Willem Schipper – Willem Schipper Consulting - Phosphorus in industry and society
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This document discusses the uses of phosphorus in industry and society. It notes that phosphorus is essential for life and is mainly used in fertilizers worldwide. It describes the production of phosphoric acid from phosphate rock and how this is used to make various fertilizers and feed phosphates. It also outlines some of the major derivatives of elemental phosphorus such as phosphorus pentachloride and how these are used in flame retardants, detergents, pesticides, and other applications. In closing, it discusses the need to design phosphorus uses to make recovery and reuse possible to better manage this essential element across technical and biological cycles.
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Willem Schipper – Willem Schipper Consulting - Phosphorus in industry and society
- 1. Phosphorus in industry and society Willem Schipper
- 2. fertilizers feed phosphates food phosphates detergents, technical phosphates glyfosate other true P4 derivatives world usage of phosphorus Worldwide 21 Mt/y P total feed phosphates food phosphates detergents, technical phosphates glyfosate other true P4 derivatives non-fertilizer
- 3. fertilizers • main use of phosphorus worldwide • P indispensible to life • energy • DNA • bones
- 4. DNA
- 5. your body gets its energy here
- 7. Fertilizers N nitrogen AMMONIA N P K natural gas PHOSPHORIC ACIDphosphate rock sulphur POTASH Sulfur, boron, zinc, magnesium... SSP TSP MAP DAP
- 8. most commonly used fertlizer ingredients (P) • phosphoric acid (MGA) • MAP • DAP • TSP • (SSP)
- 9. feed phosphates • animal husbandry • animals need P to exist AND grow • P in fodder not sufficient and not all digestible • feed additives needed • MCP, DCP, mixtures • about 5% of P use linked to manure issue phytic acid (largely non-digestible but rich in P)
- 10. value chain for phosphorus rock MGA P4 sulfides oxides chlorides thermal acid fertilizers feed phosphates (poly)phosphates true derivatives FOOD technical PWA sulfur coke gravel
- 11. P4 - the key to P chemistry • made in submerged arc furnace process • not unlike a blast furnace • submerged arc furnace
- 13. Tennessee Valley Authority P furnace, 1942
- 14. PCl3 PCl5 POCl3 P4S10 H3PO4 pharma antiscale agents herbi-/ pesticides flame retardants electrolytes lubricant additives flotation agents insecticides NaH2PO2 electroless nickel plating PH3 food, feed detergents luminescent mat. cat.ligands biocides extraction agents P4O10 & PPA flame ret. dehydration asphalt modif. plastic additives 4 Pred matchboxes pyrotechnics flame retardants electroless nickel plating flame retardants direct reactions
- 16. uses of P4 as such limited: • military (incendiaries, e.g Hamburg 1943) • smokescreens • rat poison (obsolete) • homeopathy Emsley J; The 13th Element: The Sordid Tale of Murder, Fire and Phosphorus; Wiley and Sons: New York, 2000
- 17. glyphosate P4 -> PCl3 PCl3 + IDA + CH2O -> glyphosate US EPA 2000–2001 Pesticide Market Estimates blocks 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase (shikimate pathway to amino acids) most sold herbicide worldwide TM
- 18. Weil, E.D.; Levchik, S.V.; Flame Retardants for Plastics and Textiles; Hanser, München 2009 plastic + flame retardants P O O O O concerns about brominated flame retardants phosphate based alternatives
- 19. phosphonates • P analogs of EDTA etc • chelating agents • industrial water treatment, RO, detergents ATMPNTA
- 20. Li ion batteries P compounds in battery - conductivity - Li storage LiPF6 and LiFePO4
- 21. engine oil additive Zn P2S5 + iPr-OH + ZnO -> Zinc O,O’-diisopropyl dithiophosphate increases wear resistivity; antioxidant ZDDP P GLUB
- 22. electroless nickel plating P4 + NaOH -> NaH2PO2 NaH2PO2 + Ni salt -> Ni layer Actually Ni / Ni3P A. Wurtz; Compt. Rendus Acad. Sc. 1844, 18, 702
- 23. acidulationchelation (detergents) solid acid for baking powder emulsifying agent moisture retention in cooking Na, K, H- orthophosphates pyrophosphates tripolyphosphates blends ... FOOD Kokokola
- 24. metal extraction separation of cobalt from nickel most of the world’s cobalt is produced by using this chemical
- 25. catalysis P phosphine chemicals are essential parts of catalysts e.g. phobane in hydroformylation major pathways in petrochemistry Rh phobane BINAP
- 27. drug synthesis Quetiapine treatment for schizophrenia and depression polyphosphoric acid ring closure for the production of APIs
- 28. asphalt additive polyphosphoric acid to improve asphalt characteristics under extreme circumstances
- 29. Closing the loop P stewardship in technosphere (P4) and biosphere not independent Recycle streams into technosphere P (white phosphorus ----- P rock replacement) Design uses of P in technosphere to make P recoverable or reusable agro/bio cycle P4 cycle
- 30. Phosphorus product routes P4 phosphoric acid P chlorides P pentoxide and PPA P sulphide food and detergents P to wastewater plastic additives (FR/antiox.) -> pl.recycling, waste, landfill P follows plastics routes surface treatment, chemical water extraction P to side stream / waste pesticides for agriculture P follows fertilizer P lubricant additives P follows lubricant waste treatment routes specialty chemicals other specialty chemicals surprisingly, P4 derivatives P ends up in five broad categories only
- 31. white phosphorus – sustainable? • P essential use = agriculture, it should perhaps be “reserved” for that? • however only 2% of P is used in true P4 chemistry • 2% more P use efficiency can probably be achieved more easily in agricultural applciation improvements and reducing meat consumption (feed phosphate – 5 to 10% of total) • consider cradle-to-cradle design for P chemicals (e.g. recycle flame retarded plastics as such) – leading C2C principle: use freely and reuse, instead of abandon uses and forbid applications, therefore a limit on non-agricultural uses of P does not seem needed at this point
- 32. wsconsulting@zeelandnet.nl Thank you for your attention! Willem Schipper Consulting for phosphorus, P derivatives, phosphoric acid and phosphates Technology development, market studies General ryclinging and sustainability Innovation mamagement www.linkedin.com/in/willemschipper