3. The first book printed in the Philippines has been the object of a hunt which has extended from Manila to Berlin, and from Italy to Chile, for four hundred and fifty years. The patient research of scholars, the scraps of evidence found in books and archives, the amazingly accurate hypotheses of bibliographers who have sifted the material so painstakingly gathered together, combine to make its history a bookish detective story par excellence.
5. The Greek Legend of Josaphat and Barlaan, who are believed to have survived around the 3rd-4th century in India, has been ascribed to John Damascene who wrote it around 750 B.C. (Although some sources cite that this is actually originally written by the Georgian monk, Euthymios in the 11th century).
9. AngunangPilipinongsumulat at kumantangpasyonsaTagalog ay si Padre Gaspar Aquilino de Belen, isangkatutubong Rosario, Batangas. Angkanyangsalin ay makikitasa MangaPanalanginNagtatagubilinsaCalolowa Nang TaongNaghihingalo. Dahilsabinigyanngpermisomulasasimbahanni Padre Antonio del Pueblo si de Belen, napahintulutannailimbagniyaang Pasyon saMaynilanoong 1704. Bilangkauna-unahangakdangganitonguringpanitikan, ito ay nakatanggapngkarangalan. Nagingmabenta pa angakdangitosamaramingtaonkayanailimbagitongmulisaikalimangpagkakataonnoong 1750.
11. "Written in Tagalog by a priest famous for his powerful sermons, Urbana at Felisa is an example of the book of conduct that emerged in Europe during the Renaissance. Its author used the epistolary style wherein a series of thirty-four letters, members of a family in Paombong, Bulacan gave each other advice on the ideal conduct and behavior expected of a middle-class and Christian family. Thus in her letters to her younger siblings Felisa and Honesto, who remained in Paombong, Urbana, who left for Manila to study, wrote not only of the need to follow the values and norms found in Christian teaching, but as importantly, to observe the proper mode of conduct as one dealt with people in society. The series of correspondences, including a letter from a priest on the duties and responsibilities of married life, touched on various facets of experience that a person underwent from birth to death both in the secular and spiritual realms. In retrospect, Urbana at Felisa should be perceived as a text not only meant to regulate conduct and behavior, but as a discourse to contain the moral excesses of the period and affirm basic Christian tenets."
13. IbongAdarna is an anonymous Filipino epic on the eponymous magical bird. The title's longer form during the Spanish Era was "Corrido at BuhaynaPinagdaanannangTatlóngPrinsipenganaknang Haring Fernando at nang Reina ValerianasaCahariangBerbania" (Filipino for "Corrido and Life Lived by the Three Princes, children of King Fernando and Queen Valeriana in the Kingdom of Berbania").
15. Florante and Lauraby Francisco Baltazar(more famously known as Francisco Balagtas) is considered as one of the masterpieces of Philippine literature. Balagtas wrote the epic(although its main characters don't possess any extraordinary powers or abilities) during his imprisonment. The work itself is dedicated to María Asuncion Rivera, his sweetheart, whom he nicknamed "M. A. R." and is referenced to as "Selya" in the dedication "Kay Selya" ("For Celia"). Maria Asuncion Rivera was later married to Balagtas' rival, Mariano Capule, who later made false charges against him.
23. Salubong is an Easter Sunday pre-dawn ritual that reenacts the Risen Christ's meeting with His mother. It is performed in the churchyard under a specially prepared arch where the veiled image of the Virgin Mary has been placed. A child dressed as an angel is lowered by ropes from a high platform to lift the mourning veil of the grieving Mother. The church bells are rung, and there is a procession of the images of Christ and his mother that ends up inside the church.
25. is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes, the latter incorporating operatic and popular song, as well as dance. The etymology of the name is not totally certain but some propose it may derive from the name of a Royal hunting lodge, the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid, where, allegedly, this type of entertainment was first presented to the court
27. was a popular Spanish comic opera piece, a one-act dramatic vignette, with music. It was often placed at the end of entertainments, or between other types of performance. It was vernacular in style, and used scenes of low life. Active from the 18th to 20th centuries, it superseded the entremés. Sainetes began to be developed into zarzuelas in Cuba around 1850.
29. Ang moro-moro, ay natatangisapagkatwalangibangbansananakaisip at nakapagsagawangnasabingpalabasnakatuladnangsa Pilipinas. Ang Pilipinas lamangangnawilisapaggawangmoro-moro naangobrangito ay tuluyannangitinuringnakasamasabuhayngmga Pilipino sa halos dalawangsiglo. Ang moro-moro ay pinaniniwalaang nag-ugatmulasasagupaansapagitanngmgaKristiyano at Pilipinong Muslim. Angmakasaysayanglabannaito ay nagsimulanoong ika-16 nasiglonangangmgaKristiyanong Malay, mga Pilipino sa Luzon at Visayas ay sumamasapakikidigmangmgaEspanyollabansamgaPilipinong Muslim nanasaTimog.
31. is a debate in poetic verse. It was created during the American Colonization of the Philippines, inspired by old forms of Philippine verse debate like the karagatan, Juego de Prenda and the duplo. Its name comes from the original surname of Francisco Baltazar, Balagtas, having been created to honor his birth anniversary.
