basics of civil engineering, branches of civil engineering, building material- sand, cement, steel, RMC, fly ash, bitumen

1. BASIC CIVIL ENGINEERING
1

2. UNIT 1 : INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Definition -
 “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the great
sources of power in nature for the use and
convenience of man.”
 “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering
concerned with planning, design and construction
for environmental Control, development of natural
resources, buildings, transportation facilities and
other structures required for health, welfare, safety,
employment and pleasure of mankind”.
2

3. BRANCHES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING-
1. Surveying:-
2. Foundation engineering:
3. Fluid Mechanics
4. Quantity surveying:
5. Transportation engineering
6. Environmental engineering:
a) Water supply
b) Sanitary engg.
c) Environmental pollution
3

4. 7. Irrigation engineering:-
8. Geotechnical engineering:
9. Structural engineering:-
10. Town planning:
4

5. 1.Surveying:-
 It is used to determine relative positions of points on
the surface the earth & also to prepare maps &
plans.
 Surveying deals with linear, angular, and vertical
(levelling) measurement.
 Remote sensing is advanced method of the
surveying where pictures of the earth taken from the
satellite revolving around the earth.
5

6. 2. Foundation engineering:
 This branch includes the planning, designing and
construction and maintenance of various types of
foundation.
 This engineer has to introduce new material, new
construction technique and methods for construction
of foundation.
 This has to deal with foundation in poor soil and
unstable ground.
6

7. 3. Fluid Mechanics:
 It is branch of science in which study of fluids i.e.
liquids and gases, at rest and in motion is done.
 The mechanics dealing with water is known as
hydraulics.
 Its study helps in determining forces, moments
coming upon hydraulic structures like dams etc.
7

8. 4. Quantity surveying:
 The study of this enables the engineers to estimate
in advance the quantities of various materials &
different items in a project.
 The estimation is useful in knowing the approximate
cost of the work to be taken up in hand.
 Similarly in the quantity surveying, the valuation of
an existing building or an old property is also done.
8

9. 5. Transportation engineering:
 this subject deals with the transport of men and
materials through different communication routes
such as land, water and air.
 The railways and roads are the important modes of
communication by land.
 The water transport is feasible only where the
rivers, canals or sea coast is available.
 Transportation by air routes is also increasing day
by day. The knowledge of surveying and levelling is
very useful before deciding the alignments of roads
or railways & also to decide the alignments of
tunnels, which is to be done through the hilly region.
9

10.  Transportation engineering:
10

11. 6. Environmental engineering: It is an important branch
of civil engineering This covers both water supply and
sanitary engineering
a)Water supply- The water from source like river is
supplied to the people which is drinkable or fit for
drinking. The water is treated by adding chemicals as
well as earth partials are removed. Hence water supply
and treatment on water comes under the environmental
engg.
b)Sanitary engg.- If waste remain around the domestic
area then various diseases will occur. Therefore
disposal of waste water and treatment on waste water
become very important to avoid harm.
c)Environmental pollution- It is the part of environmental
engineering which deals with the study of air, water,
sound and land pollution. 11

12. 12

13. 7. Irrigation engineering:-
 This is a branch of civil engineering in which supply
of water is done to areas scarcity of rainfall either
for purposes of cultivation of crops or supplying
drinking water.
 The supply of water is done by construction of
dams or weirs and supplying water through open
canals or closed pipes.
13

14. 8. Geotechnical engineering:
 This is also called as soil mechanics in which study
of soil. Its behaviour on application of load & its
application as an engineering material in the
construction of earth dams is done.
 The knowledge of this subject is useful in the design
of earth dams, different pile foundations, building,
foundations etc.
 The study of foundation engineering is
complimentary in nature while studying the
Geotechnical engineering.
14

15. `
15

16. 9. Structural engineering:-
 This deals with design and construction of the
structural member (column, beam, slab etc.).
 The structural engineer has to do the design as
per loads coming on the member and have to fix
the position of all the members.
16

17. 10. Town planning:
 It is the branch of civil engineering which deals with
the planning and layout of town, cities, layout of
available land in different zone.
 In the city town planner has to divide the city as per
industrial purpose, residential purpose, open space
for public utility facilities such as school, gardens,
playground shopping mall, transportation etc.
17

18. ROLE OF CIVIL ENGINEER IN VARIOUS
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES-
 In the completion of any project, the work is divided
into following stages:
1.Preparation of layout of the plot-
2. Preparation of drawing and approval of
drawing:
3. Preparation of structural design: -
4. Estimation of quantities: -
5. Preparation of tender document:
6. Execution of work: -
18

19. BUILDING MATERIALS-
 A structure consist of many parts such as foundation,
flooring, walls, columns, doors, windows, roof trusses
etc.
 All the above parts of structure are constructed of a
material known as Building material.
 Some of the building materials are as follows-
1. River sand or natural sand
2. Cement
3. Structural steel and Reinforcement steel
4. RMC
5. Fly ash
6. Bitumen 19

20. 1. SAND-
20

21. RIVER SAND-
 Natural river sand is the most preferred choice as a
fine aggregate material, it is a product of natural
weathering of rocks, it is far better and superior
sand for construction purposes.
 This sand is obtained from banks or beds of rivers.
 According to size of grains the sand is termed as
follows-
Size Type of sand
0.06 to 1mm Very fine sand
1 to 3 mm Fine sand
3 to 4.75 mm Coarse sand 21

22. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SAND-
 Should be completely inert. (i.e., should not have any
chemical activity).
 Grains should be sharp, coarse& angular so as to have
good interlocking property.
 Should not contain clay & silt; usually 3-4% clay & silt is
ordinarily permitted for practical reasons.
 sand should be free from any organic matter.
 The size of sand should be such that it should pass
through IS sieve no. 480(i.e. 4.75mm) & retain on IS
sieve no. 5(i.e. 0.05mm)
22

23. fig. - Sieve shaker & IS sieves
23

24. USES OF SAND-
 Mainly used to prepare mortar& concrete , mortar
is used for pointing & plastering. concrete is used
for civil engg structures.
 Sand prevents cracking of mortar during setting.
 Sand adds to density to mortar.
 Sand fills the voids between coarse aggregate.
 Sand increases workability of paste.
 Sand prevents shrinkage of binding material.
24

25. BULKING OF SAND-
25

26. BULKING OF SAND-
 The presence of moisture in sand increases the
volume of sand. This is due to the fact that moisture
causes film of water around sand particles which
results in the increase of volume of sand.
 For a moisture content of about 5 to 8 per cent,
this increase of volume may be as much as 20 to
40 per cent, depending upon the grading of sand.
 The finer the material, the more will be the increase
in volume for a given moisture content. This
phenomena is known as the bulking of sand
26

27. 2. CEMENT
 A cement is a binder, a substance used for
construction that sets, hardens, and adheres to
other materials to bind them together.
 Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar
for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces
concrete.
27

28. CEMENT-
 Cement is an artificial material manufactured by
burning a mixture of-
a) calcareous material (containing lime)
b) siliceous material (containing silica)
c) argillaceous material (containing alumina)
in a proper proportion @ very high temperature of
1400 to 1450°C to form a product known as clinker to
which a small quantity of gypsum (CaSO4) about 2-
3% is added and pulverised into very fine powder in a
ball mill known as cement.
28

29. GRADES OF CEMENT-
 There are about 3 grades of cement available in the
market.
 The grade is determined on the basis of compressive
strength attained in 28 days.
 The strength measurements are in Mega-Pascal or
N/mm.
I. 33-grade :
II. 43-grade :
III. 53-grade :
29

30. TYPES OF CEMENT-
Normal types of cement are-
1. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)
2. Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC)
3. Rapid Hardening Cement.
4. Extra Rapid Hardening Cement.
5. Low Heat Cement.
6. Sulphates Resisting Cement.
7. Quick Setting Cement.
8. Blast Furnace Slag Cement.
9. High alumina cement
10. White cement
11. Coloured cement
12. Air entrained cement
30

31.  Special types of cement-
1. Masonry cement
2. Trief cement
3. Expansive cement
4. Oil well cement
5. Hydrophobic cement
6. Water proof cement
31

32. 1.Ordinary Portland cement-
 Used in all construction work such as a foundation, slab,
beam, columns and also in heavy structures such as
dams, bridges, roads etc.
2.Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) –
 Formed by synthesising OPC cement with pozzolanic
material in certain proportion
 Used in hydraulic structures , construction near seashore ,
dam construction ,Manufacturing of precast sewage pipes,
etc
3.Rapid Hardening Cement. –
 called high early strength cement
 contains high % of lime.
 used where formwork has to removed early in order to
reuse it
 In construction of road pavement, urgent repair works
 Used in cold weather concreting 32

33. 4. Low heat cement-
 Manufactured by reducing % of lime and alumina
 Low heat of hydration hence suitable for mass concrete
structures. E.g.- retaining walls , dams and bridges.
5.blast furnace slag cement-
 It is the mixture of ordinary Portland cement with 25 to
60% of blast slag furnace
 Uses- used in RMC plants, used for structures meant for
water retaining such as retaining wall, river ports , sea
water construction, etc. , such works that are subjected to
sulphate & acidic attack.
6.Quick setting cement –
 Has quick setting property. due to reduced % of gypsum &
adding certain amount of sulphate
 Used where concrete work is to be done in short period of
time e.g. - concreting in a static or running water
33

34. 7. Sulphate resisting cement-
 Manufactured by reducing % of tricalcium aluminates
below 6%.
 Used in construction of tanks, pipe lines, sewers etc in a
chemical plant, also for a construction of docks , harbours
to protect them from the action of sea water.
8. high alumina cement-
 Its type of rapid hardening cement.
 Manufactured by mixing aluminium ore, bauxite and lime.
 Used for road works, & for early removal of formwork for
reuse.
 In concrete works where it has to resist frost , high temp,
acids, alkalies.
34

35. 9. Air entrained cement-
 Cement is made by mixing small amount of air
entraining agents like salts of wood resin.
 It resists froast action.
10. White cement-
 Manufactured from raw materials are entirely free from
iron oxide.
 Used in a works such as external rendering of building,
facing slabs, bathrooms, W.C., garden path, swimming
pool etc
11. Coloured cement-
 Prepared by adding pigments in white cement.
 Used for interior & exterior decorative works.
35

36. SPECIAL TYPES OF CEMENT-
1.masonry cement-
 Composed of portland cement clinker, lime stone, gypsum &
air entrained agents.
 manufactured to produce masonry mortar for use in brick,
block, and stone masonry construction
2. Trief cement-
 Concrete made from this cement has good resistance to
corrosive water.
 Has less heat of evolution& shrinkage.
 Used for large mass concrete works like dam & retaining wall.
3. Expansive cement-
 Used to form a concrete which doesn't shrinks.
 Widely used in repair works
36

37. 4. Oil well cement-
 Used for sealing oil wells
5. Hydrophobic cement-
 Manufactured from OPC clinker by adding water
repellent chemicals during processes of grinding.
 It is useful for concreting even when it is raining & also in
static and running water.
6. water- proof cement-
 Used in construction o tanks , reservoirs, docks,
harbours etc
37

38. 3. STEEL
 Steel is an alloy of iron which contain carbon from 0.15 to
1.5% together with small % of silicon, phosphorous,
sulphur & manganese is called as steel.
 The grades of steel depending upon the % of carbon-
38
Type of steel % of carbon
Mild Steel OR
Low carbon steel
C< 0.2%
Hard steel OR
Medium carbon steel
C> 0.25% to 0.7%
Tool Steel OR
High carbon steel
C>0.7 up to 1.5%

39. REINFORCEMENT STEEL-
 Reinforcing steel commonly known as steel
reinforcing bars or welded wire mesh is utilized to
strengthen/reinforce concrete and
masonry structural elements
39
Mild steel bars

40. 40
Mesh

41. STRUCTURAL STEEL-
 Structural steel is a category of steel used for
making construction materials in a variety of shapes
 structural steel is defined as steel shaped for use in
construction
41

42. STRUCTURAL STEEL-
1. Angle section-
 used in bridges, trusses and general structural steel
work.
42
Legs of angle section

43. 2. Channel sections (C- sections) :
 used for columns, trusses, roof purlins etc.
43
C- section Roof trusses

44. 3) I section-
 also called as Rolled Steel Joist OR girder, H, W,
universal beam,
 Used for columns, beams & also for bridge girder.
44

45. 4) T- section :-
 Used for steel roof truss
5) Tubular sections:-
 Used for columns, beams and pipes.
45

46. ADVANTAGES OF MILD STEEL-
 Used for all kinds of structural work.
 Used for balustrades of stairs, grills, doors and
windows.
 used for water supply and sanitary fittings.
 Used for miscellaneous metallic items like nut , bolts,
nails, wire , rope , rivets etc
 Rods are used for reinforcement of cement & structural
steel is used for frame work of public & industrial.
buildings
46
balustrades

47. DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL-
 Tendency to rust, corrode when exposed to wet
climate
 It is costlier.
 Transportation of heavy sections becomes
problematic.
47

48. 4) RMC- (READY MIX CONCRETE) :-
48
 Ready-mix concrete (RMC) is concrete that is
manufactured in a batch plant, according to a set
engineered mix design.
OR
 RMC is the concrete supplied by “ready mixed concrete
plant” under controlled conditions like electronic
weightment, controlled materials & proper mixture
proportioning.
 batching plant or a concrete batching plant, is
equipment that combines various ingredients to
form concrete.

49. 49
Transit mixers
Batching plant
Placing RMC

50. CONCRETE MIX DESIGN-
 Concrete Mix Design means, determination of the
proportion of the concrete ingredients i.e. Cement,
Water, Fine Aggregate, Coarse Aggregate which would
produce concrete possessing specified properties
50

51. TYPES OF RMC :-
1. Transit mixed concrete -
 It is also called dry batched concrete because all the
basic ingredients including water are charged directly
into the truck mixer
 In this type of ready mix concrete, also three types of
variations are possible as given below
i. Concrete mixed at job site
ii. Concrete mixed in transit
iii. Concrete mixed in the yard
51

52. 2. Shrink mixed concrete –
 The concrete is partially mixed in the plant mixer and
then balance mixing is done in the truck mounted drum
mixer during transit time. The amount of mixing in
transit mixer depends upon the extent of mixing done in
the central mixing plant.
3. Central mixed concrete -
 It is also called central batching plant where the
concrete is thoroughly mixed before loading into the
truck mixer. Sometimes the plant is also referred as
wet-batch or pre-mix plants.
 While transporting the concrete, the truck mixer acts as
agitator only.
52

53. ADVANTAGES OF RMC-
1) Uniform assured quality of concrete.
2) Removes any chances of mishandling & adulteration.
3) Durability of concrete.
4) Faster construction speed.
5) Storage needs @ construction sites eliminates.
6) Admixture addition is easier.
7) Documentations of the mix design.
8) Reduction in wastages of materials .
9) RMC is eco-friendly.
10) Better handling and proper mixing will help in reducing
cement consumption by 10 – 12%.
11) Also, the use of admixture and various materials will
help to reduce the amount of cement. 53

54. DISADVANTAGES OF RMC-
 Requires huge initial investment.
 Not suitable for small projects (less quantity of
concrete is required).
 Need an effective transportation system from the
batching plant to the job site.
 Ready-mix should be placed within 210 minutes of
batching at the plant.
54

55. BITUMEN
 Bitumen is a material obtained by fractional
distillation of crude petroleum as an end product.
 Bitumen is an oil based substance. It is a semi-
solid hydrocarbon product produced by removing
the lighter fractions (such as liquid petroleum gas,
petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil during the
refining process.
 bitumen is a sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or
semi-solid form of petroleum.
 It may be found in natural deposits or may be a
refined product
55

56. PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
 It is dark black or brown in colour
 Usually solid at normal temp range and becomes
liquid on heating.
 Made of components like carbon(87%),
hydrogen(11%), oxygen (2%).
 Good resistance to acid and water insoluble.
 Becomes soft at temp 30°c to 100°c
56

57. APPLICATIONS OF BITUMEN-
57
 Constructions of roads, runways, and platforms.
 Waterproofing to prevent water seepage.
 Mastic floorings for factories.
 Canal lining to prevent erosion.
 Dump-proof courses for masonry.
 Tank foundation.
 Joint filling material.

58. USES OF BITUMEN
 Used in road construction
58

59.  Waterproofing material-
59

60. 60

61.  To prepare roofing sheets-
o Used for canal lining-
61

62.  Used for DPC of masonry building-
62

63.  Tank foundation-
 Joint filling material-
63

64.  For mastic flooring in industries-
64

65. FLY ASH
 It is obtained as a waste material from modern
thermal stations where the mixture of powdered
coal and air is burnt.
65

66.  Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous
and siliceous material that forms cement in the presence
of water.
 When mixed with lime and water, fly ash forms a
compound similar to Portland cement.
66

67. CLASSIFICATION OF FLY ASH-
 it is divided in two classes : Class C and Class F.
1) Class F: Produced by burning of anthracite and
bituminous coal. It is pozzolanic in nature and
contains less than 7% lime.
2) Class C: Produced by burning young lignite or
sub- bituminous coal. It is both pozzolanic and self-
cementing in nature. Contains more than 20% lime.
67

68. USES OF FLY ASH-
 Used for manufacturing the bricks
 Used in a road construction.
 It is used in concrete improves the workability of
concrete
 It is used in RMC.
 When fly ash is added to concrete, the amount of
portland cement may be reduced.
68
Bricks manufactured from fly ash