India And china relationship ppt

1. INDO CHINA
RELATIONSHIP

2. EARLY HISTORY
 India and China had relativelylittlemodern political
contact before the 1950s.
 However, both countrieshave had extensiveand close historical
cultural contact since the 2nd century BCE,especially with the
transmissionof Buddhism from India toChina.
 Trade relations via the S i lk Road acted as
economic contact between the two regions

3.  After the transmissionof Buddhism from India to China from the 1st
century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks travelled to
China, such as Batuo (464-495CE)—firstabbot of the Shaolin
Monastery—andBodhidharma—founder of Chan/ZenBuddhism.
 while many Chinese scholars and monks also travelled to India,
such as Xuanzang (b. 604)and IChing (635-713), both of whom
were studentsat Nalanda Universityin Bihar.

4.  Xuanzang wrote the Great Tang Records
on the Western Regions, an account of
his journey to India, which later inspired
Wu Cheng'en's Ming Dynastynovel
Journey to the West, one of the Four
Great Classical Novels of Chinese
literature.

7. GEOGRAPHICAL
OVERVIIEW
 China and India are separated by the formidable geographical obstacles of the
Himalayas. China and India today share a border along the Himalayas with
Nepal and Bhutan acting as buffer states. Parts of the
 disputed Kashmir region claimed by India are claimed and administered by
either Pakistan (Azad Kashmirand Gilgit and Baltistan) or by the PRC (Aksai
Chin).
The Government of Pakistan on itsmaps shows the Aksai Chin area as mostly within
China and labels the boundary "Frontier Undefined" while India holds that Aksai
Chin isillegally occupied by the PRC.
 China and India also dispute most of Arunachal Pradesh at the far eastern end of
the Himalayas. However, both countries have agreed to respect the Line of Actual
Control here; the area justnorth of Tawang isseen as a
 potential flashpoint.

8. Sino-sikh war
 Inthe 18th to 19th centuries, the Sikh Confederacy of the Punjab region in India was
expanding into neighboring lands. Ithad annexed Ladakh into the state of Jammu in
1834.
 In1841,they invaded Tibet with an army and overran parts of western Tibet.
Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841,forcing the Sikh army to
withdraw from Tibet, and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh, where they
were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army.
 At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhswere
embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the FirstAnglo-Sikh War,
while the Chinese was in the midst of the FirstOpium War with the British East India
Company.
 The Chinese and the Sikhssigned a treaty in September 1842,which
stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's
frontiers.

9. AFTER INDEPENDEC
 Jawaharlal Nehru based hisvision of "resurgent Asia" on friendship
between the two largest states of Asia; hisvision of an
internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of
 the Panchsheel, which he initially believed was shared by China,
came to grief when it became clear that the two countries had a
conflict of interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a
geographical and political buffer zone, and where India believed
it had inherited special privileges from the BritishRaj.

10. PANCHISLA AGREEMENT
 InApril 1954 , India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on Tibet
that set forth the basis of their relationship
 mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and
 sovereignty.
 Mutual non-aggression.
 Mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
 Equality and cooperation for mutual benefit.
 Peaceful co-existence

11. 1962 WAR
 1962Borderdisputesresulted ina shortborder warbetween the
People's Republic of China and Indiain20October 1962.
 The border clash resulted ina crushing defeat of India as the PRC
pushed the Indianforces to withinforty-eightkilometresof the Assam
plains inthe northeast and occupied strategic pointsinLadakh, until
the PRC declared a unilateral cease-fireon 21November and
withdrewtwentykilometersbehind its contended line ofcontrol.

12.  Indiaand the PRC renewed effortsto improverelationsafterIndianPrime Minister
IndiraGandhi's Congress party lostthe 1977elections to Morarji Desai'sJanata
Party.
 Thenew Desaigovernment soughtto improvelong-strainedrelationswith India
and the PRC. In1978,the IndianMinisterof ExternalAffairsAtal Bihari Vajpayee
made a landmarkvisitto Beijing,and both nationsofficially re- established
diplomaticrelations in1979.
 ThePRC modified itspro-Pakistanstand on Kashmirand appeared willingtoremain
silenton India'sabsorption of Sikkimand itsspecial advisory relationship withBhutan.

13.  In1984, squads of soldiers began actively patrolling the Sumdorong Chu Valley
in ArunachaIndian lPradesh (formerly NEFA), which isnorth of the McMahon Line as
drawn on the Simla Treaty map but south of the ridge which Indian claims ismeant to
delineate the McMahon Line. The Sumdorong Chu valley "seemed to lie to the north of
the McMahon line; but issouth of the highest ridge in the area, and the McMahon line is
meant to follow the highest points“
 according to the Indian claims, whilst the Chinese did not recognise the
McMahon Line as legitimate and were not prepared to accept an Indian claim
line even further north than that. The Indian team left the area before the winter.
 Inthe winter of 1986,the Chinese deployed their troops to the Sumdorong Chu
before the Indian team could arrive in the summer and built a Helipad at
Wandung.Surprised by the Chinese occupation, India's then Chief of Army
Staff,General K.Sundarji, airlifted a brigade to the region

14. 1960-70
 A warming trend in relations was facilitated by Rajiv
Gandhi's visitto China inDecember 1988.Thetwo sides
issued a joint communiqué that stressedthe need to
restorefriendlyrelationson the basisof the Panch Shila
and noted the importance of the firstvisitby an Indian
prime ministerto China since Nehru's1954visit.

15. 1980-90
 As the mid-1990s approached, slow but steady improvement in
relations with China was visible. Top-level dialogue continued
with the December 1991visitof PRC premier LiPeng to India and
the May 1992visitto China of Indian president R.Venkataraman.
Sixrounds of talksof
 the Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue were
held between December 1988and June 1993

16. 2000-10
Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Premier Li
Peng signed the border agreement and three
other agreements, primarily dealing with cross-
border trade, and on increased cooperation on
environmental issued (e.g. Pollution, Animal
extinction, Global Warming, etc.) and in radio
and television broadcasting during the former's
visit to Beijing inSeptember.

17. CONTD…
 With Indian President K.R. Narayanan's visit to
China, 2000 marked a gradual re-
engagement of Indian and Chinese
diplomacy. Ina major embarrassment for
China, the 17th Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje,
who was proclaimed by China, made a
dramatic escape from Tibet to the Rumtek
Monastery in Sikkim.

20. SIMLA ACCORD 1913
 The SimlaAccord, or the Convention BetweenGreat
Britain,China, and Tibet,[in]Simla,[1]isa treaty
concerning thestatus
 of Tibet negotiated by representatives of the
Republic of China, Tibet and the United Kingdom
in Simla in 1913 and 1914.Until 2008 the British
Government's position remained the same as had been
since the Simla Accord of 1913: thatChina held
suzerainty over Tibet but not sovereignty. Britain revised
this view on 29TH October 2008, when it recognised
Chinese sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a statement

21. PRESENTSTATUS

22. PRESENT STATUS
 Mr Xi has invited Mr Modi to visit China. The leadership of the two
countries should provide strategic direction and meet regularly, Mr Xi
said after the two leaders met at the Hyderabad House.
 China has committed investments worth $20 billion in India over
the next five years, Mr Modi said. "Iinvited Chinese investment in
infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. Iam glad two Chinese
industrial parks will be built in India," the Prime Minister said. "The
five-year economic and trade development plan is an important
step."
 The two countries have also decided to initiate talks on civil
nuclear cooperation. The announcement is part of the Modi
government's push to broaden its nuclear energy sector and
comes on the heels of a deal India struck this month to buy
uranium from Australia to increase its fuel supplies.

23.  Mr Modi said China will open an additional route to Kailash Mansarovar via
Nathu La. The decision he said, would help more Indians reach Kailash
Mansarovar, in particular the old, as transportation on motorcycles would be
available on the new route. "Iwould like to thank Xi Jinping on behalf of all
Indians for a new route to Kailash Mansarovar," Mr Modi said. "Thisroad will
remain safe during the rainy season, too."
 Shanghai and Mumbai will be sister cities. A similar agreement was
signed in Gujarat on Wednesday for Ahmedabad and Guangzhou to
be sistercities.
 Mr Xi said China would support India in becoming a full member of the
Shanghai Cooperation
 Organization -a regional security body whose largest members are China and
Russia.