Hyaline Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage
Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, affects around 26 million Americans
(Litwic 2013). It is an inflammation of the joints resulting from cartilage degradation. Cartilage is a
firm connective tissue that is made up of chondrocytes that produce an extracellular matrix made up
of collagen fibers, chondroitin sulfate, and elastin fibers. It forms rapidly, but it is avascular so there
are no blood vessels running through it to provide the chondrocyte cells with oxygen and nutrients.
To obtain nutrients, the nutrients diffuse through a connective tissue that surrounds cartilage called
the perichondrium, in order to reach the center of the cartilage. Due to this avascular factor, self–
repair of cartilage is much slower than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In osteoarthritis of the fingers (not including the thumb), it usually affects the Distal Interphalangeal
joint which connects the distal and middle phalanges. It causes swelling and deformation in the area,
usually appearing first on the index and middle fingers, then progressing to the remaining fingers
(Joints Affected by OA 04/20/17). Osteoarthritis develops in the fingers after heavy joint use
involved with gripping heavy objects. Osteoarthritis in the thumb occurs at the base of the thumb,
where the Carpometacarpal joint joins the Trapezium and Metacarpal 1. Osteoarthritis in the thumb
is deemed to be more common than that of other fingers due to the nature of opposable thumbs in
humans. This is the joint that enables people to swivel, pivot, and pinch with their hands in order to
grip things (Osteoarthritis of Fingers 04/20/17). Since gripping is an important everyday movement
and there is only one thumb as opposed to the remaining four fingers, the thumb is exposed to more
wear and tear. The pain that settles with osteoarthritis in the fingers occurs directly in the affected
areas. Any previous fractures or injuries to these joints increase the chances of osteoarthritis in the
fingers because those will have had already weakened the
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Knee Joint Essay
The knee joint is the largest and most complex in the human body. Being able to understand the
anatomy of the knee joint is a key factor in being able to identify the issues with the knee.
People all ages often suffer from knee pain. Due to the amount of things that can go wrong, by
understanding how the knee works, one can prevent new injuries and solve old injuries.
The knee is made up of two joints, the tibiofemoral and the patellofemoral. The tibiofemoral joint is
composed of the thigh and shin bones. The patellofemoral joint forms the kneecap. This type of joint
is called a hinge joint. This type of joint can bend, straighten and twist.
The knee is also a synovial joint. This means that the knee joint has a joint capsule. This is similar to
a sac surround the joint. This capsule hold synovial fluid. The fluid lubricates and nourishes the joint
which allows it to move freely. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The majority of knee movements occur between the femur, patella, and tibia.
Covering the bones is the articular cartilage. It is a hard and slippery substance that allows the knee
glide smoothly and to reduce friction as the knee is moved.
Between the femur and tibia is where one would find the meniscus. There are two menisci in the
knee; one medially and one laterally. The meniscus serves as a shock absorber of the knee. It is in a
wedge shape and is made of a tough, rubbery substance.
The knee also contains a series of tendons. The quadricep tendons connect the patella to the muscles
on the front of the femur. The patellar tendons connect the patella to the tibia. In addition, there are
also the hamstrings on the back side of the thigh. These muscles play a key role in stabilizing and
moving the knee

Personal Narrative: Chronic Spinal Disorder
Summer of 2016, I was diagnosed with grade 1 spondylolisthesis, or also commonly known as
"spondy". This is a chronic spinal disorder caused by forward slippage of my L4 vertebrae. At my
age, this poses a lot of problem for me both in my daily life and my sports performance by giving
me constant lower back pain. Since I'm naturally athletic and also very passionate in soccer and
fitness, my inability to train consistently and with variety have given me a lot of physical distress
and mental anxiety. Through my months of rehabilitation and physical therapy, my commitment
level in getting better has given me the strength to persevere through this never–ending battle.
From hardship came passion; I am now driven to make an impact on the issues

Osteoarthritis Case Study
Osteoarthritis is a common joint disorder that involves deterioration of the synovial joints (Bullock
& Hales, 2013, pg. 1017). The purpose of synovial joints are to promote protection, cushioning and
shock absorption between two articulating bones. This cushioning and shock absorption is provided
by articular cartilage, lining each end of the bones, while the synovial fluid acts as a lubricant. Both
of which are encased in the joint capsule that facilitates movement through flexibility and tensile
strength (Bullock & Hales, 2013, p.1017). Osteoarthritis occurs when cartilage wears away,
resulting in bones rubbing together. From prolonged bone on bone contact, damaged bone begins to
grow outward. This is known as osteophytes or bone spurs (American ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the case of Mr Jones, he was placed under general anaesthetic. General anaesthetics work by
depressing the central nervous system (CNS) throughout the body (McKenna & Gigi Lim, 2013,
p.400). Due to this depression of the CNS, the risks of adverse effects associated with general
anaesthesia, are quite high. From this widespread suppression the body is forced to relax. This
relaxation causes a decrease in the patients pulse and blood pressure (hypotension),
reduced/suppressed respirations, as well as a decrease in gastrointestinal activity (McKenna & Gigi
Lim, 2013, p.402). Common side effects of general anaesthesia include nausea, vomiting, confusion,
muscle aches, sore throat, chills and shivering (hypothermia) (American Society of
Anaesthesiologists, 2013). Precautions in which the modified aldrete scale monitor, is if the patient
begins to fall into medullary paralysis. Once in this state, function of vital organs cease, resulting in
death without appropriate intervention (e.g. mechanical breathing) (McKenna & Gigi Lim, 2013,
p.401). As a precaution to CNS depression, patients are assessed on four main areas, respiration,
circulation, consciousness and oxygen saturation. In the area of respiration, patients are assessed on
adequacy of their airways and ventilation (rate, rhythm, depth, sounds & use of accessory muscles).
This is important as over sedation can inhibit breathing, causing a chain reaction to the patient's
level of consciousness and circulation. Through monitoring Mr Jones' respiration and oxygen
saturation, it was noted that his respiration rate was 25 while his oxygen saturation was 93% (with
5L/min O2 facemask). It was also noted his capillary refill was > 3 seconds. This could be due to Mr
Jones being a long term smoker, making gas exchange difficult. From this difficulty, Mr Jones could
potentially become hypoxic (showing signs

Functional Classification of Joints
A joint is the site where two skeletal elements connect(1). Joints can be classified by both structure
and function. Structural classifications are based on the type of connective tissue binding the
structures together and whether a joint capsule is present(2, 3). There are three structural
classifications of joints; fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial. Functional classifications are based on
the amount of movement present(2). There are three functional classifications of joints; synarthroses
which are immobile, amphiarthroses which are slightly mobile, and diarthroses which are freely
mobile(3).
Fibrous joints are classified as having articulating bones joined by dense regular connective tissue
(mainly consisting of collagen) and no joint cavity(3). Majority of fibrous joints are synarthroses or
amphiarthroses. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Sutures
are synarthroses joints present on the skull(2). The sutural ligament which is composed of
connective tissue fibers and is continuous with the periosteum joins the two skull bones(1,2).
Sutures give strength and allow growth of the skull during childhood(3). Once growth has occurred
the dense regular connective tissue becomes ossified and the bones fuse together(3). Gomphoses are
synarthrosis joints that only occur between teeth and sockets of the mandible and maxillae(3).
Collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament link the root of the tooth and the bony socket(1).

Body Systems
BTEC 90 Credit/Extended Diploma in Public Services Unit 5 Physical Preparation, Health and
Lifestyle for the Public Services Learner Resource Pack Introduction The human body is a very
complex piece of machinery. It is made up of many different systems that work together to allow us
to take part in a wide range of sports and everyday activities. It is important that anyone working
with clients in the sport and exercise industry has a good understanding of how each of these
systems works and copes with the stresses of exercise. This unit will explore the structure and the
functions of the skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how each of them is
affected by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | |There are also 7 tarsals in the foot, 5 metatarsals also in the foot as well as 14 phalanges (toes)| | |
| | |Hip/pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium and pubis) | | |The hip girdle is made up of 2 halves that are
fused together. The bones that make up each side are| | |the ilium, ischium and pubis | Anterior view
of the skeleton [pic] Posterior view of the skeleton [pic] The vertebral column (spine) The vertebral
column makes up two fifths of the total height of the body and is made up of 33 bones called
vertebrae. It can be divided into five different sections: Different sections of the vertebral column
|Section |Number of vertebrae in each section | |Cervical |7 vertebrae | |Thoracic |12 vertebrae |

The Synergist Muscles In The Nervous System
The tendon is a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a
bone. The origin is the end that doesn't move when the contraction occurs, while the insertion is the
moves with the contraction. The superficial is the thin layer of loose fatty connective tissue
underlying the dermis and binding it to the parts beneath it. The antagonist in a movement refers to
the muscles that oppose the agonist. During elbow flexion where the bicep is the agonist, the tricep
muscle is the antagonist. The synergist in a movement is the muscle(s) that stabilises a joint around
which movement is occurring, which in turn helps the agonist function effectively. Synergist
muscles also help to create the movement. In the bicep ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The somatic system consists of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with muscles and
sensory receptors in the skin. In the nervous system, nerve cells send messages electrochemically:
this means that chemicals cause an electrical impulse from one cell to another.The central nervous
system or the CNS contains the brain and the spinal cord. All together, the brain and the spinal cord
serve the nervous system's command station. When the sensory input reaches the CNS, the spinal
cord and the brain figure outs what it exactly means. Everything else but the CNS it is known as the
peripheral nervous system. The peripheral nervous system or PNS contains the nerves, which leave
the brain and the spinal cord and travel to certain areas of the body. The peripheral nervous system's
main job is to send information gathered by the body's sensory receptors to the CNS as quickly as
possible. The pathway that the communication within the nervous system would follow from a
receptor to an effector would start with a stimulus and then the receptors that are located all over the
body, but there are some types of receptors that are in specific areas of the body, like taste receptors
in the mouth.From there, sensory neurons then transmit information from the sensory receptors to
the central nervous system (CNS), like the brain and spinal cord. This is happens because peripheral
nerves connect to the spinal cord via the network of nerves within the nervous system. Information
so received by the CNS is further transmitted by relay neurones within the CNS. Following either
simple reflex arc response, or processing by the brain, neural 'instructions' may be sent via a motor
neuron to an effector (usually a muscle or gland). In this way, the effector is instructed to take
action. Whatever the consequent action, this has occurred due to

Nine Anatomic Terms
The hip, one of the largest major weight–bearing joints in the body. It's where the thigh bone also
known as the femur meets three other bones known as the pelvic bone. These bones create a ball and
socket joint which is when a ball shaped bone (femur) articulates with cup shape cavity of another
bone (pelvic bone). A ball and socket joint is also characterized as synovial joint. Synovial joints are
more complex joints that are held together by a capsule of dense connective tissue and filled with
synovial fluid that lubricates the joints. The joint capsule which is composed of large ligaments,
tendons, and other muscles keeps the hip from dislocating. The head of the femur and the socket of
the hip bone (acetabulum) is covered with articular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The femoral neck or intracapsular fracture occurs when the neck of the femur breaks and sometimes
the ball may move out of it's place. This type of fracture happens more likely with athletes and
performers. Over years there have been several methods orthopedists have used to fix femoral neck
fractures. In 1931, Smith Petersen used internal fixation by reducing pain and pressure to the
fractured parts followed by immobilization in a spica cast application. Until 1970 another widely
spread method called the multiple–pin fixation technique was introduced by another orthopedist. In
this method the fracture fragments would heal with the insertion of Pugh nails and Richards screws.
Both of these methods include a "sliding fixation process" where the fractured fragments rub against
each other. The second type of hip fracture which is repaired more frequently is intertrochanteric hip
fracture. The intertrochanteric hip fracture occurs slightly below the neck of the femur and the lesser
trochanter. These fractures undergo a treatment that involves the insertion of AO proximal femoral
or sliding plates, intramedullary nails,cannulated or dynamic hip screws, and/or rods to balance and
protect the fractures. After the surgery, surgeries suggest that the patients stay in bed to make sure
the fracture does not occur again. The third type of hip fracture is subtrochanteric fracture. The

Synovial Joints
Synovial joints, also known as diarthroidal joints, are the most common and movable type in the
body. The presence of lubricating synovial fluid encapsulated by joint ligaments distinguishes this
type of joint from others within the body90. OA most commonly occurs within the weight bearing
synovial joints including the hip and the knee, which is why obesity is such a major risk factor of
OA4. The synovial joint can be broken down into four major components: articular cartilage,
synovium, joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, and joint capsule ligament (Figure 1a) 60,115.
Ultimately, articular cartilage and the synovial fluid are the main constituents that contribute to the
proper lubrication properties of healthy and OA synovial joints.
3.1.1. Articular Cartilage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, articular cartilage is a very dense structure, lacking blood vessels and nerves that are found
in other tissues77. Chondrocytes are the cell types embedded within cartilage, and produce the
structural proteins that form the ECM. The major components of the ECM are water, type II
collagens, proteoglycans, aggrecan, and noncollagenous proteins such as fibronectins115,22. The
resulting osmotic pressure created within the wet and dry components of the ECM work in harmony
to support the mechanical forces applied to cartilage77. The water is retained in the ECM by
aggrecan, the primary structural proteoglycan which is based on a long hyaluronic acid backbone
with highly charged glycosaminoglycan (GAG) side chains, such as chondroitin sulfate (CS) and
keratin sulfate (KS)26. Altogether, these components are what create the depth dependent layers of
cartilage: the superficial zone, the middle zone, the deep zone, and the calcified zone (Figure

Hip Oa Research Paper
developing OA in the knee compared to that of the average population. It is however possible that
the difference between the peak EKAMs between the sound and amputated limb may be a
contributing factor as greater asymmetries between the legs have been shown to result in greater
loading rates of the joints (Lloyd et al., 2010)
The studies above have primarily focused on biomechanics at the knee joint, and little attention has
been given to the factors which contribute to OA of the hip. One study which did look into the
potential risk factors of hip OA found that the external adductor moment (EAM) at the hip was
positively correlated with the bone mineral density of the femoral neck in a non–amputee population
with hip OA (Hurwitz et al., 1998). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is recommended within the general population to reduce the risk of osteoarthritis that individuals
maintain a healthy weight within recommended limits, and continually participate in regular
physical activity, especially resistance and strength training (Zhang et al., 2010). For amputees in
particular, current research is looking into the potential benefits of bio–powered ankle and knee
joints with the hope of reducing the higher load rates seen in the joints of the sound limb. Bio–
powered ankle joints help to replicate the active push–off at the ankle joint that is not present in
energy storing or conventional SACH foot prostheses. Increasing the push–off of the trailing limb
has been shown to reduce the load on the leading limb during walking (Donelan et al., 2002,
Adamcyz et al., 2009; Kuo et al., 2007). In addition to the load placed on the leading limb during
walking, the 1st peak EKAM was reduced when there was an increased push–off work from the
trailing limb prosthetic ankle. In Daved et al's study, the CESR bio–powered ankle prosthesis had
the largest magnitude of push–off and reduced the 1st peak intact EKAM by 26% compared to the
conventional ankle foot prosthesis (Daved et al., 2011). This study also noted a trend between the
leading limb impulse and the 1st peak intact EKAM, with

The Importance Of Stem Cell Research
As stated earlier in this paper, there has always been a lot of controversy surrounding stem cell
research and the ethically rights researchers have obtaining it, let alone experimenting with it.
Therefore, it is no surprise that before RCT with stem cells on humans were approved and accepted,
trials were done on mice and rats. While it is not ideal and in no way similar to the effects on
humans, experiments done during this phase were useful in viewing how stem cells actually alter
and impact osteoarthritic joints. In an experiment done by Huurne et al. in 2012, they explored the
effects that stem cells had on the actual synovial lining thickness in the joint spaces of mice with
OA. In their study, Huurne et al. introduced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While these studies do little to reassure clinicians that stem cell injections could work in reducing
the OA process in human knees, they should show clinicians that there is a good amount of research
done to prove that this is a potential efficacious treatment that with proper RCT on human
volunteers, could prove the solution to the debilitating disease known as OA.
Review of Controlled Trials In a study done by Emadedin et al. in 2012, they injected MSC from
each respective patients bone marrow, into six female volunteers with evidence of knee OA that was
severe enough to require joint replacement surgery. The authors described a detailed, meticulous
procedure in how they obtained the MSC from the patient's bone marrow, and made it into the cells
they needed for the procedure, and how they injected the patient's affected knee joints with the stem
cells and followed up with them in one year. At the one year mark, Emadedin et al. (2012) found
that overall, the study was successful in decreasing pain and increasing the patients walking distance
for the first 6 mo. However, they discovered that 3 of the patients post the 6 mo. mark began to
experience a decline in walking distance and an increase pain

Rheumatiod Arthritis: A Case Study
Coping With Chronic Health Disorders – Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Study
Arthritis affects over 10 million people in the UK alone. There are over 200 types with the main
types being osteoarthritis and rheumatoid. Osteoarthritis, the most common form suffered by 8.5
million in the UK, is a wasting of connective tissue between bones. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA),
although less common, is more severe and accounts for less than 10% of arthritis sufferers in the UK
(NHS UK, 2012). It is a painful condition causing swelling, damaging bone and cartilage around
joints. Its progression and severity vary greatly between individuals but it can cause serious
disability, having a huge impact on ability to carry out tasks in everyday life. For this ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This provided much relief for four weeks, after which flare–ups continued as strong as before. Oral
medication, methotrexate, was started bringing with it horrific gastrointestinal side effects, as well
as the need for two weekly blood tests. Due to side effects and liver toxicity it was stopped after
three months. Following this another medication was started, 10 tablets per day of leflunomide,
bringing relief particularly with morning pain and stiffness. H was informed of a new medication
Enbrel in 2007. Due to the annual cost, £9K per person, the hospital funded only six most affected
patients. This was upsetting, putting a price on her pain. One year later treatment was commenced
consisting of a self–administered injection each week. This took time to get used to but H describes
this as the 'single biggest [positive] impact throughout'.
H takes part in a RA research group giving her thoughts and time to help others. It aims to give a life
insight through the eyes of people with RA. One question asked 'would you take 10 pills every day
for your condition?' she responded 'I would take 100 if it gets me out of bed in the morning!'
Seeing their importance, H became accustomed frequent hospital visits and blood tests relatively
quickly. Alongside medical treatment are offers of advice and support in the form of patient groups.
H initially attended but it was not for her. She described it as

Knee Research Paper
The bones in the upper and lower leg of Human body are connected by complex pivotal hinge joint
called knee. The upper and lower extremities are encompassed of tendons, cartilage, ligaments and
muscle. Menisci, two concave pads of cartilage, disperse the friction created at the meeting of the
ends of the tibia and femur. The key ligaments of the knee are Medial Collateral ligament (MCL),
Lateral Collateral ligament (LCL), Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Anterolateral ligament (ALL),
and Posterior Cruciate ligament (PCL).
The knee is comprised of articular cartilage that is hyaline cartilage. Articular cartilage unlike most
tissues, lack nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels. It is composed of a sparse distribution of
chondrocytes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collagen is secreted as pro collagen by fibroblasts and is aggregated into fibers. Type I collagen is
the most common type and is found in ligaments and tendons. Meniscus is a piece of cartilage in the
joint space where two bones meet. They are found between the ends of upper and lower leg bones in
the knee. They absorb the shock and protect the joint surface from activities like running, walking
and jumping. The menisci are mainly composed of type I collagen which supports the meniscal
structure. Type I collagen is the main difference between menisci and articular cartilage which is
composed of type II collagen. Another component of menisci is fibrochondrocytes intermixed with
extracellular matrix. These fibrochondrocytes synthesize and maintain collagen and exhibit
properties of chondrocytes and fibroblast. There are three layers of collagen fibers arranged to
convert compressive loads into circumferential or stresses. The fibers run radially serve to resist
splitting or shearing in the superficial layer where as they run parallel to resist stress during weight
bearing in the middle layer. In the deep layer, they are aligned parallel to the

Knee Joint Research Paper
The Knee Joint (tibiofemoral joint) is a bicondylar synovial joint named a hinge joint, which permits
flexion and extension with a slight degree of medial and lateral rotation. The joint is formed by the
two articulations between the femur, tibia and patella. The joint consists of two articulations. The
Tibiofemoral, which is, the medial and lateral condyles of the femur that articulate with the tibial
condyles. The second being the Patellofemoral, which is, the anterior and distal section of the femur
which articulates with the patella. The tibiofemoral joint is referred to as the weight–bearing joint of
the knee. Whereas the patellofemoral joint allows for the tendon of the quadriceps femoris (the
primary extensor of the knee) to be directly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knee has two collateral ligaments, which are strap–like ligaments, that stabilises the hinge
motion of the knee to prevent excess medial and lateral movement. The Tibial (medial) collateral
ligament originates on the medial side of the joint. It attaches to the medial side of the tibia to
prevent forces applied to the lateral side of the knee from moving the knee medially. The Fibular
(lateral) ligament is a thin and rounder ligament that attaches laterally to the epicondyle of the femur
to the fibular head. The knee joint has two internal ligaments, the anterior and posterior cruciate
ligaments which contribute to maintain the proper alignment of the knee. The anterior cruciate
ligament attaches to the anterior intercondylar region of the tibia where it mergers with the medial
meniscus. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), located behind the ACL, which extends obliquely from
the surface of the medial condyle of the femur to the posterior intercondylar space of the tibia. The
PCL prevents the posterior dislocation of the tibia onto the femur. The medial and lateral menisci are
fibrocartilage structures in the knee that, protect and cushion the joint surface and bone ends and
increases stability of the joint. They are C shaped in appearance and attach at both ends of the
intercondylar

Chick Embryo Regeneration
In "Regeneration of the Elbow Joint in the Developing Chick Embryo Recapitulates Development",
the major question being addressed is whether or not a damaged joint, specifically a synovial joint,
can undergo regeneration. Özpolat et al. (2012) hypothesized that regeneration of the elbow joint is
indeed possible. Our joints can be repaired or replaced but regeneration has yet to be identified as a
solution to repairing joint loss and recover function. Since joint diseases affect millions of people,
this question came about in order to aid those with joint disease. In order to find out whether or not
reassignment takes place, a window or slice excision was done on a chick embryo. The stump in this
case, is a piece of tissue that could potentially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There were clearly four different markers that were used: GDF–5, Autotaxin, Sox–9, and Col–9, The
confusing part was that Özpolat et al. (2012) also mentions other genes but I don't know how, or if
they were used. They briefly mentioned Cux–1, Col–2a1, Noggin, Wnt–9a, Hes–1, Chordin,
Prickle–1, Prickle–2, BMP–2, BMP–4, Gli–3, and Wnt–4. Maybe there was an intellectual language
barrier there but I didn't understand that part. Another weakness in the paper is that based on the 6
limbs that underwent slice excision, none showed signs of regeneration. Therefore the conclusion
was that regeneration was not possible in slice excisions. They could have done slice excision on
more than 6 limbs to get a more accurate result. They performed window excision on 20 limbs, so I
do not believe it was an accurate comparison. Especially since 10 of the 20 limbs showed elbow
joint regeneration. If they had only done window excision on 6 limbs, the results could have gone
either way. A strength of the paper is how detailed their explanation of the results were. Although
the things discussed in the paper do not come up in my everyday conversation, it was easy to follow
their procedure and their findings. The figures shown were also helpful in further simplifying their

Knee Joint Case
The knee joint consists of three articulations: in the front is paltellofemoral articulation and other
two articulations are between condyles of femur and tibia 1,3. When the knee is in full extension,
rotation is impossible because the ligaments are tight. They will relax when the knee is flexed over
20 degrees and it will allow rotation 1,3.
The main elements for knee stability are tendons and ligaments. Fibrous connective tissue forms a
knee capsule, which is padded by a synovial membrane. Suprapatellar bursa is extended if a joint
effusion is formed 3.
The borders of popliteal fossa are biceps femoris muscle on the lateral side, semimembranosus
muscle and semitendinosus muscle on the medial side , gastrocnemius muscle on the lower part ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Three main stability tests for anterior cruciate ligament are Lachman test, anterior drawer test and
pivotal shift1,3.
Lachman test is the most sensitive test. To perform Lachman test knee must be flexed 15–30 degrees
and after that the lower leg should be pulled forward while the femur is held in position. The test is
positive if there is displacement over 5 mm when we compare it to the other knee or when there is
no strong end point1,3.
The anterior drawer test is not that reliable for injury of anterior cruciate ligament. The hip should
be held at 45 degrees flexion, and knee in 90 degrees flexion. The foot should be pressed to the
examination table and upper part of tibia should be pulled forward. This movement should be
carried out first with the knee in neutral position and after that with the knee in external and internal
rotation. If there is an increased looseness of the knee in neutral position the ACL is probably
injured. Posteromedial capsule is likely to be injured if there is increased dislocation with external
rotation and posterolateral capsule if there is increased dislocation with internal

Bios251 Week 7 Lab
BIOS251 Week 7 Lab Exercise
Joints
To complete this worksheet, select:
Module: Support and Movement Activity: Anatomy Overviews Title: Joints
1. a. From the main Joints page, click Fibrous Joints and identify each of the following structural
joint types.
Suture
Syndesmoses
Gomphosis
Suture Syndesmoses Gomphosis
b. Why are sutures and gomphoses classified as synarthroses?
In these types of joints the fibers are very short and allow for little of no movement. Synarthroses
joints come together at a point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge
from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locate body examples of the following joints and describe the movement of each.
Condyloid – joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of carpus. Planar – joints between
intercarpal joints. Between carpal bones at the wrist.
Saddle – joint between the trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb.
Biaxial (Condyloid) triaxial (Plane Joint) Biaxial (Saddle Joint) Movement on two axis Movement
on three axis Movement on two axis
These types of joints are considered plane joints because they permit back–and–forth and side–to–

side movements between the flat surfaces of the bones, but they may also rotate against one another.
Pivot – The rounded pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another
bone and partly by a ligament. This type of joint allows rotation only around its own longitudinal
axis.
Uniaxial Joint between head and radius notch of ulna.
Hinge The convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, Hinge joint are
uniaxial because they allow motion around a single axis. Produces an opening and closing motion.
Identify the trochlea and the trochlear notch.

Axolotl Lab Report
Introduction: Many model organisms have been used in order to advance human medicine. The
primary one being the lab mouse, but there are several other different species that give rise to
advancements in human treatment. Planaria and axolotls have been a prominent source of how
signaling mechanisms work in order to regenerate parts in eukaryotic organisms. If researchers can
figure out how to turn these signaling pathways on in the conserved regeneration part of the human
genome, then doctors will likely be able to use this to their advantage. This can be achieved by
manipulating human signaling pathways to regenerate tissues within the heart, lungs, nervous
system, and even systems with multiple tissue types like the limbs. This is where the study of
axolotls comes in. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As it turns out axolotl joints are fairly similar to other model organisms, including the lab mouse,
which tells researchers that the genomic material should be fairly conserved in the mammalian
genome. The main difference between the two is that after joint injury, humans will form scar tissue
and fibrocartilage rather than just articular cartilage, which is what is protecting the bone prior to
injury. In axolotls, after injury their joints are repaired by regeneration of the defect. It is important
to note that axolotls have fibro–cellular tissue in their synovial cavity whereas mammals have
synovial fluid. It is theorized that the difference may be part of the regeneration process in axolotls.
This leads into the discussion of, what is the morphology of the regenerative marker genes and how
do the marker genes work and send signals in the regeneration process of axolotl limbs? If scientist
unlock this part, this might mean that they can tap into the conserved genome and enable better joint
repair systems in

Rheumatoid Arthritis And The Most Common Form Of Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily attacks all synovial
joints. RA is the second most common form of arthritis, with osteoarthritis being the most common
(Clements, 2011). It can occur at any age, however it generally affects those between the age of 30
and 50 (Marieb and Hoehn, 2013). If left untreated, active rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint
damage, frailty, a decrease in quality of life, cardiovascular disorders along with other dire
consequences (Scott, Wolfe, & Huizinga, 2010).
Classification
The aetiology of RA is currently unknown. If an individual susceptible to RA is exposed to a certain
antigen, it can result in joint inflammation as the body initiates an immune response that creates
antibodies to fight the toxin. This antigen attacks the synovial membrane and it becomes irritated. As
a result, the synovial membrane grows larger and erodes the bone. It also produces more synovial
fluid, causing inflammation (Ryan, 2014).
In epidemiology, incidence is defined as the number of new cases of a disease during certain time
period, and prevalence is defined as the total number of all cases of a disease (O'Toole, 2013).
For prevalence in New Zealand, 125 000 people aged 15 and over had RA. It is expected that by
2020, 150 000 people will be affected by this disease.
Add incidence
Many factors contribute towards the susceptibility of RA. According to Scott, Wolfe and Huizinga
(2010), genetic factors attribute to 50% of the

Snapping Hip Syndrome Research Paper
Snapping Hip Exercises
Snapping hip syndrome, also known as dancer's hip, is a medical condition where you feel a
snapping sensation, or hear a snapping sound, in the hip when you are running, walking, or swinging
your leg around. For many people, the problem is little more than a nuisance, and the only
symptoms are the snapping sensation, and sound itself. However, for athletes or dancers, snapping
hip exercises may help alleviate the weakness, or pain that sometimes interfere with their
performance.
Why does It Happen?
In many cases, the snapping symptom is caused by the movement of a tendon or muscle over the
bony surface in the hip, and snapping hip syndrome is often the result of tightness in the muscles
and tendons surrounding the hip.

The Importance Of Physical Therapy
football player that tears his rotator cuff will not be useful for his team until he completes physical
therapy. Physical Therapists are crucial to a patient just out of surgery; athletes, and elderly in need.
When a patient has pain or swelling, physical therapists use massages, ultrasound, electrical stimuli,
and cold and hot compresses to alleviate the pain or health issue. They help patients use equipment
to aid their mobility such as wheelchairs and prostheses. As of January 1, 2015, all 50 states, the
district of Columbia, and the U.S Virgin Islands allow patients to seek some level of treatment from
a licensed physical therapist without a prescription or referral from a physician. Physical therapy can
be found in several different settings like hospitals, schools, sports, nursing homes, and clinics. Rob
Gerofsky said "Getting the athletes to come back and do proper rehabilitation is important to me."
They spend most of their time on their feet, constantly working with patients.
Physical therapists need to know key factors of the anatomy to help their clients. They need to know
that the Acetabulum,Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, and Ischiofemoral ligaments are the structures that
provide stability for the hip joint (Stack). Another way to increase mobility in the hip is bridging
through reciprocal inhibition, while a manipulation would work through neurogenic inhibition
(Student Physical). As people age, they tend to lose flexibility, strength, and often their balance.

Informational Case Study
In this assignment I will evaluate the informational approach in measuring organizational
effectiveness of a company from the United Kingdom. The Company is called, The Department of
Orthopedics and Traumatology of Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen.
The patients receiving the questionnaire would be for checking for knee joint pain after surgery.
Patients not receiving this survey would be having other services offered such as renal, x–ray, etc.
The primary reason for this survey is to let the treating staff know where the problems are in the
knee joint. The survey appears to be brief and to the main points of what the specialist is looking for
as far as the red flag areas that need immediate concern.
From the answers submitted the specialist ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The accessibility of lightweight and flexible PCs with touch screens has expanded as costs have
notably diminished over the most recent couple of years. Tablets additionally offer points of interest
in PRO information gathering as information are proficiently entered on the touch screens and
moved specifically into a focal database utilizing remote innovation, Kesterke, N., Egeter, J.,
Erhardt, J. B., Jost, B., & Giesinger, K. (2015).
The Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology of Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen is a licensed
place for the instruction of specialists in the field of orthopedics and traumatology in all sections of
the musculoskeletal framework, orthopaedie.kssg.ch(2017).
The Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology at the Cantonal Hospital of St.Gallen is
isolated into five joint–particular groups (spine, bear elbow, hip, knee and foot). Likewise, the ZNA
crisis office is staffed day and night with an orthopedic pro. The orthopedic division is in charge of
the whole traumatology of the development device at the cantonal healing center St. Gallen.Each
group has a group pioneer. Senior doctors, junior specialists and therapeutic aides turn through the
groups in characterized cycles. The objective of the joint–particular group association is to give the
best conceivable capability and progression in tolerant care. Every patient ought to be administered
by a similar

Common Knee Injury Research Paper
Understanding and Preventing the Most Common Knee Injuries
The knee is an integral joint in terms of movement, but this joint absorbs much impact while it
supports the weight of the body. Depending on the type of activities that you engage in, the level of
impact absorbed by your knee may vary. The knee joint connects the kneecap (the patella) with the
second bone in the lower part of the leg (the fibula). It also connects the shin bone (the tibia) with
the thigh bone (the femur). Four ligaments serve to stabilize the joint; these ligaments are known as
the Lateral Collateral Ligament, Medial Collateral Ligament, Posterior Cruciate Ligament, and the
Anterior Cruciate Ligament.
Understanding Knee Pain
Knee pain is something that countless ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ice is often used to combat inflammation caused by a knee injury. In cases where inflammation is
severe, elevating the leg above the heart is a standard practice. A person who frequently experiences
knee inflammation after engaging in activity may need to wear a knee support. A knee support will
provide support by compressing the area, and this may help to deal with the inflammation.
When Ligaments Are Damaged
Ligaments connect the bones located within the knee joint. Damage to the ligament may affect
stability after first affecting mobility. The knee may become less and less capable of sustaining a
normal amount of weight.
Damage to a knee ligament is graded according to degrees (from one to three). An injury that is a
grade one will be painful, and it will impose some limits in regard to mobility. After an individual
rests the knee for a certain time and performs exercises of strength, a full recovery is likely. A grade
three rupture or tear will likely require some surgery before an individual may gain full use of the
knee again.
The Anterior Cruciate Ligament is typically involved in 40% of knee injuries sustained after playing
extreme sports. A person who sustains a knee injury such as this may wish to wear a knee brace that
is rigid. A rigid knee brace may help to keep the knee stabilized.
Osteoarthritis and the

Synovial Joint Creation Research Assignment
Synovial Joint Creation/Research Assignment
Assignment Outline
Name: (Your name and Partners) ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬
Anatomical Term for your Joint:
Required Information:
a) Movement (and restrictions of movement) in the joint
– Planes, type of movement (eg. Adduction) (frontal and sagittal)
– The human elbow is the summation of 3 articulations. The first 2 are the ones traditionally thought
of as constituting the elbow: the humeroulnar articulation (the synovial hinge joint with articulation
between the trochlea of the humeral condyle and the trochlear notch of the ulna) and the
humeroradial articulation (the articulation between the capitulum of the humeral condyle and the
concavity on the superior aspect of the head of the radius). The third is a pivot–type synovial joint
with articulation between the head of the radius ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Triceps brachii: This muscle at the back of the upper arm extends the arm and fixes the elbow when
the hand is used for fine movements.
Brachioradialis: A forearm muscle that flexes the arm, extends it straight, and pulls it together at the
elbow.
Anconeus: This muscle helps extend the elbow joint.
Brachialis: This muscle helps flex the elbow inward toward the body.
Pronator teres: This muscle extends from the head of the humerus over the elbow to the ulna bone to
help flex the elbow.
d) Common Injuries (mechanism, resulting damage, treatment) –– 2–4 injuries!
– Only done if no model
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow)
Forearm muscles extend wrists and fingers
Tendon usullly involved in tennis elbow is called the extensor carpi radialis brevis

Essay about Lab Report Joint
Joints and Body Movements
Laszlo Vass, Ed.D. Version 42–0014–00–01
Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report.
The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment's questions, diagrams if needed,
and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students'
writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an
instructor.
Purpose:
What is the purpose of this exercise?
Are there any safety concerns associated with this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which of the body movements was the most difficult to perform? Why?
Unable to see table 1 on website but I assume maybe Licking your own elbow. Due to your elbow
being a hinge joint with limited movement
B. Hinge joints like the elbow and knee have limited movement. Why are these types of joints more
prone to injury?
Hinge joints only move 2 directions back and forth movement our body moves in all directions
therefore if force applied different side maybe prone to injury due to only moving in 2 directions.
C. When performing flexion on the arm, the biceps muscle (on the anterior of the arm) contracts.
What happens to the triceps muscle (on the posterior of the arm) as this action is performed?
When biceps contract triceps relax.
D. Both the shoulder and the hip are ball and socket joints. Why does the shoulder have a greater
range of motion than the hip?
Scapula socket much shallower than pelvis socket
exeRcise 5: obseRvations
Sketch your chicken wing: Label the bones, muscles, tendons and joints. On other attached page
exeRcise 5: Questions

A. What effect will the tearing of a tendon have on its corresponding muscle?
Muscle will shrink tendon will not be much use until repaired
B. Why are ligaments harder to heal than tendons? Ligaments have poorer blood supply and subject
to greater stress
C. Compare and contrast tendons and ligaments.
Both muscle tissue tendon connect with bones

Literature Review On Tempromandibular Joint
Review of literature 1.1–Tempromandibular joint:
The tempromandibular joint (TMJ) is a synovial articulation between the mandibular condyle and
the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
The TMJ is one of the most complex, delecate and highly used joint in human body(okeson 2008).
Tempromandibular joint is a bi–condylar joint in which the condyles, the movable upper ends of
mandible, function at the same time (AAOMS,2007). 1.2– The Unique TMJ properties
1– The TMJ is a compound bilateral joint permits the mandible to move with two functional
patterns, hinge movement (inferior portion) and translation movement (superior portion).
2– The TMJ contrasts with other joints of the body in that its articular surfaces are primarily covered
with collagen instead of hyaline cartilage (Springer andGreenberg,2008).
3– No movement can be created in one joint without reciprocal movement occurring in the other
one.
4– Complete separation between the two compartments of the joint by ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, it covers the upper and lower surfaces of soft retrodiskal pad. In lower compartment, the
lining is continuous on the inner surface of the capsule then reflects on the condylar neck to a short
distance to articular margin on the anterior aspect of the neck and up to articular margin on its
posterior aspect. This forms fluid filled folds (sulci) in marginal gutters of joint cavity. Similarly in
upper compartment the membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule only and not the articular
surface of temporal bone or superior surface of the disk ( excepting upper surface of bilaminar
region ) (Helms et al,1990)

A Brief Note On Degenerative Joint Disease Commonly Known...
HLTH 317 – Osteoarthritis
Samuel McCaffrey
43671462
(Word Count=1508)
Introduction
Degenerative joint disease commonly known as Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disorder that occurs due to
a process of wear and tear in joints. In healthy joints the ends of the bone are covered by cartilage
preventing the bone from rubbing together and protected by a joint capsule, which produces
synovial fluid. The process of OA results in wearing away of the cartilage, growth of osteophytes
and joint capsule breakdown initiating periarticular fibrosis (1). There is no single cause for OA and
whilst its process is well documented the exact aetiology is unknown. The disease is the most
common variety of arthritis in Australia and is most common is males until the age of 45 and then
becomes more prevalent in females due to a combination of hormonal and structural factors (2).
Treatment revolves around managing the disease through lifestyle changes such as exercising and
physical therapy in conjunction with medications rather than curing, as the process underlying OA
cannot currently be reversed.
Epidemiology of Osteoarthritis
OA is the most common variety of arthritis, affecting around eight per cent of the Australian
population (2). This is due to the recently increasing trend of our ageing population and the nation
wide obesity epidemic. While the condition is more common in males up until the age of 45,
females are far more susceptible to developing the disease with 10.2% of females

Wgu Alt1 Anatomy and Physiology Labs for Rn
WGU ALT1 Anatomy and Physiology Labs for RN – BSN All Labs
http://www.homeworkminutes.com/question/view/41056/ALT1–Anatomy–and–Physiology–Labs–
WGU–All–3–Labs
ALT1 Labs Part 1
1. A. As you observe the skull, explain how the structure of the sutures between the cranial bones is
related to the overall function of the cranium.
2.
1. A. Why are synarthroses an important component of fibrous joints?
2. Cartilaginous joints exhibit amphiarthroses. Why is this important?
3.
1. A. Structurally, how are cartilaginous joints similar?
2.
1. A. Which type of synovial joint has the least amount of movement?
2.
1. A. Why are diarthroses important for synovial joints?
2. A. Which synovial joint is most movable? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. Which of the four major areas of the brain (cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum and brain stem)
was obviously much larger in the human brain in the diagram than in the sheep brain? Why do these
structures differ so dramatically?
13. B. What is the significance in the size difference in the olfactory bulbs between the humans and
sheep?
14. C.
15. D. The human cerebellum is split in half while the sheep cerebellum is one mass. Why does this
structural difference exist?
16. E.
17. F. What is the significance in the size between the sheep and the human brain stems?
18. G.
19. H. What is the function of the third ventricle, fourth ventricle, cerebellum and brain stem?
20. I. In your own words, explain how (if) this exercise helped you better understand brain anatomy.
21. J. Write a brief essay to describe the relationship between taste and smell.
22. K. Describe a blind spot or optic disc

23. L. Explain the origin of visual afterimages
24. M. Describe the relationship between hearing and balance
ALT1 LABS Part 3
Urinary System
Activity 1:
Microscopic Structure of Urinary Organs
25. A. How is the tissue of the kidneys structurally modified to aid in filtration?
26. B. What is important functionally about transitional epithelium?
27. C. What is the function of the ureter? How does the structure support this function?
28.

Physical Therapy Case Study
Barely 30 years old, Mark, a rising Orange County management professional, has become an expert
on recovering from hip surgery as he completes his third and hopefully final rehabilitation program
following his latest arthroscopic procedure for a hip impingement.
Unfortunately for this life long hockey player his extremely athletic lifestyle that includes working
out, weight training and running marathons, took a toll on his abnormally shaped hip bones resulting
in labrum tears of the cartilage and hip impingements that required surgical repair.
His first surgery, on his right hip, in 2007, was done with an "open" procedure included three rods
with screws and required a three–day hospital stay and six months of recovery time.
In Sept. 2013, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two days after a 17–mile run, he was stopped in his tracks with pain and weakness in the right hip.
"I couldn't believe it," he said. "My left hip was great and then out of no where I couldn't even run
one–half mile."
In April 2015, he was back in the operating room to repair the initial hip and shortly thereafter back
with Jennifer.
"Even though this third procedure repaired the initial surgery, the irony is my rehab this time, has
actually been the easiest," Mark said. "Obviously, I knew what to expect, but all of the work I put
into the last rehab, and the strengthening exercises I did for my hamstrings and lower body, has
made it nearly flawless. It is still going to take three or four months until I'm fully recovered.
Through this process, I have learned the importance of not pushing it and to rest. For an active
person, that is not always easy to do, but in the end makes all the difference."
Within two weeks of the third surgery, Mark was off crutches, able to drive, and back to work. Jen
add something maybe about when he could do weight bearing exercises or a few other

Knee Research Paper
The bones in the upper and lower leg of Human body are connected by complex pivotal hinge joint
called knee. The upper and lower extremities are encompassed of cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
There are two cartilage pads called menisci that diffuse the friction created at the tibial and femur
joint. The main ligaments of the knee are Medial Collateral ligament (MCL), Lateral Collateral
ligament (LCL), Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), Anterolateral ligament (ALL), and Posterior
Cruciate ligament (PCL). The knee is comprised of articular cartilage that is hyaline cartilage.
Articular cartilage unlike most tissues, lack nerves, lymphatic and blood vessels. It is composed of a
sparse distribution of chondrocytes that are highly ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The excessive side to side movement of knee joint is prevented by LCL. The Medial Collateral
ligament is located on the inside of the knee joint and spans the distance from the top of the tibia to
the end of the femur. The MCL resists widening of the inside of the joint of the knee. There are
wavy bundles of collagen fibers found in human anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) that are arranged
in different directions. Fibroblasts are extended with short cytoplasmic processes and branches. The
elastic system is comprised of both oxytalan and elastic fibers. The ACL is very different from other
tendons and ligaments, with varied orientation of the bundles and complex structural organization.
Thus, it provides a structure able to resist tensile strains and multi axial stresses enforced upon it.
The histology of anterolateral ligament has been described as a structure in the lateral femoral
condyle connected by lateral knee with the tibial plateau and lateral meniscus. The histological
studies of ALL prove it to be a structure surrounded by synovium with a fibrous core. At the origin
fibers are merged with the popliteus at its origin and with the lateral meniscus

Acetabular Labbulu Research Papers
The hip is a very versatile joint that allows a high degree of movement, although not quite as great
as the shoulder. Being a ball and socket joint, it allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and
other ranges of motion to occur. It is the second largest weight–bearing joint in the body, only the
knee can bear more weight. It involves a complex system of bones, ligaments, and nerves to cause
the movements needed to get the body in motion. Although the hip is such an important joint many
things can go wrong if not taken care of properly, especially when it comes to the bones of the joint.
The two bones that make up the hip joint are the pelvis, also known as the hip bone, and the femur.
The pelvis is the "socket" portion of what we call ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These muscles help the joint stay stable and are the power behind the movements associated with
the joint. The muscles can be grouped into four groups (!). You have the anterior, posterior,
adductor, and abductor groups. The muscles in the anterior group are the psoas major, iliacus, rectus
femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus larteralis, and vastus medialis. These muscles help to lift the leg,
sit up, or kick a ball (!). Next is the posterior group which assist in things like standing, walking, and
running. Biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus are the three muscles of the
posterior group. The adductor group is the muscle inside of the leg that help move the leg toward the
body. These muscles are the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and
gracilis. Lastly you have the abductor group which move the leg away from the body as in a split.
These are the piriformis, superior gemellus, inferior gemellus, tensor fasciae latae, Sartorius, gluteus
medius, and gluteus

Hip Osteoarthritis Research Paper
What is the Hips joint and how does it move safely?
The hip joint is a ball and socket joint, technically referred to as 'synovial' joint, because the Head of
the Femur, is attached with ligaments. Furthermore, the synovial joint is held together to the socket
of the hip with a strong fibred sleeve, the Capsule and the joint is moved by the muscles in the hip
such as the Piriformis, Gluteus Minimus and Superior gemellus, which allows the hip to move in a
rotation motion.
In addition, the hip is a very important joint/bone dancers use, because the hip is what controls and
holds together the bones dancers have to use constantly, like the legs, the ankle, feet and toes.
However, if the hip in dance is not moved, stretched or aligned properly, that is where danger to the
hip and someone's dance career can be in strife because of injuries.
Hip Injury 1– Hip Osteoarthritis ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which is caused by cartilage loss over a gradual period of time. When someone gets hip
osteoarthritis, that person will experience pain that will restrict how the Synovial joint should move,
in a rotational motion. Especially in dance. The cartilage, also referred to as the labarum, is a rubber
seal to protect the head of the femur and the acetabulum from causing friction against each other.
When the labarum becomes worn or weak the head of the femur and the acetabulum will come into
contact, friction will be caused creating excruitiating pain in the hip, which is also what causes Hip
Osteoarthritis. Especially in dance, Hip Osteoarthritis does commonly occur for people in their late
40's or older but if younger dancers are dancing for a long period of time, over stretching the
Synovial joint or dancing using the Synovial joint without stretching, it may not affect them now but
when that young dancer takes a long break, that is also a way Hip Osteoarthritis gradually

Questions On The Hip Joint
Matthew Potzler
Term Paper
MSE 561
Hip Prostheses
The hip joint is used in everyday life. The most common need for replacement comes from this wear
and tear of the joint resulting in osteoarthritis, necessitating a total hip replacement. Part of this
replacement involves selecting an implant of proper material and size to fit the patient, with more
and more implants heading toward metal on metal load bearing surfaces to increase life of the
implant. The implant lasts an average of 15 years before failure. Some of this failure results from a
fracture of the implant, while in 2% of cases a revision is required due to infection. The Medicare
compensation for a total hip arthroscopy is $43,000, while an infection more than doubles that cost.
Replacement of the hip joint results in higher quality of life for the patient and in some populations
(Norway) even decrease long–term mortality rates. As the population grows older, the need for this
procedure will increase and the burden to the healthcare system will exceed $15 billion per year.
The hip joint is one of the most important joints in the human body. The hip joint is an
acetabulofemoral joint or ball and socket joint (Figure 1). The joint is formed between the femoral
head and the acetabular cup of the hip, or coxa. The joint is a synovial joint, where the synovial
membrane sits between the ball and socket. Figure 1. The femoral head (ball) fits into the acetabular
(socket) forming the hip joint allowing for a high degree

Trauma Case Study Essay
Barely 30 years old, Mark, a rising Orange County management professional, has become an expert
in recovering from hip surgery as he completes his third, and hopefully final, rehabilitation program
following his latest arthroscopic procedure for a hip impingement.
Unfortunately for this life long hockey player his extremely athletic lifestyle, that included working
out and running competitively took a toll on his hips. Pain and weakness resulting from hip
impingements with labral tears and cartilage damage required surgical repair.
The first operation, on his right hip, in 2007, was done with an "open" procedure. Three rods with
screws were implanted necessitating a three–day hospital stay and six months of recovery time.
Six year later, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is never easy having your life turned upside down because of an injury, and to be on your second
surgery at such a young age is even more frustrating, especially for someone who is used to his body
performing a certain way. I knew that the only way Mark would be successful was if he TRULY
understood the process and felt like he had some degree of control over the situation. Education and
knowledge really is everything in terms of therapy, but it's more than what I know, it's what the
patient knows and what they do with that information that matters, and Mark was the perfect
student."
The early phase of rehab was the most difficult since Mark was limited in what he could do. Special
attention needs to be given to the labrum, which already doesn't heal well, to ensure it was as stable
as possible. Once the acute phase passed, he could do more.
"Mark started to come around with his engagement in therapy and things started clicking for him,"
Jennifer said. "We had MANY conversations about how to make sure we were doing this the right
way, so he could get back to everything he wanted to do. At the end of the day every patient has the
same goal getting back to their life! By the end of Mark's rehab, he was killing it! He was able to
run, jump, go the gym and live his

Rheumatoid Arthritis ( Ra )
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive autoimmune disease that is systemic in nature
but primarily targets and damages the synovial joints. It is characterized by painful, swollen, stiff
joints, which manifest primarily in the hands, wrists, elbows, knees, ankles, and feet. RA is more
common among women than men and increases in prevalence with age, however it can also occur in
young adults and children (Lee & Weinblatt, 2001).
Physiology Behind the Condition
Although the exact cause of RA is still unknown, investigation into this disease has provided an
increased understanding of the biological mechanisms that occur (Bingham, 2013). Research has
considered both genetic and environmental factors that could trigger the onset ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
RA begins with plasma cells overproducing rheumatic factors (RF) and antibodies to citrullinated
protein antigen (ACPA). RF and ACPA can cause damage as well as activate macrophages, which
play a large role in inflammation of the rheumatic synovium by drastically increasing the number of
proinflammatory cytokines in the joint (Arend, 2001). Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF– α),
interleukin–1 (IL–1) and interleukin–6 (IL–6) are the main cytokines involved in RA, which attract
immune cells to the joints and cause tissue destruction (Arend, 2001). In addition, macrophages will
also activate B and T cells via their MHC class II (Lee & Weinblatt, 2001). B and T cells are thought
to play a role in the systemic aspects of RA but have an unclear function in synovial joints (Lee &
Weinblatt, 2001).
It does not take long for the effects of inflammation to arise in an individual with RA. They will
likely experience symptoms of heat, redness, swelling and pain in their joints due to the rapid
increase in the number of immune cells, which causes thickening of the synovial lining (Lee &
Weinblatt, 2001; NIAMS, 2014). Then, granulation tissue called pannus will begin to develop in the
synovial joint which will prevent nutrients from accessing the site, leading to disintegration of bone
cartilage (Lee & Weinblatt, 2001; Madsen, 2011). In

Knee Research Paper
The knee is one of the largest and most complex joints in the body. The knee has two joints the tibia
(shin bone) joins the femur (thigh bone) this joint is known as the tibiofemoral joint the second joint
is called patellofemoral which are joins between the kneecap and the femur. The patellofemoral and
tibiofemoral works together to form the synovial hinge joint this hinge joint allows the knee to rotate
a little and move side to side, it also allows the knee to be straight and bend. When standing the
thigh (femur) and shin bone (tibia) locks together to form a firm component; when sitting the two
bones hardly touch each other. According to HealthPages, there are five main parts of the knee joints
which are bones, ligaments, tendons, cartilages ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third type of ligament found in the knee is the medial collateral ligament also known as tibial
collateral ligament this ligament limits sideway motion of the knee it attaches the medial side of the
femur (thigh) to the medial side of the tibia (shin bone). The lateral collateral ligament attaches the
side of the femur (thigh) to the lateral side of the fibula (long thine bone) and it limits sideways
motion of the knee it is also called fibular collateral ligament (Schmidler). The last ligament found
in the knee is the patellar ligament this ligament attaches the kneecap to the tibia (shin bone).
Schmidler stated, "The pair of collateral ligaments keep the knee from moving too far side–to–side.
The cruciate ligaments crisscross each other in the center of the knee. They allow the tibia to
"swing" back and forth under the femur without the tibia sliding too far forward or backward under
the femur." The four ligament mentioned by Schmidler are the most vital structures in keeping the
knees stability the patellar ligament also helps with stability. Another major part that makes up the
knee is tendons. Tendons provide an attachment of muscle to bones they are elastic tissues and also
tendons aid to alleviate the

Above Elbow Amputation Case Study
The Musculoskeletal diagnosis for this case study is a Right Above Elbow amputation. An Above
Elbow amputation is an amputation "from the supracondylar region to the axillary fold"
(www.orthrofrocs.com). An individual loosing an arm will be faced with many challenges, more so
with loosing it above the elbow. The ability to preserve the length of the limb "allows for better
movement, and enhances the fit of the prosthesis"(emedicine.medscape.com). The more proximal
the amputation the less functional the stump will be. This amputation will cause the loss of the hand,
wrist elbow, but good shoulder function will continue( Deverix, Papdapoulos, p.656). The most
common cause of an amputation above the elbow is Trauma(Ganz, Gulick, Smurr , & Yancoseck). ...
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Depending on the reason for an amputation, the amputation can be possibly avoidable with
medicine. In termsof a traumatic above elbow amputation medicine is not typically an option for
salvage of the limb. Unless reattachment is possible. Safety precautions are ways to greatly reduce
the cause of a traumatic amputation(posna.org). Furthermore being educated in manner in which to
use the machinery appropriately. An Example will be driving with seat belt on, and not under the
influence of drugs and alcohol. In relation to industrial accidents proper use of machinery, and
inspection of the machinery is critical for safety, and avoidance of a traumatic disaster. Occupational
Therapist view a client holistically and understand that engagement in occupation is essential to
support health and quality of life(OTPF,2008). The Occupational Therapist Practioner will be
concerned with many aspects of the client factors. In terms of belief, Jing believed he would not be a
productive part of society with out his arm. He feared he no women would want. These feeling can
be attributed to the Chinese culture His emotional aspect has been affected. His gesture and facial
expression shows the difficultie of adjusting to the

The Knee: The Largest Joint In The Body
The knee is the largest joint in the body. It is made up of four main bones. These are the femur, also
called the thigh bone, the fibula, which is the outer shin bone, the tibia which is the shin bone and
the patella or knee cap. The femur, the patella and the tibia are where the main movements of the
joint occur. The knee is actually three separate joints. Two are between the femur and the tibia and
one is between the patella and the patellar femur. There are two ligaments that help to stabilize the
knee. These are the anterior cruciate ligament (acl) and the medial collateral ligament (mcl). Each
ligament has a special function to help maintain knee stability in many different positions. At full
extension, a slight lateral rotation of the

What Are Synovial Joints
Synovial joints
Main types:
Freely moveable = knees , hips , shoulders
Slightly moveable = ribs , vertebrae fixed/immoveable = skull Synovial joint structure & function :
Joint type :
Capsule – protects joint ball & socket – hip
Membrane – secretes synovial fluid hinge – knee , elbow
Fluid – prevents friction ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bones are also made up of connective tissue. These tissues are made up of cells called osteoblasts &
osteoclasts , they help the bone to heal and break down the old bone to help new bone develop/grow.
Collagens fibers also is what makes boes flexible.
Structure of long bone:
The long bone is composed of cartilage which covers both ends of the the bone(the epiphysis) and it
helps prevents bones rubbing off each other (friction) and also is a shock absorber. The outer layer
of the long bone is the hard compact bone, this allows the hollow part of the log bone some strength.
The spongy part in the long bone ( in the epiphysis where the red bone marrow is stored , this allows
for red blood cells to be produced. There's also a yellow bone marrow in the centre of the
bone(marrow cavity) this allows for white blood cells to be produced. The shaft of the bone is also
called the diaphysis. The periosteum of the long bone has no cartilage but also is a protective layer
of the long bone , this is also where tendons and ligaments connects.

Hyaline Cartilage

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Hyaline Cartilage