Explanation, Understanding, And Subjectivity Essay

Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity Essay
Explanation, Understanding, and Subjectivity
ABSTRACT: Many theorists of explanation from Hempel onward have worked with the explicit or
implicit assumption that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding should be kept out
of the formulation of a proper theory of explanation. They claim that genuine understanding of an
event comes only from being in an appropriate cognitive relation to the true explanation of that
event. I argue that considerations of the subjective sense of understanding cannot be completely
removed from the process of formulating and justifying an acceptable theory of explanation.
Although understanding is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for an explanation,
understanding is necessary as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hence, we cannot say that anyone's sense of understanding is either necessary or sufficient for an
account to be an explanation. However, I shall argue, we cannot completely avoid all reference to
understanding in a correct theory of explanation. This situation presents a pressing problem for
philosophical studies of the nature of explanation, for many theorists relegate the sense of
understanding to a strictly derivative position by claiming that the subjective sense of understanding
of an event comes, under appropriate (articulable) conditions, from consideration of a potential
explanation, and that genuine understanding comes, under appropriate conditions, from
consideration of the true explanation. (See, for example, Hempel 1948, 256–257.) According to such
philosophers we should rely on a proper theory of explanation to delineate potential explanations
from non–explanatory accounts and a delineation of understanding will follow. I shall argue that this
is not a workable option.
One can also express the issue at hand in terms of the relative subjectivity or objectivity of
explanation. Some theorists of explanation state an objectivity criterion for an account of
explanation, and many others implicitly employ one. Wesley Salmon, for example, states clearly that
the identifying criteria for scientific explanations must be objective, independent of personal,
psychological considerations.
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Technology Enhanced Simulation Training With Debriefing
BACKGROUND: Innovations within the healthcare industry related to scientific and technical
advancements often lead to changes in healthcare delivery. To cope with these changes, it is
necessary to prepare and train healthcare workers to improve employees ' knowledge and the quality
of care. Limited clinical experience with the mechanical ventilation approach, like high frequency
oscillatory ventilation (HFOV), makes its implementation difficult in the real critical care world.
The authors investigated the effectiveness of technology–enhanced simulation with debriefing in
improving participants' confidence level, cognitive knowledge and psychomotor skills in using
SensorMedics 3100B high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in adult patients. METHODS:
This is a quasi–experimental research design with pre and post–tests. The educational strategy
involved technology–enhanced simulation training with debriefing. The population included critical
care respiratory therapists, residents, fellows and attending physicians at Rush University Medical
Center. RESULT: Twenty six participants were included for data analysis; 12 respiratory therapists
and 14 critical care physicians. There were almost an equal number of females (53.8%) and males
(46.2%). The improvement was statistically significant in cognitive knowledge test score with p
value < .05; t (25) = 3.91. The mean for post–psychomotor skills test score was 3.15 (SD = .88) and
the mean for pre–test total score was 2.35 (SD=

The Placebo Effect Is A Phenomenon Of Human Health...
The placebo effect is a phenomenon of human health improvement due to the fact that one believes
in the effectiveness of certain effects, which in fact are neutral. The degree of this effect depends on
the degree of human suggestibility and external circumstances of suggestion. This is therapeutic
inculcation. It does not require any special skills, because criticality of consciousness can get
overcome by binding instilled information to the actual object, tablet or injection. The placebo effect
is a combination of a natural course of a disease, effects which arise in the diagnosis, monitoring and
nonspecific medical interventions (Goldacre, 2008). The problem is that it is not known what
specific effect self–hypnosis has in conjunction with medication. Also it is impossible to study of the
natural history of disease without surgery, as it is absolutely unethical. Development of approaches
itself is able to separate the placebo effect from pharmacologic action of any drug; that is a problem
too because it is complicated. In 1785 the term placebo entered the medical lexicon and was applied
to treatments that were known to be ineffective physiochemically but satisfied the patient's desire to
be treated (Wampold, 2016). The strongest factor of placebo effects is the belief of doctors and staff
in medicine effect. Many experiments had been conducted, have which demonstrated a placebo
effect. One of them was a textbook case for the study of effectiveness of reserpine's

Testing Statistical Significance
Testing statistical significance is an excellent way to identify probably relevance between a total
data set mean/sigma and a smaller sample data set mean/sigma, otherwise known as a population
mean/sigma and sample data set mean/sigma. This classification of testing is also very useful in
proving probable relevance between data samples. Although testing statistical significance is not a
100% fool proof, if testing to the 95% probability on two data sets the statistical probability is .25%
chance that the results of the two samplings was due to chance. When testing at this level of
probability and with a data set size that is big enough, a level of certainty can be created to help
determine if further investigation is warranted. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
References
Brussee, Warren (2004) Statistics for Six Sigma Made Easy, Publisher: McGraw–Hill. ISBN:
9780071433853
–––––––––––––––––––––––
N =
1.96 * s2
.6 * s
N =
1.96 * 2.2952
.6 * 2.295
N =
10.325
1.377
N = 7.497
(

)
(
t =
The absolute value between the sample means, shown as: |[pic]"# P X ƒ ¼ ½ à 7CEVŸ &
'
N
O
v x y þ ÿ
MÓÔç |ÑÛÜïýn]„ŠÝ!;FGH€?
±²³óïëïçãçßãßÛßãß×ßÛãÐãÐãÐãÐãÂ¾º¾¶º¶º²®²®²®ª®ª®ª®ª®ª®ª®¦žª¦1–2|
n1 * s12 + n2 * s22
n1 + n2
1
1
n1
n2
)
+
(
)
(
t =
| 4.875 – 4 |
8 * 2.2952 + 8 * 2.5632
8 + 8
1

1
8
8
)
+
(
)
(
t =
.875
42.142856 + 52.571432
+ 8 * 6.571429
16
.125
)
+
.125
(
.25
)
)
(
t =
.875

94.71429
+ 8 * 6.571429
16
.25
t =
.875
5.919643 *
+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
.875
1.479911
+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
.875
1.216516
+ 8 * 6.571429
t =
0.719267
+ 8 *

A Hybrid Theory Of Power Theft Detection
A HYBRID APPROACH TO POWER THEFT DETECTION Abstract:– Now a day's electricity
theft is a major issue face by all electricity companies. Since electricity theft directly affect the profit
made by electricity companies, detection and prevention of electricity theft is necessary. In this
paper we are proposing a hybrid approach to detect the electricity theft. We will use SVM and ELM
for our approach. Introduction:– As we know electricity theft is a major problem for all electricity
companies. This problem is not related to Indian companies only; other country's electricity
companies also face this problem. Electricity companies losses money every year due to theft. There
are two types of losses namely transmission loss and non–transmission loss, some research papers
uses term technical loss and non–technical loss respectively. Transmission loss occurs while
transmitting energy form generation side to consumer's side. Non–Transmission losses occur due to
wrong billing, false meter reading, electricity theft, etc. First two losses can be prevented by taking
proper meter reading and calculating accurate bill for electricity consume, but electricity theft is
hard to prevent since no one predict about which consumer is honest or dishonest. Still losses due to
electricity theft can be reduce by detecting theft or fraud consumer and taking actions accordingly.
Figure 1. Ration of Electricity losses [1] Theft detection is done manually by inspecting consumers.
This is

The Experiment On The Space Bar
Methods
Participants
19 undergraduate students from the College of Staten Island participated in this experiment, serving
as part of their course requirement. The experiment consisted of both males and females.
Materials and Designs
Each participant was assigned a computer booth containing a personal computer. Computers were
equipped with the Cog Lab 2.0 database from which the experiment was carried out and with
statistical software which was used to analyze the data acquired. The dependent variable for the
experiment was the speed (response time) with which a response was made. The independent
variables were the number of digits in the memory set (1, 3, or 5) and response type.
Procedure Participants were first provided with instruction outlining the contents and requirements
of the experiment. After selecting the Sternberg's experiment from the database; an instruction
screen appeared and participants were prompted to enter their names, click on do the experiment and
press the space bar to start. Upon pressing the space bar, a fixation point appeared in the middle of
the screen. After one second, the participants were shown a short list of (1, 3, or 5) numbers for 1.2,
3.6, or 6 seconds respectively and asked to memorize them. The memory set disappeared, then a
probe in the form of a single digit was shown 1 to 3 seconds later. Participants were required to
indicate, as quickly and as accurately as possible, whether this probe number was in the list just
presented

Effects of Stress on Academic Performance
David Galyean
Journal Article Critique
April 12, 2011
A. Purposes of the studies 1. What were the purposes of the studies?
The purpose of the primary study was to determine whether student anxiety and depression
increases after college entry, the extent to which adverse life experiences contribute to any increases,
and the impact of adversity, anxiety and depression on exam performance (Andrews, &
Wilding, 2004). The purpose of the secondary study was to investigate the relationship between
stress factors, perceived stress and academic performance among students in a public institution of
higher learning (Rafidah, et al, 2009).
B. Research questions 1. What were the research questions? The research questions of the primary
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study used t tests for group comparisons of continuous variables, and chi–squared tests (with
Yates' correction) for dichotomous variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the
relative contribution of significant variables to the prediction of depressive and anxiety conditions
mid–course. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relative contribution of
significant variables to 2nd year exam averages. In all the multivariate analyses, gender, age (over
21 or not) and ethnicity (white or not) were entered as control variables (Andrews, & Wilding,
2004). In the secondary study a structured, self–administered questionnaire was developed as a
mode of data collection. The questionnaire comprised of three sections, students' profile; Perceived
Stress Scale (PSS); and Stress Factors Survey (Rafidah, et al, 2009). 2. How were the participants
protected? In the primary study ethical permission was obtained from the University and students
were fully briefed about the research with assurance of anonymity and confidentiality (Andrews,
& Wilding, 2004). There is no evidence in the secondary study that the participants were
protected in any way. The study does not reference permissions or consent of any kind (Rafidah, et
al, 2009).
E. What did the researchers find? Participants in the primary study indicated a significant increase in
both HADS anxiety and

My Statement Of Purpose: My Philosophy Of Physics
In Chinese, the meaning of the word for "physics" is the theory for everything, and I think this is the
reason why I was enchanted by this subject the moment I learned about it. Physics has been largely
satisfying my curiosity about the world since I was a child and it constantly amazes me with the
deeper and more fundamental aspects of nature it reveals. Thus, learning physics is always a great
joy to me and what I am most passionate about.
Driven by my curiosity and passion for physics , I spend a lot of time outside the class to read ahead.
I first started with learning calculus and mechanics with "An introduction to mechanics" by
Kleppner. The use of calculus and various mathematical tools like tensor and Taylor expansion in
approaching ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Learning the Maxwell equations make Physics even more attractive to me in a different way which
is its elegance and simplicity. With simply 4 equations in symmetrical form (and only 2 kinds of
operation), revealing the nature of light as electromagnetic waves and accurately describing its
behavior such as reflection, refraction (and thus leading to a great development in technology and
social life. ) ((use later)it was fascinating to me how so little could express so much.) How
microstates and macrostates are related reveal by thermal physics and statistical physics is also
incredibly interesting to me. Starting form definition of entropy to the equipartition theorem and
thus (deriving of) the Boltzmann distribution, physics again surprise me by showing how some
seemly axiomatic phenomenon like heat flows from hot objects to cold ones are actually a result of
statics and probability. ( it is also amazing to me that the ideal gas law could be derived using both
classical mechanics and statistical mechanics.) R. Feynman's lectures also greatly inspire me, with
Feynman's excellent intuitions for physics. One of my favorite example would be how Feynman
derived equipartition theorem. He first derives the formula for the

Questions On Writing Assignments : The Klandermans And...
Writing assignments: Below are six prompts based on the ideas presented in the Klandermans and
Staggenborg text and in earlier readings in Creswell. Select three of the six prompts. Write a
minimum 500–word response for each of your selections.
1. What is survey method? What kinds of survey methods are used in social movements research?
Discuss their benefits and limitations. In the realm of social science there are a variety of
measurement tools that academics use to perform social research. One of the most important tools is
survey research, a ?measurement procedure that involves asking questions of respondents.? 1 The
importance of survey research cannot be understated, as it is estimated that in the 1980s and 1990s
one out of every ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John W. Creswell recommends, in his book, Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing
Among Five Traditions, that there be a single central question and several subquestions.5 Therefore,
one of the challenges in survey research is ensuring that questionnaires and interviews yield results
that somehow assist in answering the central question or related subquestions pertaining to the
study. A variety of survey–related studies are provided by Klandermans and Smith that normally
focus on comparison of movements, events, other social movement features, or a variety of
integrated comparisons.6 Additionally, they acknowledge one of the major challenges in
comparative research studies:
Unless we obtain measurements that both precede and follow participation or exposure to movement
activities, we will not be able to determine the extent to which individuals participate because of
their beliefs and the extent to which their beliefs are shaped by their participation.7
Furthermore, social movement participation may affect later action, participation is conceived as
four distinct steps representing a participants? decisions as they ?move toward or away from
participation.? 8 An assortment of challenges must be considered prior to development of a research
survey beyond consideration of a participants? step within the social movement?s evolutionary
process. Considerations include selecting the appropriate

Disadvantages Of Completely Randomized Design
The treatments that are assigned completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same
chance of receiving any one treatment is known as, a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). It is
assumed that all experimental units are uniform. Any difference among experimental units receiving
the same treatment in the CRD is considered as experimental error. Thus, Completely Randomized
Design is suitable just for the tests involving homogeneous experimental units, for example, lab
research, where ecological effects are generally easy to control. The CRD is the simplest of all
designs. The replications of treatments are assigned completely at random to independent
experimental subjects. It is equivalent to a t–test when only two treatments are ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If experimental error is heterogeneous, valid comparisons can still be made.
However there are also few disadvantages of Completely Randomized Block Designs, which are
1. It is not suitable for big number of treatments because blocks become too big.
2. It is not suitable when complete block contains considerable variability.
3. Error df is smaller than that for the CRD (problem with a small number of treatments).
4. If there is a large variation between experimental units within a block, a large error term may
result (this may be due to too many treatments), as interactions between treatment and block effects
increase error.
5. If there are missing data, a CRBD experiment may be less efficient than a CRD
Appropriate use of Completely Randomized Block Designs
It is suitable to use it when there is a known or suspected source of variation in one direction.
Orientation of the blocks to have minimum variation within the block and orientation plots to
sample the entire range of variation within the block.
The CRBD is one of the most widely used designs. If it will control the variation in a particular
experiment, there is no need to use a more complex design. The most important item to consider
when choosing a design is the uniformity of the experimental

The Theory Of Classical And Quantum Mechanics
If one thought that time and its direction reduce to some reductive base in fundamental physical
science one would encounter a perceived barrier viz., the fact that the underlying dynamical laws of
fundamental physical theory do not privilege the past or the future. If those laws permit certain
physical processes to be future directed or oriented, then they also allow for those self–same
processes to be past directed or oriented. The dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant. As Roger
Penrose stated, ...the dynamical equations of classical and quantum mechanics are symmetrical
under a reversal of the direction of time! As far as mathematics is concerned, one can just as well
specify final conditions, at some remote future time, and evolve ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, we have experimentally confirmed a violation of time reversal invariance in B0 meson
systems. Weakly interacting systems are anomalous for this reason. I will have more to say about
how to understand such systems in the context of discussing the arrow of time. For now, let's
unashamedly affirm that the fundamental dynamical laws are time–reversal invariant, deliberately
suppressing worries about weakly interacting systems for the purposes of deliberation. Even though
the dynamical laws of our fundamental physical theories are time–reversal invariant, there appear to
be macroscopic energetically isolated processes that are temporally irreversible. So the microphysics
is such that it suggests temporal symmetry, though macroscopic goings–on suggest temporal
asymmetry. To make things worse, given an appropriately robust reductionist story in the
background, macroscopic phenomena depend in some strong sense on underlying microphysical
phenomena. We should now ask: "what could be the source of...[the]...widespread temporal bias in
the" macroscopic "world, if the underlying" microphysical "laws are so even–handed?" This is the
puzzle of the arrow of time. Why isn't the temporal handedness accounted for by the phenomenon of
weakly interacting systems previously discussed? Answer: That phenomenon does not occur
frequently enough to serve as

The Effects Of Music Therapy On Reducing Pain
Effects of Music Therapy on Reducing Pain in the Terminally Ill
Pain, increased weakness, decreased intake of food and fluid, altered breathing patterns are some
physical symptoms often experienced by the terminally ill (Kouch, 2006 as cited in Leow, Drury &
Poon, 2010). Treating pain in the terminally ill is very important and challenging for nurses.
Therefore, it is important to use both pharmacologic and nonpharmacological methods to reduce
pain. The ability of nurses to use music therapy as a nonpharmacological method to manage pain in
the terminally ill is a phenomenon of great importance to nursing. Terminally ill in this literature
refers to patients with cancer that have six months or less to live and patients that are hospice or are
undergoing palliative care. This literature revealed that using a multivariate analysis of covariance
(MANCOVA), significantly less posttest pain was reported in the music versus the control group.
Cancer patients that listened to soft music in addition to using analgesics experienced increased
compared to those using analgesics alone (Huang, Good, & Zauszniewski, 2010). Furthermore,
statistical difference was noticed between the groups for mood level and oxygen saturation during
live saxophone performance (Burrai, Micheluzzi, & Bugani, 2014). In addition, this research
indicated that music may have a more positive effect on females and elderly than younger and more
educated males (Chan, Chung, Chung, & Lee, 2008). The

Resilience To Terrorism Essay
OVERVIEW
Area of Research Interest – Sadly, terrorism now permeates everyday life around the world, and the
intensifying impact of terrorism on international business is a phenomenon with implications for
both theory and practice. My area of research study is how international businesses apply past
terrorism experience creating organizational resilience to absorb, endure and bounce back from
future terrorist attacks.
Table 1 – Synopsis of Two Research Papers in Resilience to Terrorism Title
Attribute Relationships, layoffs, and organizational resilience airline industry responses to 9/11
Another day, another dollar: Enterprise resilience under terrorism in developing countries
Author(s)/(Date) Gittell, J. H., Cameron, K., Lim, S., & Rivas, V. (2006) Branzei, O., & Abdelnour,
S. (2010)
Journal Title The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science Journal of International Business Studies
Research Approach Quantitative – single event driven Quantitative – natural experiment 4 year span
Data Collection/ Analysis Publically available longitudinal data with regression analysis Publically
available data, surveys, interviews, sampling with regression analysis
Research Design Causal Causal
Primary Theory Resilience and Relationship Theory Entrepreneurship
Model Type Conceptual – Linear Conceptual – Multi–stage
Path and # Hypotheses Single Path and 2 Hypotheses Multiple Paths and 9 Hypotheses
Dependent Variable Organizational Resilience Organizational Resilience and

Cognitive Vs Multisensory Intervention
This study examines the effectiveness of cognitive versus multisensory interventions in improving
handwriting legibility of children in the first and second grade who were referred for school–based
occupational therapy. Two findings would impact school based occupational therapists' practice, and
these findings well reflect the development theory and the motor learning theory.
The first finding indicates that first–graders improved in handwriting performance whether they did
or did not receive any intervention. This finding suggests that the regular classroom instruction was
as effective as direct individual intervention, and the benefit of direct intervention may relate more
to the extra practice received. Thus, direct OT intervention may ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
ANOVA of change scores indicated that there was no significant difference between the first–grade
and the second–grade students across the groups (F [2, 66] = 2.69, not significant; h2 = .08). All
first–grade students obtained a higher legibility score at posttest than at pretest, including control
group participants.
2. For the second grade students, there was a large effect size between the change scores for the
cognitive versus the multisensory intervention group (d = 1.09) and the control group (d = .92). The
large effect size detects a clinical change.
3. All second–grade students in the cognitive intervention group obtained higher legibility scores at
posttest, whereas 4 out of 9 students in the multisensory group and 3 out of 10 students in the
control group had lower legibility scores at posttest.
Comment:
This study used a large effect size in their sample size calculation. They calculated the required total
sample size for an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with an alpha value of 0.05 and power at 80% to
be 66, or 22 participants in each group. The actual sample size for this study is 72, or 24 participants
per

A Study On The Ismaili Council Essay
3. Methods
This is a deductive study in which hypotheses were generated on the basis of current literature
concerning the research topic (Bryman, 2008). Through the findings of my literature review, I
developed a testable hypothesis. My methodology consists of an ordered set of steps that I will
follow in conducting my research. This method of pre–planned research is referred to as a "linear"
research path and helps maintain a direct and narrow focus in quantitative research (Neuman &
Robson, 2014).
3.1 Sample Selection
The Ismaili Council is a volunteer based religious organization made up of groups, similar to
departments, referred to as portfolios. I will conduct a whole network analysis (census) of four non–
randomly selected groups (portfolios) in the Ismaili Council. The selected portfolios are the: Aga
Khan Youth & Sports Board, Arts & Culture Board, Junior Volunteer Corps., and the Youth and
Young Professionals Portfolio. To select the portfolios, I first obtained a list of all portfolios from an
informant that I have known for a while (information withheld to maintain confidentiality) and
selected on the basis of extensive experience in the organization. Subsequently, I analyzed the target
population each population serviced. These groups were chosen to limit the sample, as SNA of the
entire population would require too much time. Furthermore, these groups were chosen, because
they have overlapping service populations – youth and young professionals aged 16–30 –

Biodiversity, Or Biological Diversity
Introduction: Biodiversity, or biological diversity, is a term first coined in 1985 by Walter G. Rosen
concerning the number of species in a particular habitat and revolved around the idea that diversity
cannot solely be understood through numbers (Maclaurin and Sterelny, 2012). However, before
1985 biodiversity was related to concepts of "genetic diversity and ecological diversity". This
allowed to further define ecological diversity with species richness as "the number of species in a
community of organism". Biodiversity is more than just the amount of species in an area but rather
better measured by taxic measures, molecular measures, and phylogenetic measures (Harper and
Hawksworth, 1994). Today, zoologists have estimated that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Our method of capture was the pitfall trap (digging a hole in the ground and placing a cup) that was
filled with isopropyl alcohol. The independent variables for this experiment included location
(habitat 1 vs habitat 2) and sun vs shade. The way biodiversity was measured through the arthropod
collection project by primarily using statistics including the sum of individual specimens, the sum of
taxa, and evenness. The sum of individual specimens allows for the depiction of abundance. The
sum of taxa is better known through richness or more specifically how common a certain arthropod
is. Lastly, using the Burger– Parker index, evenness is the "lack of dominance" which is known as
"1/Pm" (UNO Department of Biological Sciences,1999).
Methods:
This experiment was conducted in New Orleans and Kenner, Louisiana which are located in Orleans
and Jefferson Parish, however, Kenner is more suburban rather than city. Conducting this
experiment required setting out eight pitfall traps (four in each habitat) which were labelled cups
one through eight. This experiment was conducted over the time frame of three weeks in order to
collect approximately 100–200 arthropods. Every day for three weeks, cups (pitfall traps) were
placed in two different habitats (Kenner and New Orleans) and put out every morning and picked up
every night. The shade

The Accuracy Of Performance When It Came
The purpose of our experiment was to look at the accuracy of performance when it came to
encoding information and then looking at the probability of our ability to recall information. Based
on previous research done by Craik and Lockhart and the ones mentioned above, it can be assumed
or even highly justified that our experiment will share similar results. There will be little to no
difference when it comes to identifying the answers to the questions that are being asked based on
the level of difficulty for encoding information. Deeper levels of processing will have a higher
significance when it comes to recalling information as opposed to other levels of processing. Even
when lures are presented, there will be no significance when coming in contact with semantic words
as opposed to letter and rhyme. Method Participants A total of 20 college students. One man and
nineteen women of a large City University, Queens College. The mean age of the participants was
20 and were chosen through convenience sampling. Participants were not compensated for their
participation because it was part of their course fulfilment. Materials The experiment was performed
in a lab room where everyone had access to a computer and the internet. The experiment was
performed online with clear instructions. First, they were shown a study part of the experiment,
which included Letter, Rhyme, and Semantic questions, followed by the testing part for recall with
lure words that were used as

Factors That Impact Teacher Effectiveness
Jacqueline Adams Dickey
03/11/14
EDUC 661
Literature Review
The increasing focus by many policymakers and measurement experts on using statistical models to
evaluate teacher effectiveness has led to heightened debate regarding the usefulness of these
methods but little discussion of the possible sources of error inherent in value–added modeling.
Even the most robust models for making high–stakes decisions about teacher effectiveness contain
numerous sources of error that can lead to ill–founded interpretations of the data. Both teachers and
schools can be negatively impacted by the errant use of value–added modeling; increased awareness
of possible limiting factors present in these models is needed, both at the policymaker and at the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As of 2013, 43 states measure teacher effectiveness, at least in part, through student achievement; 25
of these states are in the process of instituting entire teacher evaluation systems that rely on student
growth data to measure teacher impact (National Council on Teacher Quality, 2013).
Within the larger classification of student growth measures is value–added modeling (VAM), a
method that uses a statistical model to establish a causal link between teachers and the achievement
of students within their classroom. VAMs are considered promising because, in a perfect world, they
might have the potential to promote education reform and to create a more equitable accountability
system holding teachers and schools accountable for the aspects of student learning that are
attributable to effective teaching without burdening teachers and schools with responsibility for
factors outside of their control.
Value–added models are being used to evaluate teacher effectiveness in districts across the country,
including New York City and Washington, D.C. Opinion on their potential for misuse and
misinterpretation has been split, with some arguing that VAMs are inherently imprecise and ill–
suited to measuring teacher effectiveness (Rothstein, 2008; Baker et al., 2010), while others posit
that the possibilities for error are minimal (Kane and

Gender Pay Gap In The UK
In this essay, four theories are assessed in relation to the magnitude of the gender pay gap in the UK.
These theories are taste discrimination, statistical discrimination, human capital and occupational
segregation. Other research and data are included in this essay as evidence to support the different
theories. The four theories covered in this essay all provide some explanation for the gender pay gap
in the UK, some more than others – statistical discrimination theory having the highest explanatory
power for the magnitude of this pay gap.
The gender pay gap can be defined as the difference in the amount of earnings between men and
women; and in the UK, as well as other parts of the world, there is an absence of economic equality.
In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also evidence to women being much less likely to become a manager as there are only
32.2% (Allen, 2015) of senior and middle–level managers who are women in 2012 which indicates
a 'glass–ceiling' that adds to the difference in pay between men and women. Becker's taste
discrimination model is therefore an explanation of the magnitude of the gender pay gap in the UK
and it has high explanatory power. This is due to there being a large amount of evidence to support
there being an aversion to hiring women and preference of hiring men over women. Another theory
that can explain the magnitude of the gender pay gap in the UK is the 'statistical discrimination'
model that was developed by Phelps, Arrow and Cain. In this model, there is differential treatment
of members of the minority group because of imperfect information which then leads to
discrimination to that group. (Bertrand, Duflo, 2016). In terms of gender pay gap, this model means
that different genders are treated differently and because of faulty information about the genders,
women are discriminated against resulting in a gender pay gap. This imperfect information comes
from applying average characteristics the employer believes they know about women and applying
it to individual women who are applying

How Is Meta Analysis Used?
How is meta–analysis used? Give an example? Patten (2014) defines meta–analysis as "a set of
statistical methods for combining the results of previous studies" and the conclusions are based on
"mathematical synthesis" (p. 151). Cohn and Becker (2003) offer a reason why meta–analysis is
done "conducting a meta–analysis is the increase in statistical power that it affords a reviewer" (p.
243). There are two goals for meta–analysis research. They include to estimate a population effect–
size parameter and to increase the precision of the estimate of the effect size parameter (Cohn &
Becker, 2003). There are two types of meta–analyses. They include fixed effect model and random
effects model (Borenstein, Hedges, & Rothstein, 2007). Fixed effects models deals with only one
true effect size in which all of the studies that are used whereas random effects refers to when the
true effect varies between each individual study that is pulled (2007). An example of a meta–
analysis research was done by Ttofi and Farrington (2011). The authors did a systematic review
measuring weighted mean effects and correlations between study features and effect sizes in the
evaluation of how effective anti–bullying programs were. The methods that the authors used
included randomization, a comparison of intervention–control with pretest–posttest of bullying,
other intervention–controlled caparison, and age–cohort design (2011). The criteria for a study to be
included in the review are as followed:
–

Academic Writing Expressions
Some useful expressions used in academic writing for: 1. Stating your own position on a Subject or
Topic The aim of this paper is to... The point of this article is to... It shall be argued in this
paper/essay/review that... The view presented in this paper/essay/review is that.. 2. Presenting your
own point of view There are many reasons why.... It is important/necessary to point out that... The
first thing to be considered is... It is a fact that... There is some doubt that... Followed by the
following expressions to support your view: The first/second reason why....is... or Firstly/Secondly
The most important... In addition, ... Furthermore, ... What is more, ... ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use. Despite its safety and efficacy,
X suffers from several major drawbacks: Concerns have been raised by several relevant bodies
about the poor ...... This concept has recently been challenged by recent studies demonstrating .....
One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philososphy is ...... One observer
has already drawn attention to the paradox in ...... In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys
and Zs concerning ...... The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over
a century. Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ...... The issue of X has
been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ....... The issue has grown in
importance in light of recent ...... One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many
years concerns ...... One major issue in early X research concerned....... Highlighting a knowledge
gap in the field of study (for research): So far, however, there has been little discussion about ......
However, far too little attention has been paid to ...... Most studies in X have only been carried out in
a small number of areas. The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y. In addition, no
research has been found that surveyed ....... So far this method has only been applied to ...... Several

Helping Children Struggling With Comprehension
Introduction Comprehension is a complex and multi–faceted concept, but most researchers agree
that the construction of meaning from text is a central component to reading (Lyon & Moats, 1997;
Perfetti & Adolf, 2012). It occurs when the reader builds on one or more mental representations of
the meaning of a text (Kintsch & Rawson, 2005). These mental representations are not only
constructed at the lexical level (word identification), but also occur at higher sentence level
involving syntactic processes. In understanding a text, the reader has to recognise the words, retrieve
their appropriate meaning within the contexts, and construct phrases from words (Perfetti & Adolf,
2012). In other words, it is an active process in which the reader has to engage in an intentional and
thoughtful interaction with the text (NICHD, 2000). At–risk young children who are falling behind
in literacy skills, and those who have severe language impairment as part their disabilities, face great
difficulties in understanding (Kluth & Chandler–Olcott, 2008). A common aim in research of early
reading comprehension interventions is to help more children learn to read early and well, prevent
those at risk of failure from falling behind, and alleviate the effects of learning disabilities (Lyon &
Moats, 1997). The two studies reviewed in this essay were both concerned with scaffolding their
participants' emerging comprehension of story narratives by adapting the format of presentation of
traditional

Modified Adeli Suit Therapy Case Study
This source discussed, in more detail, the specific effects suit therapy in children that were
diagnosed with spastic diplegia cerebral palsy. The source is written by, credible authors, Alegesan
and Shetty who are both practicing physiotherapists. The article carries authority because it was
published in a peer–reviewed journal, the Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences. In this
study, conducted by Alegesan and Shetty, the method was randomly selecting thirty children
between the ages of four and twelve to participate (Alegesan & Shetty, 2011). The thirty children
selected fulfilled certain criteria such as being diagnosed with cerebral palsy; specifically, spastic
diplegia (Alegesan & Shetty, 2011). The children were then randomly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A study conducted by Mahani, Karmiloo, and Amirsalari (2011) compared the effectiveness of the
Modified Adeli Suit therapy (MSAT), Adeli Suit therapy (AST), and Neurodevelopmental therapy
(NDT) for children with cerebral palsy. All of the main contributors to this article have received
higher–level degrees, and the article was published in a reputable occupational therapy journal. This
clinical randomized trial studied a total of thirty–six children that have cerebral palsy and who met
the inclusion criteria. The thirty–six children were randomly placed into one of three groups:
Modified Adeli Suit therapy, Adeli Suit therapy, and Neurodevelopmental therapy, and each child
received their assigned therapy for two hours a day, five days a week for four weeks (Mahani,
Karmiloo, & Amirsalari, 2011). The AST group received one hour of prep work, and the second
hour was spent wearing the suit where they completed vigorous exercises. In the NDT group, the
children spent the entire two hours performing passive and active movements. Lastly, the MSAT
group conducted movements similar to the NDT group, during the first hour, and spent the second
hour in the suit, where they performed fun and meaningful goal based activities. The Gross Motor
Function Measure was used at zero, four, and sixteen weeks to compare the effectiveness of each
treatment. The results show that the MSAT was the most effective treatment, and there was no
significant difference in outcomes between the AST and NDT groups (Mahani, Karmiloo, &
Amirsalari, 2011). However, any of the three intense therapies produced positive improvements. The
experimenters believe that the shortened amount of time spent on each movement and the goal
based activities correlated with the positive outcomes in the MSAT group (Mahani, Karmiloo, &

Measuring A Computational Prediction Method For Fast And...
In general, the gap is broadening rapidly between the number of known protein sequences and the
number of known protein structural classes. To overcome this crisis, it is essential to develop a
computational prediction method for fast and precisely determining the protein structural class.
Based on the predicted secondary structure information, the protein structural classes are predicted.
To evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm with the existing algorithms, four datasets,
namely 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699 are used. In this work, an Improved Support Vector
Machine (ISVM) is proposed to predict the protein structural classes. The comparison of results
indicates that Improved Support Vector Machine (ISVM) predicts more accurate protein structural
class than the existing algorithms.
Keywords–Protein structural class, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes, Improved
Support Vector Machine (ISVM), 25PDB, 1189, D640 and FC699.
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1)
Usually, the proteins are classified into one of the four structural classes such as, all–α, all–β, α+β,
α/β. So far, several algorithms and efforts have been made to deal with this problem. There are two
steps involved in predicting protein structural classes. They are, i) Protein feature representation and
ii) Design of algorithm for classification. In earlier studies, the protein sequence features can be
represented in different ways such as, Functional Domain Composition (Chou And Cai, 2004),
Amino Acids

A Brief Note On Random Forest Tree Based Approach It Uses...
COMPARISON OF CLASSIFIERS
CLASSIFIER CATEGORY DESCRIPTION REFERENCE
Naive Bayes Probability based classifier This classifier is derived from Naïve Bayes conditional
probability. This is suitable for datasets having less number of attributes. [5]
Bayesian Net Probability based classifier Network of nodes based on Naïve Bayes classifier is
termed as Bayesian Net. This can be applied to larger datasets as compared to Naïve Bayes. [9]
Decision Tree (J48) Tree based approach It is enhanced version of C 4.5 algorithm and used ID3.
[15]
Random Forest Tree based approach It is also a decision tree based approach but have more
accuracy as compared to J48. [15]
Random Tree Tree based approach It generates a tree by randomly selecting branches from ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
a similar development leads rules extraction techniques to make poorer sets of rules. DT algorithms
perform a variety method of nominal attributes and can 't handle continuous ones directly. As result,
an outsized variety of ml and applied math techniques will solely be applied to information sets
composed entirely of nominal variables. However, an awfully giant proportion of real information
sets embrace continuous variables: that 's variables measured at the interval or magnitude relation
level. One answer to the present drawback is to partition numeric variables into variety of sub–
ranges and treat every such sub–range as a class. This method of partitioning continuous variables
into classes is sometimes termed discretization. Sadly, the quantity of how to discretize a continual
attribute is infinite. Discretization could be a potential long bottleneck, since the variety of attainable
discretization is exponential within the number of interval threshold candidates at intervals the
domain [14]. The goal of discretization is to seek out a collection of cut points to partition the range
into a little variety of intervals that have sensible category coherence, that is sometimes measured by
an analysis operate. Additionally to the maximization of reciprocality between category labels and
attribute values, a perfect discretization technique

Preliminary Bias And The Wason 2-4-6 Paradigm
In this experiment, we will investigate whether previous participation in a confirmation bias
experiment plus full knowledge of confirmation bias and the Wason 2–4–6 paradigm will lead to a
higher initial success rate with future testing. A confirmation bias usually occurs when participants
are trying to confirm their beliefs during an experiment. During these experiments, participants
results varied between confirmatory and disconfirmatory. The Tukey HSD that was performed for
the experiments showed some significance in certain areas. For instance, there was a statistical
significance for the total number of guesses between rule one and rule three. More simply, in the
first experiment the results showed participants used confirmatory method more for rule one than
rule three. For the second experiment participants had more knowledge about the experiment, so
their use of the confirmatory method decreased. However, in the second experiment participants
used disconfirmatory more for rule three than they did in rule one. Furthermore, all the experiments
were similar, because participants had to guess a rule based off a three–number sequence.
Additionally, there was a significant interaction between all the rules. According to the results, rule
one and three had a statistical significance for the total number of guesses. More simply, participants
in the first experiment made less guesses than participants in the second experiment. Additionally,
there was a significance for the

The Is An Innate Characteristic Of Humans
Curiosity is an innate characteristic of humans. Why are we here? How did life start? What
happened at the beginning of time? How does everything fit together? These are seminal questions
that plagued our ancestors and currently plague us. Answering these seemingly impossible questions
is the role of science, specifically physics, in humanity. At the beginning of the quest to understand
the universe in its entirety was Aristotle and his Aristotelian physics. While in the future Aristotelian
physics would turn out to be completely incorrect, his original ideas and theories were paramount in
the development of modern science, and are evident in a wide array of fields. However, it was not
until humanity accepted the flaws in Aristotelian physics that humanity made any progress toward
more fully understanding the laws of the universe. While Aristotelian physics was entirely wrong in
a multitude of ways, it was still needed to form a basis for the modern method of discovery, as well
as a shift from logic–based theories to observation–based theories. Furthermore, the majority of
theories in the history of science are, at first, incorrect. Historically, the process of error discovery
has been the main method of progression in the sciences. This process is observed from theory of
universal gravitation to the theory of general relativity, and from statistical mechanics and
thermodynamics to the theory of quantum mechanics. The cycle of theorizing and rejecting is a
necessity to the

Understanding the Unbiased Estimator
Terms: 1estimator, estimate (noun), parameter, bias, variance, sufficient statistics, best unbiased
estimator. The Department of Finance and Actuarial Science have recently introduced a new way to
help actuarial science students by hiring tutors. All tutors were selectively picked by the Dean of the
department based on their overall performance. Any student that faces any problem regarding
actuarial science subject can visit the tutor. The tutor room is available every Monday till Friday
8AM to 5PM. The tutor room is open to make sure that students get help for their actuarial science
subject. 2However, is it reasonable that the tutor room is open from 8AM to 5PM? How many
students will actually want to visit the tutor room at the opening hours? The answers to these
questions would help the Department of Finance and Actuarial Science to reduce its hiring expenses
by determining the number of tutor they should hire. By estimating the average number of students
who will visit the tutor room during the opening hours, we can determine whether the Department of
Finance and Actuarial Science can close down the tutor room during some specific hours so that
they can reduce the hiring expenses. Firstly, we need to identify the distribution needed for this test.
3As the numbers of students who will visit the tutor room during the opening hours are subject to
the timing students usually study and all this and would not affect one another, this random variable
is independently and

The Ongoing Tyranny Of Statistical Significance Testing
Article by Stang, Poole and Kuss (2010) titled "The ongoing tyranny of statistical significance
testing in biomedical research" describe common misuses and interpretation of statistical
significance testing (SST). The authors point out fallacy understanding in interpretive the p–value
and how it often mixed in measuring effect size and its precision. This misconception then they
assert may impede scientific progress and furthermore become unintended harmful treatment. They
also proposed an important way out of the significance fallacies in this article. Therefore, in this
article review, all the finding that made by the authors will be summarized and review of it will be
drawn based on other references.
1. Statistical Significance Test (SST) and P–value
Stang, Poole and Kuss explain, in SST, P–value is an important part to decide the null hypothesis.
The SST itself, they explain is analytical approach that developed based on two prominent
statisticians, Fisher and the Neyman–Pearson. However, in present practical, SST is incompatible
amalgamation of those two theories. In Fisher theory, P value represents the strength of evidence
against the null hypothesis: the lower the P–value, the stronger the evidence. In this theory, they
criticize lake of alternative hypothesis and concept of statistical power. In contrast Neyman and
Person theory included the alternative for the null hypothesis, type I and II error and theoretical of
effect size. This hybrid method leads to

Erving Goffman's Dramaturgical Theory
Abstract
With the development of modern technologies, millions of individuals are constantly connected with
the digital world, where some individuals may correlate social media platforms as real life.
However, it is reasonable to state that due to the vulnerability of teenagers and their difficult
transformations, both mentally and physically, social media could have various influences on
teenagers, that including low self–esteem. Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory can help explain
how one's identity development is framed while on these social sites as well as while offline. Using
collected data, qualitative methods have shown that such things like surveys that are randomly
sampled can help approach this link between social media and an individual's sense of self.
Although there were no significant relations identified, results indicate that social media platforms
can possibly have a negative effect on individuals sense of self.
Keywords: social media, adolescents, low self–esteem.
Introduction
Social media is considered to be "websites and applications that allow individuals to participate in
social networking" (Spies Shapiro, 2014). Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory suggests that life
is like a play in which people are the actors. Through social media it can be possible that some may
learn how to play their role/identity through the socialization of others. In recent years, social media
has changed dramatically, allowing individuals to share feelings, ideas,

Alfred Kinsey and William Masters and Virginia Johnson:...
The scientific method and rules of ethics are important tools when researching and experimenting.
When researchers abide by these guidelines, experimentation is considered to be safe for the test
subjects, as well as the person conducting the research is considered reputable. Experiments go
awry, however, when researchers ignore the scientific method and rules of ethics. The experiments
of Alfred Kinsey and the scientific team of William Masters and Virginia Johnson have been
criticized for their methods of research and sense of ethics. Both scientific teams researched human
sexuality, a topic in which is perpetually scrutinized. Kinsey and Masters and Johnson were not
always ethical in their studies, and did not always follow the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The ethical standings of Kinsey have been examined numerous times, for the subject matter alone is
open for scrutiny. The first rule of ethics states that the participants of scientific research must
provide informed consent. All of the almost 12,000 participants of Kinsey's surveys gave their
consent (Griffitt and Hatfield). The next rule of ethics is voluntary participation of the test subjects.
All participants in Kinsey's surveys voluntarily agreed to participate (Griffitt and Hatfield). The
problem, however, was when Kinsey used data collected from home videos he made in his attic or
when he tested the sexuality of children (Keith). Many of the children in these experiments were
sexually assaulted by an adult, which is not a consented act, yet Kinsey used the data to help prove
his theories (Keith). The third rule of ethics is restricting the use of deception and debriefing the
participants at the end of the experiment. The participants in Kinsey's research were not deceived
when they were answering his surveys, which did not require deception or debriefing (Griffitt and
Hatfield). Confidentiality is the next rule of ethics, and Kinsey never disclosed the identities of the
participants (Griffitt and Hatfield). The final rule of

Experimental Procedure Of Using Taguchi Method Essay
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
In this investigation the experiments are perform in three stages. In the first stage experiments are
performed by using Taguchi method in order to maximize the desirable performance parameter and
minimize the undesirable performance parameter. In the second stage, experiments it carried out by
using one factor– at–a time approach. In this approach first set the optimum process parameter as a
constant and adding the Graphite powder concentration from 1 to 21 gm/lit in the dielectric fluid.
And identify the effective powder range for Inconel 718 alloy material. In third stage, experiments
are performed by response surface methodology by addition of different graphite powder
concentration in the dielectric fluid. Optimization of process parameter using Taguchi method Trial
experiment for establishing range of powder concentration Optimization of process parameter using
Response surface methodology
3.1 Design of Experiments (DOE)
A Design of Experiment (DOE) is a structured, organized method for determining the relationship
between factors affecting a process and the output of that process Conducting and analyzing
controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters.
"Design of Experiments" (DOE) refers to experimental methods used to quantify indeterminate
measurements of factors and interactions between factors statistically through observance of forced
changes made methodically as directed by

Path Analysis Paper
Main analyses involved running each of three models through AMOS SEM software separately,
using path analysis techniques to assess direct and indirect effects, among the present observed
variables (Arbuckle, 2013). Path analysis, which is based on multiple regressions, examines the
relationship between exogenous (i.e., variable not causes by another variable, but effects one or
more variables in model) and endogenous variables (i.e., a variable that is caused or effected by one
or more variables in a model; Iacobucci, 2010). Path models examine the total effects, as well as the
direct and indirect of effects of variables in a single model, simultaneously (Peterson et al., 2014).
Structural equation modeling path analysis techniques are superior to standard regression analyses in
that they: 1) provide more accurate estimates of the effects of hypothesized variables; 2) estimate all
effects simultaneously; 3) allow for greater accuracy of parameter estimates when examining
competing models; and 4) allow the researcher to compare effects of multiple mediators (Zhao,
Lynch, & Chen, 2010).
Mediation Testing. Data were fit to the path model using AMOS SEM software. For Model 1(see
Figure 3) and Model 2 (see Figure 4), ethnic identity was examined as a mediating variable between
community participation– neighborhood sense of community and psychological empowerment
(Model 1) and 30–day substance use (Model 2). For Model 3 (see Figure 5), psychological
empowerment was examined

Tipping Point Analysis
Timothy Phillips
Laurie Bartels
AP English III
19 September 2017
An Analysis of Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell
The Tipping Point by Malcolm Gladwell is all about "social epidemics and the moment when they
take off, when the reach their critical point" as well as the theory that "ideas and products and
messages and behaviors spread just like viruses do". In this book, Gladwell attempts to give a
thorough analysis and commentary to prove through different trends and scientific studies the
conclusions he makes during the novel. Gladwell's main purpose in the novel is to use pop culture
references and relatable anecdotes to educate the general public on the complexities of the theories
he presents throughout the novel. The Tipping point is not only a sociologically rich text, but also a
scientific, comprehensive "examination of the social epidemics around us"
Malcolm Gladwell is the bestselling author of nonfiction books about sociology, with "all of his five
books published on The New York Times Best Seller list", all receiving high acclaim and press.
Before he wrote his first book, The Tipping Point, Gladwell was a journalist for the Washington Post
from 1987 until 1996. He followed his time there with working for The New Yorker, where he
currently continues to write. As the demand for his unorthodox writing style and books rose, so did
the demand for his public speaking on topics related to his books.Since that time, Mr. Gladwell has
received 2 honorary degrees, as well as

Difference Between Ice Vest And Controls
Results Figure 1: shows mean HR for control (WO) and Ice–vest (W) groups against time with SD
bars. Related–samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test show the differences between ice–vest and
controls are insignificant 0.469 (P<0.05). The beginning and end HR difference for ice–vest and
control were 69.33bpm and 41.67bpm respectively. Figure 2: Shows mean Ts (°C) of participants for
ice–vest and control against Time with SD bars. Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
shows no significant difference between Ice–vest and Control effects on Ts (p<0.352). Figure 3:
shows the differences in temperature between pre and post Tc (°C) of Ice–vest and control tests with
SD bars. Paired–samples T test show there was no significant difference ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed no significant difference between plasma
percentages for Ice–vest and control pre–test results. Related–Samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
showed no significant difference between plasma percentages for ice–vest and control post–test
results (p<0.344). Discussion The significances from figures 1–5 would suggest that the Ice–vests
caused no significant physiological changes (p<0.05). However these results are inconclusive as the
results are not representative of the male population with only 6 participants and no repeats which
makes it statistically unreliable and non–representative. Although Figure 1 shows no significant
difference between control and ice–vest it is apparent that there is a lower mean HR for the ice–vest
testing in the first 8 minutes of the experiment. This can be explained by Figure 2 which shows the
reduction in Ts for ice–vest compared to the control during the first 5 minutes of the experiment.
This reduction in Ts causes a reduction in the need for blood flow to the skin which directly causes
an increase in available blood for central circulation (Marino, 2002). The vasoconstriction as a result
of the cold stimuli of the jacket would naturally increase the stroke volume (SV) and consequently
cause a reduction in HR (Marino, 2002). Increased muscle blood flow could improve performance
potentially. Figure 1 results showed that the ice–vest tests beginning and end HR difference was
69.33 bpm

Mixed Method Research Manuscript
Mixed Method Research Manuscript
Silva Adeniyi
R7001 – Introduction to Research Methods
Instructor – Dr. Giselle A. Stone
Argosy University, Atlanta
June 11, 2013
Research Manuscript
Goering, C. Z., PhD., & Baker, K. F., PhD. (2010). "Like the whole class has reading
problems": A study of oral reading fluency activities in a high intervention setting. American
Secondary Education, 39(1), 61–77. Retrieved from
http://search.proquest.com/docview/814393096?accountid=34899
Type of Study
Mixed Methods
Research Topic
How participation in dramatic oral reading interventions affects both reading fluency and
comprehension.
Purpose of the Study
To understand how participation in dramatic oral reading interventions affect both ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fluency and comprehension subtest produced a standard deviation of three and standard scores
with a mean of 10. The resultant standard deviation of 15 and oral reading quotient has a mean of
100 (Wiederholt & Bryant, 2001). Generalization occurs in this study relating to fluency,
whether students in other regions, states, or schools have comparable responses to doing oral
reading before their peers.
Statistical Analysis Table 1 below shows participant's changes in reading fluency and reading
comprehension measured by the GORT 4. Table 1. Means and Standard Deviations for Pretest and
Posttest GORT–4 | | | MEAN | STANDARD DEVIATION | Fluency | Pretest | 3.7 | 2.41 | | Posttest |
4.49 | 2.92 | Comprehension | Pretest | 6.11 | 1.4 | | Posttest | 7.17 | 1.7 | Composite | Pretest | 69.47 |
11.03 | | Posttest | 76.35 | 13.24 |
For reading comprehension, measures indicated a statistically significant difference (t (16) = –3.646,
p<.05) and an effect size correlation of r =.67. Fluency measures also showed a significant
difference (t (16) = –4.440, p<.05) and an effect size correlation of r =.74. The Composite score
combining reading comprehension

An Effective Quality Improvement Tool
Robust parameter design (RPD), an effective quality improvement tool, minimizes the performance
variability and bias of a product or a process in which the experimental design space is subject to
physical restrictions and constraints. For a number of practical situations, optimal design criteria
may allow best experimental design schemes to be generated based on the decision maker's choices
and the use of optimal design criteria to RPD problems may overcome the limitations of standard
experimental designs in finding optimal operating conditions for both quantitative and qualitative
input variables.
The field of optimal designs has been in the literature for many years. Smith (1918) firstly studied
optimal designs for prediction purposes. Wald (1943) then introduced a measure of the efficiency of
the design by investigating the quality of parameter estimates. In addition, Wald (1943) first offered
the criterion of D–optimality, which is the notion of maximizing the determinant of the information
matrix. Later, Kiefer and Wolfowitz (1959) developed computational procedures for finding optimal
designs, such as D–optimality and E–optimality, in regression problems of estimation, testing
hypotheses, and so on. Similarly, Kiefer (1959) studied certain fundamental assumptions, such as
the non–optimality of the balanced designs for hypothesis testing, and certain specific optimality
criteria in the spirit of Wald's decision theory. Next, Kiefer (1961) extended the results of the

The Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use
The recruitment of participants shall come from the University aged population, 18–26. This aged
will be chosen because they are living in an environment with a prevalence of technological
apparatuses, and they are more likely to be engaged in the pursuit of further education at a post–
secondary institution. In light of this, we will seek to gain a representative sample of this population.
With this is mind, we will seek to gain participants through traditional and contemporary
advertising, this includes asking for participants through print media, through email, and by phone,
the entire process being randomized. The intent is to acquire a random sample that represents the
population, both in demographic/socioeconomic terms and in terms ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For example, participants shall be provided with a series of unrelated words, to review for a specific
time period, and then asked to write down as many as they can remember. Tests like these have good
test–retest reliability (Ma et al. 2017, 2). Also, it appears to measure working–memory.
Turning now to social media, social media shall be operationalized as a user–oriented platform, for
the purpose of this experiment we will be going to focus on the aforementioned popular social
media platforms, but including time spent on social media outside of this domain. Suffice it to say,
that if it looks like social media, it probably is.
Finally, social media use will be determined by the random assignment of the participants to one of
the three conditions. In order to provide accurate conditions, participants shall fist complete a
questionnaire pertaining to their social media use, from this data we will take the average and make
our manipulations from it. For example, if it is found that the average time spent on social media is
two hours, we will have a low social media condition of one hour or less, and a high social media
condition of three hours or more, the intent is to ensure our manipulations are realistic and large
enough to determine if there is an effect. This questionnaire will be tested before the commencement
of the study to ensure it has reliable test–retest reliability. Besides this,

Race Theory And The Statistical Discrimination Theory
The concept of race in modern world that is generally accepted by the public is different groups of
people that share the same genetic divergences that are observable (Phenotype) (wiki). The most
prominent example is the classification system use by the U.S Government: White (Caucasoid);
Black (Congoid); Asian (Mongoloid); Native and Hispanic. This system adheres the modern race
concept as all of the classifications are based on phenotypes of different people. Some older
concepts of race are based on differences in ethnicity or origin. This kind of concepts were used in
WWII as Germany classified its people into Aryan (pure German) and Jewish. Although viewed
differently, most of the time the sole purpose of race classification is for the majority to enforced
discriminations on the minority (Racism). There are many theories that explained why race and
racism exist in the U.S but the three theories that provide the best explanation are: the Postcolonial
theory, the Critical Race theory and the statistical discrimination theory. The Postcolonial theory is
based on the fact that the U.S was a colony of British Empire therefore it inherited the traces of the
British. At that time, British was the biggest empire in the world with colonies all over the world. It
was called the empire where "the sun never set". It found most of it revenue in exporting rare
materials from it colonies to Europe. Therefore, the empire needed a massive amount labors and the
most abundant and

Explanation, Understanding, And Subjectivity Essay

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Patty Buckley

More from Patty Buckley (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Explanation, Understanding, And Subjectivity Essay