By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores -- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both keystone and umbrella species. Their proportionately large impacts on ecosystems extend both top-down (i.e. regulation of vegetation), but also bottom up (regulated their predators).

1. Global Journal of
Ecology
Peertechz Journals

2. Review Article
Managing Large Herbivores in
Protected Areas
 Rob Found*
 *Corresponding author: Rob Found, Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2R3,
 Dates: Received: 24 May, 2016; Accepted: 13
August, 2016; Published: 17 August, 2016
 Citation: Found R (2016) Managing Large
Herbivores in Protected Areas. Glob J Ecol 1(1):
001-011.

3. Abstract
 By nature of their size, grouping behaviour, and central
position within most trophic webs, large terrestrial herbivores
-- namely ungulates and elephants -- tend to be both
keystone and umbrella species. Their proportionately large
impacts on ecosystems extend both top-down (i.e. regulation
of vegetation), but also bottom up (regulated their
predators). For these reasons, as well as their cultural and
economic importance to humans around the world, large
herbivores are among the most heavily managed species in
any region. Large herbivores have historically been managed
by the fact that hunting by humans – or an intentional or
forced reduction in that hunting – effectively plays its own
top-down role of regulating herbivores. Managing large
herbivores in protected areas presents a different set of
challenges, however, because where human can no longer
hunt large herbivores, the role of humans in the ecosystem is
changed dramatically.

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