2. 1. Genetic Engineering
=technology used to manipulate organism’s DNA by
inserting DNA of another organism
3. 1. Genetic Engineering
Used to increase or decrease expression of specific
genes
genome=the total DNA present in the nucleus of each
cell
Millions in human genome—have tools to isolate and
manipulate one specific gene
4. 2. Restriction Enzymes
=proteins that recognize and bind to specific DNA
sequences and cut that piece out
5. 3. Gel Electrophoresis
Separates DNA fragments for analysis
Pulled with electric charge—DNA is negative moves
to positive end)
6. 3. Gel Electrophoresis
Move and separate according to size of fragments
Smaller fragments—move faster and farther
Larger fragments—move slower and stay closer
Makes a unique pattern
Allows for identification and comparison
8. 4. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Makes millions of copies of a specific region of a DNA
fragment
Done by heating DNA to separate the strands and is
copied
Each copy is copied—a few dozen cycles=millions of
copies
9. 5. Biotechnology
=using genetic engineering to find solutions to
problems
Produces organisms with genes from another organism
Transgenic
10. 6. Transgenic plants
Engineered to be more resistant to viruses and pests
Pests and viruses can kill all crops
Make them resistant so they can survive
Some scientists working on peanuts and soybeans that
don’t cause allergic reactions
11. 7. Selective Breeding
=the process of selecting certain desirable traits to
pass on to future generations in certain plants and
animals
12. 8. Hybridization
=Mixing of different organisms to bring together the
best traits
Stronger than parents, have competitive edge
Example—crossing tomato that is resistant to specific
disease with one that grows fast
Offspring disease resistant and grows fast
13. 9. Inbreeding
=continued breeding of individuals with similar
characteristics
Pure breed dogs maintained this way—keeps their
unique traits
Disadvantage—harmful recessive traits passed on,
increased chance of homozygous recessive for disease
