33. Pavlov demonstrated that dogs could be conditioned to salivate upon
hearing a bell, asfollows:
1. Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (food) produced
an unconditionedresponse (salivation).
2. During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus was repeatedly
paired with a neutralstimulus (a bell), to produce the same
unconditioned response of salivation.
3. An association was made between the unconditioned stimulus and
the neutralstimulus.
4. After conditioning, the neutral stimulus became the conditioned
stimulus, producingthe conditioned response of salivation
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50. Lily is eleven years old and has a medical condition which means she
often has to go into hospital. Each time she goes into hospital, the
treatment makes her feel sick. One day, Lily's mother took her to visit
her grandmother in hospital. When they arrived at the hospital, Lily
complained to her mother that she felt sick.
Referring to features of the behaviourist approach, explain why Lily
felt sick went she went to visit her grandmother in hospital. (4 marks)
52. When he was younger, Frank was always very well-behaved at
bedtime. He would go to bed with little fuss and would stay in his
room all night. Now he is six years old, Frank is becoming more and
more difficult at bedtime. He will often get up to wander around the
house during the night, and usually attempts to wake his father very
early in the morning.
Explain how Frank's father could use two different types of
reinforcement to improve Frank's behaviour at bedtime. (4 marks)
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65. Classical conditioning
Learning by association
Operant conditioning
Learning through reinforcement
Punish for staying out of bed
Reward for staying in bed
Associated bed with sleeping by only being in it at night
