education Male Female
Primary 209 177
Secondary 88 81
Senior Secondary 9 12
Graduation 0 3
0 50 100 150 200 250
Primary
Secondary
Senior Secondary
Graduation
Population in Hundreds
EducationLevel
EDUCATION LEVEL OF PANIYA
TRIBES IN THAVINJAL
Female
Male
There are 386 peoples get primary level education, and the paniyas give not
much importance to education.

43. •Education backwardness is one of the major
problems among the paniyas in the study
area.
•87% of the paniyas having only primary
education only .
•The paniya men’s get education at primary
level where as females were interested in
higher education but they do not get proper
situation to achieve their goals.
•The Thavinjal panchayath have 6 Lower Primary
schools in Ward 6, 7, 5, 2, 9 respectively, and
there are 3 Upper Primary schools in ward 4, 3, 1,
the panchatyath have 4 High schools and Higher
Secondary School

44.  There are 30.15% people have primary education,
15.63% secondary, 1.94% senior secondary
respectively.
 1 girl doing her BA in Mananthavady Gov.colg
and 2 girls doing M.Sc Nursing in Thrissure.
 There are 43.84% illiterate peoples, and 108
dropouts below age 20.
 The promoters try to develop the education level
of paniya through literacy mission.

45. HOUSING CONDITION
 A glance at the most conspicuous
indicator of socio-economic status namely
habitation and housing condition would provide a
better understanding of the social life of Paniyas.
To get a clear picture about housing condition of
paniya I capture all things about their house and
surroundings. In the total sample there are 252
paniya houses. The hoses are not unique in size,
type, and mode of construction.

46. Roof of House Numbers
Tiled 46
Sheet 56
Concrete 138
Thatched 12
Tiled
18%
Sheet
22%Concret e
55%
Thatched
5%
TYPE OF HOUSE ROOF
Source: Sample Survey
Concrete houses (55%) are there but they are not properly maintained

47.  There are 55% of concrete roofed hose and
5% of grass, 18% tiled and 22% sheet roof.
The concrete houses are majority get on Via
IAY (Indira Awaas Yojana) programme by
central govt.
 The majority hoses walls are made-up by
Laterite stones at a percentage of 32.93% and
they use Cement bricks, Mud bricks also.
There are 16.26% of peoples were use
bamboos and other trees to make their huts

48.  The electrified houses are 108 and there
are 114 houses do not have electricity.
 Paniya families are broadly classified into
nuclear, joint and extended . 164 families are
nuclear families (65.07%) Sixty one families
were interested to live in a joint family set up. It
forms 24.4 percentages of the total 252. The
extended family consists of only 10.71 percentage
of the total household surveyed. It is observed
that the majority of Paniyas prefer to live in
nuclear families.

49.  On the 252 houses the 45.23 percentage of
families do not have proper sanitation
facilities and the rest of the percentages have
toilet facilities but majority is situated in an
unhygienic condition. They depend the
neighbouring houses for sanitations
otherwise they go to the opened spaces
 Paniyas 71.82 percent of paniya were
suffering drinking water problem. 60.3% of
this community depend on public well for
their water requirement. 16.66% tribal's use
pipe water and only 6.34% percent of them
have their own well. But it is found that the
public taps are very far from their habitats

50.  There are 55% of concrete roofed hose and
5% of grass, 18% tiled and 22% sheet roof.
The concrete houses are majority get on Via
IAY (Indira Awaas Yojana) programme by
central govt.
 The majority hoses walls are made-up by
Laterite stones at a percentage of 32.93% and
they use Cement bricks, Mud bricks also.
There are 16.26% of peoples were use
bamboos and other trees to make their huts

51. WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Water Disposal
Opened Pit Opened Space
18 234
Solid Waste Disposal
Opened Pit Opened Space
28 224

52.  88.88% percentage people were dump
the solid wastes like plastics and
garbage’s in to the surroundings of their
houses.
 The majority of the family do not have
proper drainage system. They dispose
their solid wastes and waste water to
open space and the surroundings of
their houses and appear as un hygienic
condition

53.  Clean environment is also essential for the well-
being of any society. It is noted that tribal's do not
possess any separate arrangements for waste
disposal. The lack proper drainage system is
major problem of them.
 92.85 % of people were pore the waste water to
the open space and the lack proper care giving to
domestic animals like cow, goat, and pet animal
dogs etc. are found in unhygienic condition.

54. HEALTH
 Health is an important determinant of a
community's living status. Generally, the tribals
are not much concerned about their health in the
initial stage of the disease.
 They seek medical treatment only in the last
stage. It is observed that majority of the tribals are
using allopathy treatments in order to cure
diseases. Homeopathy and ayurveda is the least
interested mode of treatment.

55. Treatment System
Number of
Household
Allopathy 240
Ayurvedam 10
Homeopathy 2
0
50
100
150
200
250
Allopathy Ayurvedam Homeaopathy
NumberofHousehold
Treatment System
TREATMENT SYSTEM OF
PANIYA HOUSEHOLD
95% of peoples were choosing only the allopathy treatment system.
Ayurvedam and Homeo gets less importance

56.  The panchayath have 1 Primary Health
Centre (PHC) in Valad and one Community
Health Centre Periya39. There is two
Ayurveda dispensaries one in Alattil and the
other one in Muthireri. The homeopathy
dispensary is situated in Thalappuzha
Chungam near to the Panchayath office.
 95% of peoples were choosing only the
allopathy treatment system.
 The panchayath have one PHC and it is
far away from the other colonies.

57.  The 99.60% of houses choose Govt. Hospitals for
treatment and there is one family was choosing
private hospital for treatment. The absence of
high class medical system in wayanad like
Medical College, Super Speciality hospital etc.
they come to nearest medical college in Calicut.
The tribal’s come to here for major surgeries and
other complicated cases like maternal and cardiac
arrest etc.
 are regular dieses like Asphyxiation, Fitz,
Mental Illness, Arthritis, Body pain,
Tuberculosis, skin problems, Heart dieses,
Ulcer, and Sigmoidetomy are found here.
 .

58. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
INCOME & WAGE
 Traditionally, the tribal’s earn their livelihood through
agriculture. It is observed that the majority of paniya worked
in agriculture related jobs directly or indirectly. There is a
woman work participation in MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi
National rural employment guarantee act) is 19.89% only.
 The paniya don’t give importance to savings and
they don’t have other assets like Farms, Shops, other
business etc. They are daily workers and they spend the
money to their daily needs.
 The majority of work for at a daily wage 400 ₹ and the female
workers only get 250 Rupees. So it’s clear that the income of
the paniyas is very poor and they need a secure income for
their proper development

59. OCCUPATION
 All the households surveyed had agricultural labour was their main
source of earning. The tribes do not work on their own land as their name
proves they are labours. And they are working only the upper caste people’s
lad. The panchayath have 2 paniya Female Tribal promoters one paniya boy
work on a resort in kalpetta.
EDUCATION
 Majority of the paniya were attending the primary education and
there are 2 M.Sc Nursing students and one BA student. The paniya men’s
get education on primary level but the females are ready to study but they
do not get proper situation to achieve their goals.
HOUSING CONDITION
 The Paniya houses were of four types: bamboo houses with
grass roofs, tiled roof, asbestos roof houses and concrete roof
houses. There are 55% of houses were concreted by the
government, but there are 43 families lived in small sheds.
Another parameter of development is the
possession of sanitary toilets. Of the total 252 households
54.76 percent have sanitary toilets while 45.23 percent do not
have sanitary facility.

60. SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER
 On the household (252) the 60.31% of families
were depend the public well to meet their needs. In the time
of summer there is very big problem the supply of drinking
water. The problem faced by the paniyas in the panchayath is
- Neglect from authorities, Severe shortage of water, The
colonies are located on a barren hill, No well or other
supplementary water storage facilities, Women move about 6
km to collect water etc.
HEALTH CONDITIONS
 The panchayath have one PHC and it is far away from the
other colonies. The district doesn’t have a Medical College
facility etc that’s not good for the community. There is more
than 10 handicapped persons and so many diseases fond
here.

61. SUGESSIONS
 The educated tribes like secondary and senior
secondary level, give the technical skills like basic
computer courses like DTP, Printing Technology helps
to improve the earnings and lifestyles.
 To give the direction to the all 30-50 aged Females for
the participation in MGNREGA to develop the earning
mentality.
 Establish tribal High schools and Higher Secondary
with job oriented courses.
 Give the awareness on alcoholic addiction and the
addicted peoples give rehabilitation facilities.
 To allocate more fund to improve the sanitation
facilities.
 Decrees the role of mediators in govt. Contracts, the
contract must give to a registered contractor only.

62.  Conduct the shopping festivals to give more
importance to the trial local knowledge like
local medicine, handicrafts, etc. that help to
improve the local jobs across the community
 Establish PHC on each ward or around 5 Km
from the colonies
 To establish new health centre for promote
local medical systems of paniya.
 Elaborate role of govt in tribal health and
overall development of pania.
 Give secured houses for all families and
Ration etc.

63. CONCLUSION
The study has found that the
problem is lacks of financial stability
closely associated with the socio-
economic and health characteristics of
tribes. Largely these characteristics have
alienated them from land and other
means of production, which have
exchange value in a market economy.
Any inherent skills or capabilities they
posses did not seem to have any
exchange value and hence they
continued to be excluded from the
mainstream

64. BIBILOGRAPHY
 T. VARGHESE (2010). TRIBALS IN
KERALA: A CASE STUDY IN. SULTHAN
BATHERY TALUK OF WAYANAD
DISTRICT.
shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/1060
3/222/13/13_chapter4.pd
 Arun.P.A & Team (April 2015). Sand Audit
Report, Kabani River, Wayanad District.
clr.kerala.gov.in/docs/SandAudit/sand-
audit_kabani.pdf

65.  R.N Swamy (2011). Socio Economic
Profile of Paniya in Wayanad.
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