2. Digital Watermarking?
Allows users to embed SPECIAL PATTERN or
SOME DATA into digital contents without
changing its perceptual quality.
When data is embedded, it is not written at
HEADER PART but embedded directly into
digital media itself by changing media contents
data
Watermarking is a key process for the
PROTECTION of copyright ownership of
electronic data.
3. Features of Watermarking
Invisible/Inaudible
Information is embedded without digital content
degradation, because of the level of embedding
operation is too small for human to notice the
change.
Inseparable
The embedded information can survive after some
processing, compression and format transformation.
Unchanging data file size
Data size of the media is not changed before and
after embedding operation because information is
embedded directly into the media.
5. CLASSIFICATION OF
WATERMARK
According to Human Perception
Invisible
Visible
According to Robustness
Fragile
Semi fragile
Robust
According to types of Document
Text
Image
Audio
Video
7. Visible Watermark
Logo or seal of the organization which holds
the rights to the primary image, it allows the
primary image to be viewed, but still visible it
clearly as the property of the owning
organization.
Overlay the watermark in such a way that
makes it difficult to remove, if the goal of
indicating property rights is to be achieved.
9. Invisible Watermark
Embedding level is too small to notice
Can be retrieved by extraction software
Applications:
Authentication
Copyrighting
Etc…
12. Fragile/Semi Fragile/Robust
A watermark is called fragile if it fails to be
detected after the slightest modification.
A watermark is called semi-fragile if it
resists beginning transformations but fails
detection after malignant transformations.
A watermark is called robust if it resists a
designated class of transformations.
14. Text/Image/Audio watermarking
Text/Image/Audio watermarking refers to
embedding watermarks in an
text/image/audio in order to protect the
image from illegal copying and identify
manipulation.
15. Video Watermarking
Algorithm for video watermarking
DFT
DCT
DWT
Watermarking in I-frame.
Video watermarking refers to embedding
watermarks in a video sequence in order to protect
the video from illegal copying and identify
manipulation
16. Discrete Cosine Transformation
DCT convert images from spatial-domain to frequency-
domain to decorrelate pixels
The discrete cosine transform (DCT) helps to separate
the image into parts of differing importance (with
respect to the image's visual quality). The DCT is
similar to the discrete Fourier transform
Remember that JPEG breaks an image into 8x8 units
So for DCT n = 8
For example:
256 gray-scale image each pixel is stored as a value
between 0 – 255
0 = black pixel
255 = white pixel
Value between are shades of gray
18. DCT: One Dimensional
where
1
0
)
(
2
)
1
2
(
cos
2
)
( )
(
n
i
i
f
n
u
i
p
n
u
F i
n = total no. of data item
p = pixel
F = coefficients
f(i)= is the intensity of the i th pixel
The general equation for a 1D (n data items) DCT is
defined by the following equation:
21. Frequency Domain
Watermarking signal to embed
Host signal
Frequency components(using DCT)
Embedding
Extraction
N
v
v
v
V ,...,
, 1
0
N
x
x
x
X ,...,
, 1
0
N
f
f
f
F ,...,
, 1
0
i
i
i x
f
f
i
i
i f
f
x
i
f = watermared singal
22. Purpose of Watermarking
Copyright Protection
Fingerprinting
Copy Protection
Broadcasting Monitoring
Data Authentication