2. Current Tourism Growth
“The substantial growth of the tourism activity
marks tourism as one of the most remarkable
economic and social phenomena of the past century.”
The number of international arrivals shows an evolution from
a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to an
estimated 763 million in 2004
This is a growth rate of 6.5%
The growth rate has sustained! What are the limits?
4. History of Travel & Tourism
- Pre-Historic Travel
Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC)
Forged Trails = Hunting (was this “tourism”?)
Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter
5. History of Travel & Tourism
- Pre-Historic Travel
Neolithic Age
Critters & Sailing Vessels (4,000 BC’ish)
The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China)
Agriculture/stored (communities exchanged)
Coins (= light)
Religion
6. - The Empire Era
Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 – 715 B.C.)
Government in centralized locations
Used Nile (north = current, south = sails)
Greek Empire (900 – 200 B.C.)
Use of a common language (Mediterr.)
Currency Exchange
City-States became attractions
Shopping, eat/drinking, gaming, sports, theater
7. Empire Era (cont.)
Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 300)
Tourism for both middle class and wealthy
Good roads (50,000 mile system)!
Appian Way
Roman currency universal
Common legal system
Safety when travelling
Inns (30 miles apart)
8. Middle Ages and Renaissance
Middle Ages (5th – 14th centuries)
Feudal System replaced Roman Rule
Fragmented Industry (now unsafe)
Money, language, transportation, etc.
travel now difficult and dangerous
Catholic Church began to gain power
stable/central force
religious holidays
9. Middle Ages - Crusades
Crusades (1096-1291)
attempting to re-
gain the holy land
exchange of ideas
ideas, and goods
(desire is born!)
afforded less
wealthy to travel
10. Pilgrimages
Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300)
religion/health = adventure and learning
destinations were born (accom. & food)
arrested & beaten if not a “holy” mission
*search for a better way of life
11. Marco Polo
Marco Polo (1275 – 1295) Mid. East to China
4 Languages
Had wealth in gold
Had access to transportation vessels
Family involved in the Navy and were merchants
Had education
Had “important” friends through family marriages
Safety and marketing were assured
1254-1324, from Venice, Italy
Silk Road (began journey in 1271)
His books detailing “the world” piqued interest in travel
amongst Europe’s elitists
12. The Renaissance Era
Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)
The “Rebirth of Travel”!
Kings & Queens had larger territories
Merchants could travel further (trade routes)
Desire to learn and experience other cultures is born!
= The Grand Tour!
13. Grand Tour Era!
Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)!
Wealthy English started, later others (status)
England - France – Switzerland – Germany - Italy
Motivations
culture, health, pleasure, curiosity, science, career
education, art & scenery
Lasted approximately 40 months (age 22 to 40)
New amenities formed
Tribulations = theft, alps, rivers
Carriage rentals, 1829 1st all-inclusive
Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall
26. The Mobility Era (1800 – 1944)
Growing economic prosperity = leisure time!
Grand Tour gave way to family vacations
spas were huge
Romanticism (1800s)= literature & arts
urban bad, nature good (closer to God)
Transportation!!
Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns
abusive (schedules, temp., physical)
Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard)
Trains (1830 in England), 1903 Wright Brothers
Model T mass produced (1914)
27. Cook’s Tours
Made Group Tour a business (1841)
Economics: Desire+Need+Motivation=$$$
Services
Connections, tickets, timetables, currency exchange,
travel guides, the tour
Introduced (1850 - 1920)
Cook’s Coupons (pre-pay)
Circular Notes (travelers’ cheques)
Cook made world tourism affordable!
28. Modern Era – Mass Tourism
2 World Wars = Technology & desire increase
Automobile
Better Roads post WW1 = bungalow camps
Post WW2
Mass produced, gas not rationed & prosperity
Airplane
Lindbergh (1927), initially $$
1958 = jet travel and economy class
Credit card (1950)
Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists
29. Other Factors
Leisure Time
Creation of the weekend (Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle)
1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
Oil Crisis (mid 70’s)
Tourism Policy
deregulation (1978), USTTA (1981)
Technology Advances
Theme Parks
Peace Industry??
30. Geography of Tourism
Physical Geography (features of earth)
Landforms, H20, vegetation, climate, etc.
Human (cultural) Geography
Language, religion, dress, food, customs…
= cultural norms/expectations
Regional Geography (study one area)
Effects of climate, time of year, etc.
ie, Ski areas, wine regions, etc.
32. Challenges & Opportunities
Can growth & development occur w/o creating
environmental problems?
How will technology effect tourism?
As tourism grows, where will the workforce
come from?
Will tourism change the social structure of
countries/communities?
33. Definition of Tourism
Tourism may be defined as the processes,
activities, and outcomes arising from the
relationships and the interactions among
tourists, tourism suppliers, host
governments,
host communities, and
surrounding environments
that are involved
in the attracting
and hosting
of visitors.
34. UNWTO Definition of Tourism
Tourism comprises the activities of persons
traveling to and staying in places outside their
usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes.
35. Classification of Travelers
(1)Tourists in international technical definitions.
(2)Excursionists in international technical definitions.
(3)Travelers whose trips are shorter than those that qualify for travel and tourism; e.g.,
under 50 miles (80 km) from home.
(4)Students traveling between home and school only -- other travel of students is
within scope of travel and tourism.
(5)All persons moving to a new place of residence including all one-way travelers,
such as emigrants, immigrants, refugees, domestic migrants, and nomads.
37. Tourism Course
Department
or Discipline
Tourism Studies
Sociologyof
Tourism
SociologyParksand
Recreation
Source: adapted from Jafar Jafari, University of Wisconsin-Stout,
Study of Tourism: Choices of Discipline and Approach.
Disciplinary inputs to the tourism field
38. 38
Intangibility
Inseparability
Variability
Perishability
Can’t be seen, tasted, felt, heard,
or smelled before purchase.
Can’t be separated from service
providers.
Quality depends on who provides
them and when, where and how.
Can’t be stored for later sale or use.
Characteristics of Service Product