1. Vietnam Residential
Energy Use
Energy use and associated CO2
emissions in residential
households in Vietnam
Sustainable Futures Asia
Matt Parkes
matt.parkes@sustainablefutures.asia
www.sustainablefutures.asia
Cimigo
Richard Burrage
richardburrage@cimigo.com
www.cimigo.com
March 2013

2.  About the authors 3
 Why does residential energy use matter? 6
 How did we understand energy use and CO2 emissions in Vietnamese homes? 11
 How does residential energy use vary? 17
 What impact do building materials have today? 30
 Which energy conservation actions and attitudes prevail? 34
 So what? 39
 About Sustainable Futures Asia 44
 About Cimigo 48
Contents
2

3. About the authors
3

4.  Matt is the founder of Sustainable Futures Asia.
He is a UK qualified Architect with an MSc in
Climate Change and Sustainable Development.
 Matt is involved with the UK Urban Development
Working Group, working with the UKTI and British
Council in promoting business and educational
links between the UK and Vietnam. In March
2010 he was responsible for producing the British
Council / UKTI’s ‘Sustainable Design &
Architecture Conference’ that was held in Ho Chi
Minh City.
 He is now leading a PhD research project with The
Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development
at De Montfort University, UK, looking at
developing new models of low cost, energy self-
sufficient, sustainable housing for south east Asian
countries, focusing on Vietnam.
 Matt moved to Vietnam in 2004, and prior to that
has lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
4
Matt Parkes, Sustainable Futures Asia

5.  Richard Burrage has twenty one years
of experience in market research and
strategic consulting.
 Richard has worked across Asia
Pacific consulting across a range of
industries and business issues.
 Richard has spent the last sixteen
years in Vietnam assisting in the
development and building of
numerous brands to achieve
leadership positions.
 Richard is a UK national and resides
in HCMC with his Vietnamese wife
and their children.
 Richard founded Cimigo in 2003 and
today has offices across eight
countries in Asia.
5
Richard Burrage, Cimigo

6. Why does residential
energy use matter?
6

7. Vietnam population and CO2 emission yearly growth
(Population data - ADB, 2009; mt/CO2/capita – UNdata, 2009)
Increased energy demand – 800 Twh in 2030
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
BaseDemandTWh
Historic and Future Energy Demand - 1990 to 2030
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004;
Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
Population (Million) Total mtCO2e (Million)
7

8. 37% is residential. US$124 billon investment required.
Historic and Future % Fuel Contribution to Energy Generation - 1995 to 2030
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004; Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1995 2000 2010 2020 2030
%Contribution
Coal Gas Oil Hydro
Nuclear Diesel Renewables Imports
The estimated total investment
capital required up to 2030 =
US$123.8 Billion
(MONRE, 2011)
37%
37%
20%
2%
4%
Industry Residential
Other Buildings Urban Infrastructure
Others
Energy use by type
(Energy Conservation Centre of HCMC: 2010)
8

9. Which levers can be used to adjust energy use?
• Consumer habits.
• Extent of use of passive
architecture.
• Use of high efficiency
energy generation and
management systems.
9

10. Residential dwellings in Vietnam
Villas Row Houses Apartments
10

11. How did we understand
energy use and CO2 emissions
in Vietnamese homes?
11

12.  This is a part of the Cimigo giving back programme which includes; Vietnamese
Attitudes to Philanthropy, Vietnam’s NetCitizens and so much more, available at
www.cimigo.com.
 Cimigo conducted a nationwide online survey in March 2013.
12
Cimigo interviewed 1,394 households nationwide
19 23 17 169103110
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Extremely Boring 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Extremely Interesting
Survey evaluation(N=1,394)
86% positive towards the survey (scored 6-10)

13.  Interviewing predominantly
urban (87%) and ABC
economic (93%) households
across 59 provinces.
 ABC economic
households account for
the top 65% of
household wealth
distribution.
 The mean average
households sharing a
dwelling is 2.3.
13
Understanding dwellings and households therein
54%
36%
10%
69%
29%
2%
78%
22%
52%
28%
20%
South
North
Central
Row house
Apartment
Villa house
Own
Rent
1 household
2 - 3 households
4+ households
RegionDwellingOwnorrent#ofHholds/dwelling
Household energy survey - sample distribution% (n=1394)
Mean2.3 Hholds

14.  Understanding the building
materials of the dwelling.
 Note the average row house
dwelling is;
 Width mode 4 metres
 Depth mode 20 metres
 Floors mode 2
 Mean Sq metres 210
 The mean average
apartment dwelling is 60 sq
metres on a single level.
14
Exploring single household size and structure
57%
30%
13%
30%
31%
39%
32%
37%
20%
12%
43%
42%
12%
3%
1%
67%
29%
2%
1%
83%
10%
5%
1%
100 or less
101 - 250
More than 250
1 floor
2 floors
3+ floors
1 - 3 rooms
4 - 5 rooms
6 - 7 rooms
8+ rooms
Corrugated iron
Cement
Tiles
Other
Wood
Brickwork
Cement
Steel
Wood
Ceramic tiles tile
Cement
Wood
Other
Sqm/
Hhold#offloors#ofroomsRoofmaterialsWallmaterialsFloormaterials
Household size andmaterials % (n=1394)
Mean136 sqm
Mean2.3 floors
Mean4.7 rooms

15.  As dwellings are typically
shared the mean average size
of one household is:
 Row house is 167 sqm.
 Apartment 50 sqm.
 The survey drilled down to
one household, their
appliances and energy use.
15
Per household space and key appliances
57%
30%
13%
35%
30%
34%
88%
11%
79%
52%
28%
20%
91%
72%
51%
45%
10%
8%
100 or less
101 - 250
More than 250
1 - 3 people
4 people
5+ people
< 20 items
20 - 40 items
Ventilation open to air
No aircon
1 aircon
2 or more aircon
PC, Laptop Tablet
Washing machine
Electric water heater
Ceiling fan
Solar water heater
Electric bicycle
Sqm/Hhold
#ofpeople/
Hhold
#ofelectrical
appliancesAir-conPenetrationofappliances
Household size andappliances % (n=1394)
Mean136 sqm
Mean4.2 people

16. 16
Household durable penetration
94 94
91 91 89 87 86
72
67
51
48
45
37
23
10 8 7
4
2.39
1.16
2.05
2.51
1.64
.97 .95
.74 .78
.66
.78 .74
.38
.23 .11 .09 .08 .04
.00
.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Incidence %
Mean (inc. 0)
Household durable penetration(n=1394)

17. How does residential
energy use vary?
17

18. 18
Electricity bill is 11% of household expenditure
4,577,512
4,129,043
4,728,298
4,447,336
3,443,589
4,875,118
11%
10%
11%
11%
10%
11%565,758
461,777
606,142
529,284
379,511
624,562
9%
10%
10%
11%
11%
12%
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
Total Apartment Row house North Central South
Mean monthly VND electricity bill / household Mean other household VND expenditure / month
Electricity % of household expenditure
Monthly electricity andhouseholdexpenditureVND (n=1394)

19. 19
2.15 t-CO2 / household / annum
2.15
2.33
2.03
1.55
0.56 0.61
0.52
0.41
-
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
Total South North Central
t-CO2 / household / annum
t-CO2 / person in Hhold / annum
Variance in CO2 emmissions by household % (n=1,394)

20. 20
3,722 KWH / household / annum
3,722
4,042
3,530
2,689
971 1,063
905
717
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
Total South North Central
kWh/ household / annum
kWh / person in Hhold / annum
Variance in electricity use by household % (n=1,394)

21. 21
Factors to interrogate
Total Total Roof materials Corrugated iron
Dwelling Apartment Roof materials Cement
Dwelling Row house Roof materials Tiles
Dwelling Villa house Wall materials Cement
Region North Wall materials Brickwork
Region Central Floor finish Ceramic tiles
Region South Floor finish Cement
Strata City Exposed ventilation Yes
Strata Rural Exposed ventilation No
SEC AB # of electronic appliances <20
SEC C # of electronic appliances 20-40
Ownership Rent Electric heated water Washing clothes
Ownership Own Electric heated water Washing in kitchen
Household per dwelling Only 1 Electric heated water Washing in bathroom
Household per dwelling 2 to 3 Cooking with electric Cooking with Electric
Household per dwelling 4 or more Ceiling fans Ceiling fans
People in household 3 or less Aircon No Aircon
People in household 4 Aircon 1 Aircon
People in household 5 or more Aircon 2 or more Aircon
Sq meter of each household 100 or less Electric usage Electric water heater
Sq meter of each household 101-250 Electric usage Solar water heater
Sq meter of each household More than 250 Electric usage PC, laptop or tablet
Floors 1 Floor Electric usage Electric heated water machine
Floors 2 Floors Electric usage Electric bicycle
Floors 3+ Floors Water source Tap
Number of rooms 1-3 rooms Water source Tap & Well
Number of rooms 4-5 rooms Water source Well only
Number of rooms 6-7 rooms
Number of rooms 8 or more

22.  Less living space per person provides more energy efficiency. Electricity efficiency is greatest
in dwellings that have:
 Multiple households (and hence shared recourses)
 Large household sizes (4 plus)
 Yet demographic trends to less households/dwelling and less people per household.
 Rural households and households relying on well water are more efficient.
 Yet demographic trends are to urbanisation.
 Natural climate sees reduced use in Central followed by the North. Usage is highest in the
South.
 Smaller structures are more efficient. Apartments followed by row houses with fewer rooms
(and floors) use less.
 Renters are more efficient than home owners.
22
Most efficient have shared dwellings and large households

23.  Small households with three or less members are particularly inefficient users.
 Air conditioning has a massive impact on energy use.
 Inefficient households have larger homes (250 sqm +), 3 or more floors, many
rooms and multiple air conditioners.
 Cooking with electricity and electric water heaters also increase use significantly.
 Solar water heaters have low penetration at 10%. However 3 in 10 households
with a solar water heater also have an electric heater.
23
Least efficient have small households and air con

24. 24
Rural dwellings, in central Vietnam with no air con fair best
-31%
-25%
-28%
-23%
22%
-7%
-17%
-27%
-15%
-5%
-19%
-35%
-29%
-26% -19% -19% -15%
-15%
-15%
-9%
-9%
-8%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Rural
Wellonly
Central
NoAircon
5ormore
4ormore
Cement
Rent
Apartment
4
1-3rooms
Strata Water source Region Aircon
People in
household
Household per
dwelling Floor finish Ownership Dwelling
People in
household
Number of
rooms
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors whichlower electricity use by 8% or more of average(All dwellings n=1,394)

25. 25
Many rooms, many air cons and small households fair worst
11%
25%
9%
5%
26%
23%
12%
52%
-18%
53% 52%
8%
9% 9%
11% 14% 14%
18%
25% 26%
35% 35%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Electricwaterheater
Morethan250
South
1Aircon
Solarwaterheater
3+Floors
CookingwithElectric
20-40
3orless
2ormoreAircon
8ormore
Electric usage
Sq meter of
each
household Region Aircon Electric usage Floors
Cooking with
electric
# of electronic
appliances
People in
household Aircon
Number of
rooms
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors whichincrease electricity use by 8% or more of average(All dwellings n=1,394)

26. 26
Row houses: Renters, with large households and no air con
fair well
-32%
-30%
-22%
-30%
17%
-23%
-5%
-9% -7% -5%
-34%
-28%
-25%
-21% -21%
-19%
-17%
-9% -9% -8%
-40%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
Rural
Central
Wellonly
Rent
5ormore
NoAircon
4ormore
4-5rooms
4
North
Strata Region Water source Ownership
People in
household Aircon
Household per
dwelling
Number of
rooms
People in
household Region
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors whichlower electricity use by 8% or more of average(Row houses n=961)

27. 27
Row houses: small households and air con fair badly
8%
16%
20%
13%
46% 44% 46%
-13%
9%
10%
13%
21%
23%
32% 33% 35%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
South
3+Floors
Solarwaterheater
CookingwithElectric
20-40
8ormore
2ormoreAircon
3orless
Region Floors Electric usage Cooking with electric
# of electronic
appliances Number of rooms Aircon People in household
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (Row houses n=961)

28. 28
Apartments: large households, no air con fair well
32%
-18%
-4%
-17%
-16%
-11%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
5ormore
NoAircon
4ormore
People in household Aircon Household per dwelling
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Factors whichlower electricity use by 8% or more of average (Apartments n=410)

29. 29
Apartments: with air con, electric cooking and small
households fair badly
7% 8% 5%
32%
19%
-22%
21%
9%
18% 18%
8% 9% 10% 10%
13%
14%
14%
16% 18%
27%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
South
Tap
Corrugatediron
6-7rooms
Electricwaterheater
3orless
Washingclothes
2to3
CookingwithElectric
1Aircon
Region Water source Roof materials
Number of
rooms Electric usage
People in
household
Electric heated
water
Household per
dwelling
Cooking with
electric Aircon
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average
base=0
Factors whichincrease electricity use by 8% or more of average(Apartments n=410)

30. What impact do building
materials have today?
30

31.  For row houses the optimal material (amongst existing use) is cement for roof,
walls and flooring.
 For apartments the optimal materials (amongst existing use) are cement for roof,
and brick for walls.
Building materials today have limited influence
31

32. 32
Row houses: limited influence – cement most efficient
0%
1%
-1%
2%
-2%
1%
-1%
-8%
0%
4%
-6%
5%
-2%
1%
-1%
-6%
-10%
-8%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Rowhouse
Corrugatediron
Cement
Tiles
Cement
Brickwork
Ceramictiles
Cement
Dwelling Roof materials Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish Floor finish
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Building material impact (Row houses n=961)

33. 33
Apartments: cement roof and brick walls fair well
0%
5%
-5%
1% 0%
4%
0%
10%
-3%
2%
-2%
5%
-6%
-4%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
Apartment
Corrugatediron
Cement
Cement
Brickwork
Ceramictiles
Dwelling Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
Building material impact (Apartments n=410)

34. Which energy conservation
actions and attitudes
prevail?
34

35. 35
Growing vegetables and compost actions
47
42
48
48
66
42
42
76
33
51
41
45
68
40
35
42
45
57
34
34
76
31
43
35
39
64
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total
Apartment
Row house
North
Central
South
City
Rural
Rent
Own
Tap
Tap & Well
Well only
Grow vegetables or herbs at home
Use food and vegetable waste for
composting or animal feed
Renewable actions % (n=1394) Households that are rural, in
the central region and use
well water are more likely to
exhibit renewable
behaviours in the home.
 Even 1 in 3 inhabiting
apartments are active.

36. 36
Recycling waste and rain water harvesting actions
 Recycling is common for 4 in
10 households.
 Households that are rural
and use well water are more
likely to harvest rain water.
 Even 1 in 5 inhabiting
apartments harvest rain
water.
45
47
44
49
42
43
45
46
50
44
45
45
41
22
23
21
25
27
18
18
43
20
22
18
20
32
0 20 40 60 80 100
Total
Apartment
Row house
North
Central
South
City
Rural
Rent
Own
Tap
Tap & Well
Well only
Separate recyclable waste from
non-recyclable waste
Capture rain water and use it for
cooking, washing, flushing or
garden watering
Recycling actions % (n=1394)

37. 37
Strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits
 Nearly all are aware of
renewable energy sources.
 Comprehension of
environmental impact and
potential energy bill savings
is high.
90
79
54
47
21
17
1
0 50 100
Better for the environment
They will reduce my energy bills
They are safer
They are better for my family's health
They are more reliable
They will save me time
I don't know
97% are aware of renewable energies
Perceived benefits of renewable energies % (n=1394)

38. 38
Barriers are design build, cost and knowledge
44
30
30
27
23
16
16
16
8
6
3
2
2
2
2
0 20 40 60
My home was not designed for these types of…
They are expensive to buy
I don't know how
These energy sources are not popular in homes
I don’t have the time to organise this
These energy sources are not convenient
I rent my home and can not take action
I live in an apartment and con not take action
The weather is not right for this type of energy
I am not convinced they will save me money
I do not trust these energy sources
I don't know
They are not reliable sources of energy
I am not convinced they will help the environment
They are not safe sources of energy
97% are aware of renewable energies
Reasons for not using % (n=1394)

39. So what?
39

40. 1. The most energy efficient households have shared dwellings and large households. The least
efficient have small households and air conditioning.
2. The most energy efficient households which exist today are declining. They are a factor of a
low living space per person.
3. The desire to live in urban Vietnam, in single household dwellings, with less generations and
hence a shrinking household size, is not a new phenomena.
4. Increasing economic progress will only increase demands for energy sapping durables and
devices, straining available energy resources.
5. The building materials used to date have limited influence on household energy efficiency.
6. Consumers have a strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits. However the
barriers are design, build, cost and knowledge.
Household energy efficiency will decline without action
40

41. 1. More energy efficient design to reduce energy resources for cooling particularly.
2. More efficient building design and materials which enable dwellings to absorb,
retain, and release, at the appropriate times, radiate heat.
3. Residential access to and business incentives to provide renewable resources in
new built homes.
4. Residential access to and incentives to convert to more efficient cooling/heating.
Access encompasses availability and affordability (possibly financing).
5. Raising consumer knowledge and demonstrating household costs savings are both
critical.
Design, build, access, incentive and education
41

42. 1. A nationwide standard method of survey measurement and benchmarking needs
to be established.
2. Promote greater transparency and sharing of data, making it more readily available
to research institutions, corporate bodies and individuals who are looking to carry
out research that support the development aims for Vietnam.
3. Build an educational campaign to promote comprehension of and accessibility to
the 1. efficient use of existing energy, 2. conversion to more efficient energy
sources and 3. new design and build models.
4. Establish a new public/private sector project, aimed at developing energy efficient
housing models, against which future developments can be measured.
What next…
42

43. Download your copy
at www.cimigo.com
cimigo.com
The Voice of the Customer
43

44. About Sustainable Futures Asia
44

45. 45
Professional ‘sustainability’ services
Sustainable Futures Asia (SFA) was established in 2011 to
provide professional sustainability services throughout the South
East Asia region.
SFA provide services in three key areas:
• Project Consulting – assisting governments and private
enterprise in reviewing existing, and developing new
economically sustainable business strategies.
• Architecture & Urbanism – providing sustainable design
solutions, either leading or as part of the client design team,
including VGBC Lotus accreditation services.
• Knowledge Creation – carrying out research in to
sustainability issues, and organising sustainability
conferences and other knowledge sharing events.
www.sustainablefutures.asia

46. 46
Dr Vu Thi Hong Hanh
Hanh is a Vietnamese registered architect
who has lived and worked in Vietnam,
Australia and the United Kingdom,
completing her MSc in Melbourne,
Australia and her PhD in Oxford, UK.
Hanh teaches at the Ho Chi Minh City
University of Architecture.
Matt Parkes RIBA
Matt is a UK registered architect who has
worked in Vietnam since 2004, having previously
lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
With an MSc in Climate Change and Sustainable
Development, Matt is now undertaking PhD
research into new models of sustainable
housing here in Vietnam.
Founding members

47. 47
Khai Duong Joint
Stock Company
Recent clients include
Partner organisations

48. About Cimigo
48

49. VietnamIndonesia
India
China
Hong Kong
Philippines
Singapore
3 billion customers
We now have the privilege of representing
Starting 10 years ago in Vietnam
we’ve expanded to...
49

50. From seven
main cities
in Vietnam…
50

51. consumer-rooted growth
Online Panels
45 Consultants
130 Full-time staff
12 Qualitative Specialists
5 Call Centres
Face-to-face
…put the consumer into the boardroom to deliver
650 Fieldworkers
Cimigo’s extensive set of resources and expertise...
51

52. Cimigo delivers a full range of services to ensure your
business remains connected to your consumers
Motivational research
Market scoping and segmentation
Concept testing
New product development
Brand positioning
1. Consulting Services
Market tracking
Product optimisation
Brand equity
Touch point management
Customer loyalty
2. Research Services
Ethnography
Accompanied shopping
In-depth interviewing
Focus groups
Vox pops
Telephone interviewing
Street intercepts
Mystery shopping
On line surveys
Social media tracking
52

53. Cimigo for Brand Value
And for stronger consumer engagement &
intelligence.
www.facebook.com/CimigoVietnam
@cimigovietnam
www.linkedin.com/company/cimigo
53

54. Thank You
Sustainable Futures Asia
Matt Parkes
matt.parkes@sustainablefutures.asia
www.sustainablefutures.asia
Cimigo
Richard Burrage
richardburrage@cimigo.com
www.cimigo.com
March 2013