2. SENTENCE
• A sentence is a meaningful arrangement of words.
A man is going to the market.
John plays cricket.
3. PARTS OF SENTENCE
• Subject- The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is
about,
• Predicate- tells something about the subject.
• John plays volleyball. - Subject
• John plays volleyball. - Predicate
4. PARTS OF SPEECH
• NOUN (name of a person, place or things)
• PRONOUN (a word that substitute noun)
• ADJECTVE (qualifying words)
• DETERMINER (a modifying word that determines the kind of reference a
noun or noun group has, for example Articles, demonstrative, possessive,
quantifiers.)
• VERB (action words)
5. PARTS OF SPEECH
• ADVERB (a word or phrase that modifies the meaning of an
adjective, verb, or other adverb, expressing manner, place, time, or
degree)
• PREPOSITION (a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or
pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the
clause)
• CONJUNCTION (a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to
coordinate words in the same clause)
6. WOW! MY FATHER AND I ARE GOING TO
BEAUTIFUL GOA TODAY.
Wow...........interjection
My.............Pronoun
Father.........Noun
And...........conjunction
I................Pronoun
To.......Preposition
going........Verb
Beautiful.........Adjective
Today...........Adverb
7. ARTICLES
• An article is a word used to modify a noun.
• We use articles to point out or refer to nouns in conversation and
writing.
8. USES OF ARTICLES
• Are used with certain categories of proper nouns
• Are used with common nouns or noun phrases
• Consist of the indefinite article (a/an) and the definite article (the)
• Are absent in non-specific cases and are indicated by the Ø (zero article)
9. TYPES OF ARTICLES
• Indefinite article- speaks of any person thing or place, a and an
is determined by sound before a word -with a vowel sound an
is used : e.g., an egg, an honest man, an hour, and with
consonant sound a is used: e.g., a university, a unique.
• Definite article- tells us about a specific person, e.g. ‘the’
10. USE OF ARTICLES
common noun or noun phrase
Countable Uncountable
Singular Plural
a/an
(non-specific)
the
(specific)
the
Ø
the
(specific)
zero (Ø)
(generic)
11. USE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE
• Before a singular countable noun: A doctor, A school, A man
• To represent a class: A doctor is a respectable member of
society.
• In the sense of any: A book, A girl
• In exclamations, even with uncountable sometimes: what an
idea!
• Some expressions of quantity and numbers: a dozen, a lot of.
• With few and little to convey a positive sense: a few, a little.
12. OMISSION OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE
• Before plural nouns: girls, houses, chair
• Before uncountables: kindness, water, honesty, fear
• Before words denoting meals: lunch, dinner
• Before a noun used in universally applicable generalisation: Man is
mortal.
13. DEFINITE ARTICLE
• points out some particular person or thing as : the doctor - where ‘the’
points out some particular doctor.
• is used before singular countable nouns, plural countable and
uncountable nouns, e.g. The book, the books, the milk
14. USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLES
• When a singular noun represent a whole class e.g. The cow is a useful
animal.
• Before some proper names e.g., oceans and seas: the Pacific, the black
sea; rivers : the Ganga, the Nile
• Before the names of certain books : e.g., The Vedas, the Puranas, the
Ramayana
• Before names of things unique of their kind; as e.g., The sun, the sky,
the earth
• Before a Proper noun when it is qualified by an adjective or a defining
adjectival clause e.g., The great Caesar, The immortal Shakespeare
15. USE OF DEFINITE ARTICLES
• With Superlatives, e.g., This is the best book of chemistry.
• With ordinals : e.g., He was the first man to arrive.
• As an Adverb with Comparatives : e.g., The more the merrier.
• Before the names of ships, some buildings, newspapers, directions etc.:
e.g., The Times of India, The Taj Mahal, the east.
• Before titles and surname: the king, the president, the Nigams
• Before some historical events: the French Revolution
16. OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE
• Before names of substances, proper and abstract nouns (uncountable
nouns): e.g., Sugar is bad for your teeth/ Delhi is the capital of India.
• Before plural countable nouns: e.g., Children, students.
• Before languages, names of games, meals e.g., English, badminton,
lunch.
• Before names of the articles of clothing and parts of body: shirt, finger,
hands, cap
17. EXERCISE
• We have …… beautiful garden. ……. garden is full of roses.
• Is fencing …… popular sport in …..world? No, it isn’t.
• I'd like ……. glass of orange juice please.
• Can you give me …… envelope, please?
• Certainly. Oh! Where’s ….. envelope?
• Is there …… post office near here?
• They’re at …….cinema.
• My brother is in …….. classroom.
• Would you like …… hamburger?
18. EXERCISE
• We have a beautiful garden. The garden is full of roses.
• Is fencing a popular sport in the world? No, it isn’t.
• I'd like a glass of orange juice please.
• Can you give me an envelope, please?
• Certainly. Oh! Where’s the envelope?
• Is there a post office near here?
• They’re at the cinema.
• My brother is in the classroom.
• Would you like a hamburger?
