2. Know the basic structure of an amino acid
Understand the formation of polypeptides and proteins,
as amino acid monomers linked together by
condensation reactions to form peptide bonds
Understand the significance of a protein’s primary
structure in determining its secondary structure, three-
dimensional structure and properties, and the types of
bond involved in its three-dimensional structure
Know the molecular structure of a globular protein and
fibrous protein and understand how their properties
relate to their functions (including haemoglobin and
collagen)
3. Proteins have many structures, resulting in a
wide range of functions
Proteins account for more than 50% of the dry
mass of most cells
Protein functions include structural support,
storage, transport, cellular communications,
movement, and defense against foreign
substances
4.
5. Proteins are a group of macromolecules made up
of many small monomer units called amino acids
joined together by condensation reactions.
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
6.
7.
8.
9. Amino acids join by a condensation reaction
between the amino group of one amino acid and
carboxyl group of another by peptide bond and
releasing a water molecule.
Molecule which contains 2 amino acids = dipeptide
If there are many amino acids=polypeptide
A polypeptide forms a protein when the structure
of the chain changes by folding or coiling or
associates with other polypeptide chains.
10.
11. Peptide bond (covalent bond)-between
functional groups
Hydrogen bond – between R groups or
functional groups
Disulfide bond(covalent bond) –between R
groups
Ionic bond – between R groups
12.
13. They are very important in the folding and coiling
of polypeptide chains.
Hydrogen bonds break easily and reform if pH and
temperature conditions change.
14. Forms when two cystein molecules are close
together and are strong bonds.
Important for holding the folded polypeptide chains
in place.
15. Can form between some of the strongly positive
and negative amino acid side chains and are strong
bonds
16. A functional protein consists of one or more polypeptides
twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape
The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s three-
dimensional structure
A protein’s structure determines its function
17.
18. The primary structure of a protein is its unique
sequence of amino acids
Secondary structure, found in most proteins,
consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain
Tertiary structure is determined by interactions
among various side chains (R groups)
Quaternary structure results when a protein
consists of multiple polypeptide chains
19.
20. Primary structure, the
sequence of amino acids in a
protein, is like the order of
letters in a long word
Primary structure is
determined by inherited
genetic information
21. The coils and folds of secondary structure result
from hydrogen bonds between repeating
constituents of the polypeptide backbone
Typical secondary structures are a coil called an
helix and a folded structure called a pleated
sheet
22. Tertiary structure is
determined by
interactions between R
groups, rather than
interactions between
backbone constituents
23. Quaternary structure results when two or
more polypeptide chains form one
macromolecule
Collagen is a fibrous protein consisting of
three polypeptides coiled like a rope
Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting of
four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta
chains
24.
25. Change in temperature, pH or some chemicals can
cause the bonds to break, resulting in the loss of the
3D shape of the protein, known as denaturation.