Invasive and alien insect pests impact in india

INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
 An species, which is not native to a region, but
introduced accidentally or intentionally from other
areas, which compete with native species for available
resources, reproduce prolifically and dominate the
regions and ecosystems.
 According to the Global Invasive Species Program
(GISP):
“Invasive alien species (IAS) are non-native
organisms that cause, or have the potential to cause,
harm to the environment, economies, or human
health. Invasive alien species (IAS) are one of the
most significant drivers of environmental change
worldwide.”
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Reproduce rapidly
Lack predators and diseases that would
otherwise keep the numbers down
Adapts to new environments quickly
High dispersal ability
Able to live off a wide variety of food
sources
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COTTON MEALY BUG
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SN : Phenacoccus solenopsis
Origin: USA
Introduction: In India the first incidence in cotton has been
reported from the fields of Baroda district during 2003-04.
- Jhala et al., 2008
 It is introduced to India through the exchange of plant
material.
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 Economic losses of 30-80% occurred in cotton
growing regions of India
 Fosters numerous and expensive application
of insecticides to produce and protect cotton
crop
 Shift of farmers interest to cultivate other
crops
 Reduced profit margin – affects the standard
of living of producers
 Affects the aesthetic appearance of infested
areas, reducing tourism and trade in the
infested areas.

PAPAYA MEALY BUG
 SN: Paracoccus marginatus
 Origin - Mexico.
 India - Recorded in July 2007
at Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore and
subsequently spread to
neighboring districts.

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1. Dried plant
2. Chlorosis in mulberry leave
3.Leaf deformation in mulberry
4. Waxy coating on papaya fruit
5. Crinkled leaf of papaya
6. Infestation on brinjal fruit
7. Malformed jatropha fruits

 Excrete honeydew on nearby plant surface
leading to sooty mould blocking air and light
 Impaired phoyosynthesis and reduced
productivity
 Fouled fruits – reduced market value
 Serious economic threat to the agricultural
industry

 SN: Quadrastichus erythrinae
 Origin: East Africa
 India: First recorded from Kerala
(Faizal et al., 2006) and later from
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.

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After feeding with in the galls, the larvae pupate and
the adult wasp cut exit hole through plant gall material
to emerge.

 Induce the formation of galls in leaflets and petioles
 Heavily galled stems and leaves result in loss of growth
and vigour, finally death
 Infests approximately 110 species of Erythrina mostly in
tropical regions.
 Reduced natural biodiversity

 SN : Leptocybe invasa
 Origin: Australia
 Introduced in to India during 2006
 It is introduced in to India through exchange of
vegetative material
-Ananthakrishnan,2009

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 Devastation of nurseries and young plantations
 The galls can causes the twig to split destroying the
cambium.
 Repeated attacks lead to loss of growth and vigour in
susceptible tress.
 Severely attacked tress leads to stunted growth, lodging, die
back and eventually tree death.

COCONUT LEAF BEETLE
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SN: Brontispa longissima
Origin: Indonesia
 Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae.
Potentially one of the most serious
insect pests of coconut and
ornamental palms.
It entered in to Asian countries
through human activity.
- Shivsagar, 2009

 Attacks palms of all ages but most
damaging to young palms in nurseries
 Significant reduction in fruit production
 Under prolonged outbreak, fruit
shedding takes place, trees appear
ragged and finally die.
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IMPACTS

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In parts of Vietnam,
production loss for related
industries is approaching
50 percent and there are
many dead trees.
KASARGOD: The Central
Plantation Crops Research
Institute (CPCRI) has
issued ‘red alert’ against
two invasive pests of
coconut and has called for
quarantine and thorough
screening of baggage for
ornamental palms at entry
points into the country.

 Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)
 Origin: Southern United States –Florida
 Notorious polyphagous pest - recently
attained a serious pest status on tomato.

 Economically important key pest of both
ornamental and vegetable crops
 In tomato, the damage caused by this pest has
been reported as 30 to40 per cent
 Mining activity will cause considerable delay in
plant development leading to plant loss
 Considerable crop losses and loss of overseas
markets due to quarantine requirements
 Vector of plant viruses

 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
 Origin: South America
 Detected for the first time in Europe in Spain in
2006.
 Recently, Tuta absoluta was recorded in tomato at
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research and
adjoining farmers’ fields in Bengaluru during
November 2014

 Can reduce yield and
fruit quality, causing
up to 100% yield
losses in severely
infested tomato
crops.

 It can cause up to 90% loss of yield and fruit
quality under greenhouses and field conditions.
 Increase in tomato prices
 Ban on the trade of tomato including seedlings
 Increase in insecticide application
 Increased cost of plant protection
 Serious impact on the livelihood of local
tomato growers and tomato agribusiness

 Direct costs in lives (diseases), crop losses
 Reduced ecosystem function/services
 Biodiversity loss including species extinctions,
and changes in hydrology and ecosystem
function
 Habitat destruction
 Compete with & replace rare and endangered
species
 Disrupt insect-plant associations necessary for
seed dispersal of native plants
 Disrupt native plant-pollinator relationships

 Serious hindrance to conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity
 Reduce eliminate host plants for native
insects and other wildlife
 Serve as host reservoirs for plant pathogens
and other organisms that can infect and
damage desirable native and ornamental
plants and
 Reduce the amount of space, water, sunlight
and nutrients that would be available to
native species
 Hybridize with native plant species, altering
their genetic makeup & reduce gene pool.

 The impact on the environment and agricultural
production of invasion of a pest species
tremendous.
 Impacts can be minimized with international
cooperation through exchange of information on
invasive pests and their natural enemies.
 There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated
work among scientists, in identifying invaded
organisms and in assessing their ecological
problems, environmental concerns in different
ecosystems, economic damage and methods of
control.

Invasive and alien insect pests impact in india

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