Neural tube defects
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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are birth defects of the brain and spinal cord that occur early in pregnancy. The most severe forms are anencephaly and rachischisis where the brain and spinal cord are exposed or absent. NTDs result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during embryonic development. Risk factors include genetic factors and folic acid deficiency. Prenatal screening and ultrasound can detect NTDs. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery after birth and lifelong management of complications such as hydrocephalus.
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Neural tube defects
This document discusses neural tube defects, which result from failure of the neural tube to close during early development. It describes the classification, diagnosis, investigations, management, and prevention of various neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, meningocele, and myelomeningocele. Prenatal screening and folic acid supplementation are important for prevention, while management requires a multidisciplinary approach to address physical, developmental, and cognitive issues.
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This document provides an overview of neural tube defects (NTDs), which are among the most common birth defects. It discusses the embryology, causes, types (including anencephaly and spina bifida), clinical presentation, diagnostic tests (such as ultrasound and MRI), and management (including prenatal surgery, medical care of newborns, and post-natal surgical repair). Key points covered include the importance of folic acid supplementation to prevent NTDs, the variety of potential genetic and environmental risk factors, and ongoing areas of research and debate around improving treatment and outcomes.
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The neural tube defects
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2. The most common neural tube defects are spina bifida occulta, meningocele, myelomeningocele, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Myelomeningocele is the most severe form with exposed nerves and spinal cord.
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The neural tube defects
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NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.pptx
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur early in pregnancy when the neural tubes fail to close properly. It describes different types of NTDs including spina bifida, anencephaly, and exencephaly. Spina bifida can be occulta, cystica, or myelomeningocele depending on whether the spinal cord or meninges protrude out. Anencephaly and exencephaly involve failure of the cranial neural tube to close. Risk factors include genetics and lack of folic acid. Prenatal screening can detect some NTDs but early fetal surgery is also being studied. Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent NTDs.
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An approach to a Floppy infant - Dr Sujit
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1. It is a premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, restricting skull growth.
2. Brain growth is rapid in early childhood, requiring open sutures for proper skull expansion.
3. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like CT/MRI to identify fused sutures.
4. Treatment is early surgery to release fused sutures and reconstruct the skull to allow for brain growth.
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This document provides information about hydrocephalus. It begins with definitions, noting that hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in abnormal widening of brain spaces. It describes the anatomy of the ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. It discusses the causes of hydrocephalus, including conditions that block normal fluid flow or absorption. It outlines the main types - congenital, acquired, communicating, and non-communicating hydrocephalus - and their causes. Images are included showing examples of hydrocephalus, obstructions, treatments like VP shunts, and various conditions that can cause hydrocephalus like aqueduct stenosis and tumors.
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Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption, leading to an accumulation of fluid in the brain and increased intracranial pressure. There are two main types - communicating and non-communicating. Treatment involves surgical management like shunt placement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy to drain cerebrospinal fluid, as well as nursing care to monitor for complications and educate families.
NÖRAL TÜP DEFEKTLERİ
Neural tube defects are among the most common birth defects. They occur due to the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. There are several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, and iniencephaly. Prenatal ultrasound can detect neural tube defects as early as 10 weeks gestation by identifying characteristics such as absent skull structures, heterogeneous masses where brain tissue should be, and spinal defects. Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
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The Dandy-Walker complex is a rare congenital brain malformation characterized by cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle and partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis. It ranges from mega cisterna magna to Dandy-Walker variant to Dandy-Walker malformation based on severity. Associated anomalies are common. The cause is unknown but likely involves abnormal development of the hindbrain. Treatment involves managing hydrocephalus, often with shunt procedures. Prognosis depends on severity and associated anomalies, with higher mortality and developmental delays in more severe forms.
NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS.pptx
This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), which occur early in pregnancy when the neural tubes fail to close properly. It describes different types of NTDs including spina bifida, anencephaly, and exencephaly. Spina bifida can be occulta, cystica, or myelomeningocele depending on whether the spinal cord or meninges protrude out. Anencephaly and exencephaly involve failure of the cranial neural tube to close. Risk factors include genetics and lack of folic acid. Prenatal screening can detect some NTDs but early fetal surgery is also being studied. Taking folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent NTDs.
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Anencephaly is a rare neural tube defect where a baby is born missing parts of the brain and skull. Babies with anencephaly are usually stillborn or die shortly after birth, as the condition prevents consciousness and the ability to feel pain. Risk factors include low folic acid levels before conception. While there is no cure, taking folic acid supplements before pregnancy can help prevent anencephaly.
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An approach to a Floppy infant - Dr Sujit
Central nervous system involvement is a common cause of hypotonia in infants. A thorough history and physical exam seeks to determine if the origin is central or peripheral. Key aspects of the exam include assessing for proximal versus distal weakness, deep tendon reflexes, and distribution of weakness. Investigations such as EMG, nerve conduction studies, muscle biopsy and genetic testing can help characterize disorders of the motor unit to establish a diagnosis. Narrowing the likely etiology is important to guide management and prognostic expectations.
Meningomyelocoele
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Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly.
Craniosynostosis
This document provides information on craniosynostosis, including:
1. It is a premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, restricting skull growth.
2. Brain growth is rapid in early childhood, requiring open sutures for proper skull expansion.
3. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, imaging like CT/MRI to identify fused sutures.
4. Treatment is early surgery to release fused sutures and reconstruct the skull to allow for brain growth.
Hydrocephalus
This document provides information about hydrocephalus. It begins with definitions, noting that hydrocephalus is an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain resulting in abnormal widening of brain spaces. It describes the anatomy of the ventricles and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid. It discusses the causes of hydrocephalus, including conditions that block normal fluid flow or absorption. It outlines the main types - congenital, acquired, communicating, and non-communicating hydrocephalus - and their causes. Images are included showing examples of hydrocephalus, obstructions, treatments like VP shunts, and various conditions that can cause hydrocephalus like aqueduct stenosis and tumors.
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close fully during early embryonic development. The most common type is myelomeningocele, where parts of the spinal cord and meninges protrude out of an opening in the spine. This can cause paralysis, loss of feeling, and problems with bladder and bowel control below the level of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to close the opening and manage any related complications like hydrocephalus. Prevention focuses on adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy.
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Embryology of nervous system
- Human embryology involves the study of development in the first 8 weeks after fertilization.
- The neural tube develops from the ectoderm and gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural crest cells form from the neural tube tips and develop into much of the peripheral nervous system.
- The brain and spinal cord develop from the enlarged cranial and caudal parts of the neural tube, respectively. The brain forms three primary vesicles that later develop into the distinct brain regions.
- Neurulation is the process of neural tube formation from the ectoderm through the thickening, elevation and fusion of the neural folds. This forms the cylindrical neural tube detached from the surface ectoderm.
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This document discusses hydrocephalus, including its definition, causes, types, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Hydrocephalus is a condition caused by an imbalance in cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption, leading to an accumulation of fluid in the brain and increased intracranial pressure. There are two main types - communicating and non-communicating. Treatment involves surgical management like shunt placement or endoscopic third ventriculostomy to drain cerebrospinal fluid, as well as nursing care to monitor for complications and educate families.
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Neural tube defects are among the most common birth defects. They occur due to the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. There are several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, spina bifida, and iniencephaly. Prenatal ultrasound can detect neural tube defects as early as 10 weeks gestation by identifying characteristics such as absent skull structures, heterogeneous masses where brain tissue should be, and spinal defects. Folic acid supplementation before and during early pregnancy has been shown to reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
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This is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students
Bacterial morphology
The document describes the objectives, size, morphology, structure, and growth requirements of typical bacterial cells. It discusses the sizes and shapes of different bacteria, as well as their structural components including the cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, cytoplasm, inclusions and appendages. It provides details on specific cell wall structures in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The document also discusses bacterial growth cycles, temperature requirements, and special cell types including endospores, spheroplasts, and L-forms.
Classification of bacteria
This document discusses various ways that bacteria can be classified, including phenotypic and genotypic classification. Phenotypically, bacteria are classified based on their morphology, anatomy, staining characteristics, culture growth, nutritional requirements, and environmental tolerances. Morphologically, bacteria are classified as cocci, bacilli, actinomycetes, spirochetes, mycoplasmas, or rickettsiae/chlamydiae depending on their shape and arrangement. Anatomical features used in classification include whether they have capsules, flagella, spores, and their gram stain reaction.
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Spinal dysraphism
spinal dysraphism ,spina bifida ,secondary neurulation ,open spinal dysraphism ,closed spinal dysraphism ,meyelomeningocele ,lipomyelocele ,lipomyelomeningocele ,intra dural lipoma ,diastematomyelia / diplomyelia ,neurenteric cysts ,dorsal enteric fistula ,caudal regression syndrome
Neural Tube Defects.pptx
Neural tube defects are birth defects that result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. The most common types are spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Prevention focuses on women getting adequate folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Treatment depends on the specific type of defect but may involve surgery to repair the opening and protect the exposed tissues, management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus, and lifelong care for resulting physical, neurological, and functional impairments. Prognosis depends on the severity of the defect and can include permanent disability.
Meningomyelocoele
Meningomyelocoele is a severe type of spina bifida where the meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord protrude through a defect in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during early development. Children with meningomyelocoele often experience neurological deficits, paralysis, bladder and bowel issues, hydrocephalus, and other health problems. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect, management of complications, and physical therapy. Improving mobility, even with assistance, can positively impact cognitive development in children with meningomyelocoele compared to those who are not mobile.
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Meningomyelocoele is a severe type of spina bifida where the meninges, nerve roots, and spinal cord protrude through a defect in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during early development. Children with meningomyelocoele often experience neurological deficits, paralysis, bladder and bowel issues, hydrocephalus, and other health problems. Treatment requires surgery after birth to close the defect, as well as lifelong multidisciplinary care and therapies to address complications. Improving mobility, even with aids, can positively impact cognitive development in children with meningomyelocoele compared to those who are wheelchair-dependent.
Meningomyelocoele
Meningomyelocoele is a severe type of spina bifida where the meninges, nerve roots and spinal cord protrude through a defect in the vertebral canal. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during early development. Children with meningomyelocoele often experience neurological deficits, hydrocephalus, paraplegia, bladder and bowel issues, and cognitive problems. Treatment involves closure of the defect soon after birth along with lifelong multidisciplinary care to address complications and support development.
Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. This document discusses several types of neural tube defects including anencephaly, myelomeningocele (spina bifida), and meningocele. It covers the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, management including surgical repair, and long term prognosis of those affected. Prevention through adequate folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy is also discussed.
Neural tube defects
Neural tube defects occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during early fetal development, between the 22nd and 28th day of gestation. This can result in abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord. Some examples of neural tube defects include anencephaly, spina bifida, encephaloceles, and craniorachischisis. Anencephaly is a severe neural tube defect where the brain is either partially or completely absent. Low folic acid intake before and during early pregnancy increases the risk. There is no cure or standard treatment for anencephaly and affected babies usually die shortly after birth.
Neural tube Defect & Hydrocephalus
This document provides information on neural tube defects and hydrocephalus. It discusses the embryological development of the neural tube, causes and classifications of neural tube defects including anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. It also covers the causes, types, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of hydrocephalus, including surgical management using shunts. Complications of both conditions and methods for prevention of neural tube defects are summarized.
Spina bifida ppt
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to develop properly, causing part of the vertebrae to remain unfused and open. It occurs early in pregnancy from the incomplete closing of the neural tube. The most common type is myelomeningocele, which affects females slightly more and can cause various physical disabilities. While the cause is unknown, folic acid deficiency and certain drugs have been linked as risk factors. Prenatal screening and early postnatal care aim to monitor development and prevent infections. Managing symptoms may involve surgery, physical therapy, catheters, and antibiotics.
Group 12 Docu
Neural tube defects are a group of disorders that arise early in fetal development from the neural tube failing to close properly. This can cause lifelong complications depending on the severity of the defect. The three main types are anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele. Precise causes are unknown but risk factors include folic acid deficiency, certain medications, and genetics. Prevention focuses on women getting adequate folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Treatment options depend on the type of defect but may include surgery before or after birth.
NTD presentation. by mwebaza victorpptx
This document provides information about neural tube defects (NTDs). It discusses the types of NTDs including anencephaly, encephaloceles, hydranencephaly, iniencephaly, schizencephaly, and spina bifida. Risk factors for NTDs include folate deficiency, obesity, diabetes, infections during pregnancy, radiation exposure, tobacco use, and family history. Diagnosis can be made through ultrasounds, MRI, and tests of amniotic fluid and maternal serum. Treatment involves surgical closure of open defects as well as lifelong medical and physical therapy management.
spinabifida-200601103727.pdf
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of spinal cord and nerves. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong needs.
Spina bifida
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal cord fails to close properly, leaving it exposed. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta, which has no protrusion and is usually asymptomatic; meningocele, which involves protrusion of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid in a sac; and myelomeningocele, the most severe form, which involves protrusion of meninges, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment involves surgery to close the defect as well as management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus or paralysis. Parents are counseled and trained to care for the child's lifelong medical needs.
Fetal central nervous system anomalies
This document summarizes various fetal central nervous system anomalies that can be detected on ultrasound. It describes conditions like ventriculomegaly, neural tube defects, holoprosencephaly, corpus callosum agenesis, cystic lesions, destructive lesions including hemorrhage and stroke, microcephaly, and intracranial cysts/tumors. For each condition, it discusses ultrasound findings, associated abnormalities, investigations, management, prognosis, and recurrence risk. The goal is to provide obstetricians and sonographers an overview of CNS anomalies to aid in prenatal diagnosis and counseling of patients.
Ntd Group 12
Neural tube defects are a group of birth defects that occur early in fetal development when the neural tube fails to close properly. This includes spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Neural tube defects can be detected through prenatal screening tests such as measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein and ultrasound. Treatment depends on the specific defect but may involve surgery either in utero or after birth. Taking folic acid before and during early pregnancy can help prevent many neural tube defects.
Mylomeningocele
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
Mylomeningocele
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
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This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida ranging from mild to severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Postnatal management of spina bifida newborns is also summarized.
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This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risk factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
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This document discusses neural tube defects (NTDs), specifically spina bifida. It describes the normal neural development process and different types of spina bifida from mild to most severe. Prenatal screening and diagnosis methods are outlined as well as risks factors and the importance of folic acid supplementation. Nursing care considerations and evaluation steps for infants born with spina bifida are provided.
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Neural tube defects (myelomeningocele) | spina bifida
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Neural tube defects
- 1. NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS C. Ramos Perea, MD. FAAP. Associate Professor Universidad Central del Caribe y Escuela Medicina Ponce
- 3. Vertebral anatomy Vertebral arches(lamina ) Spinous process Vertebral canal Vértebra body TRANSVERSE FORAMEN Articular process Contains arteries & veins
- 7. Events in the 3-4 week
- 13. Anencephaly
- 24. Normal Folate Adequate Folate – Healthy Cells Deficient Folate – Unhealthy Cells Perspective on Folate Deficiency Megaloblastic Anemia
- 25. 50% of U.S. pregnancies are unplanned Folic acid is needed before conception NTDs occur very early in pregnancy Importance of timing in getting folic acid
- 26. Median serum and red blood cell folate levels, before and after folic acid fortification, U.S. women, aged 15-44 years, NHANES SOURCE: CDC/NCHS, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-94 and 1999-2000 4.8 0 5 10 15 20 ng/mL Serum folate 13.0 Before After ng/mL 159.9 263.6 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 Red blood cell folate Before After
- 33. Meningomyelocele
- 38. Lypomyelomeningocele The left child is a dorsal lipoma – pedunculated. The right child lypomatous mass beneath the skin. Both passed through the dura to the intradural space.
- 39. Spinal cord (close up) location of spina bifida Occulta Outer part of vertebrae not completely joined. Spinal cord and covering (meninges) usually undamaged. Hair often at site of defect. Meningocele Outer part of vertebrae split. Spinal cord usually normal. Meninges damaged and displaced through opening. Myelomeningocele Outer part of vertebrae split. Spinal cord and meninges damaged and displaced through opening. Usually hydrocephalus.
- 40. Anomalies Associated with Myelomeningocele Approximate Percent of Patients Chiari II malformation 90%+ Hydrocephalus 90%+ Syringomyelia 88% Brainstem malformations (cranial nerve) 75% Cerebral ventricle abnormalities 90%+ Cerebellar heterotopias 40% Cerebral heterotopias 40% Agenesis of the corpus callosum 12% Polymicrogyria 15-30%
- 43. Spina Bifida Occulta The child has long hairy tail with underline spina bifida occulta.
- 48. HAND OF HOPE
- 50. Hydranencephaly
- 52. Onphalocele
- 53. Exencephaly
- 54. Gastroschisis
- 57. Mid line anomalies “ El bosque seria muy triste si solo cantaran los pájaros que lo hacen mejor”rabindranath tagore