Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus
Sense I am on the side of my client, Nicolaus Copernicus, I will summarize the main reasons of why
my client should not be in jail for such a ridiculous reason. My client has spent many years
contemplating on what space actually looks like, and he came up with a idea. Nicolaus idea was that
the sun was the center of the solar system not the earth, and that every planet orbits the sun. Your
church false fully threw Nicolaus Copernicus into jail for heresy when he did nothing wrong. Why
should we throw one of the greatest minds of our time, and waste his knowledge just because you
have different religious views? Nicolaus shouldn't have to waste his time in jail when he could be
making other amazing discoveries, and further advance our knowledge in how our world works.
Therefore I ask that my client Nicolaus Copernicus be set free from prison. ... Show more content on
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This discovery shows how the sun the is in the middle of the solar system, and every other planet is
orbiting it. Also, sense the earth's movement is sort of rapid it makes the other planets and stars look
like they're moving, but they're really not. Some examples of what his discovery is shown in
Nicolaus Copernicus heliocentric solar system. Also, it is shown in the books that Nicolaus
Copernicus made which are named,"Commentariolus" and "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium."
It is shown in these examples how Nicolaus Copernicus made all these wonderful
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Nicolaus Copernicus Research Paper
Nicolaus Copernicus
How did Nicolaus Copernicus help in the scientific revolution? Well his theory of the heliocentric
model of the universe was a big discovery, that had very positive consequences in the future. Until
his time all scientist thought that the earth was the center of the universe and that the sun revolved
around the Earth. But Nicolaus was about to change that forever. Nicolaus Copernicus had a rough
childhood, born on February 19, 1473. By the time he was born Torun had ceded to Poland making
Nicolaus a citizen under the Polish crown. German was his first language, but some scholars believe
he spoke some Polish too. He was the son of a wealthy merchant, but when his father died, he was
raised by his mother's brother. A bishop ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While there he performed church duties, practiced medicine and studied astronomy. In Copernicus'
time most astronomers believed the theory the greek astronomer Ptolomy had developed more than
1,000 years ago. Ptolomy said the Earth was the center of the universe and did not move.
Copernicus thought that Ptolemy's theory was not correct. Sometime between the years of 1507 and
1515 he first proposed the principles of his heliocentric or sun centered astronomy. Copernicus
concluded that every planet, including Earth, revolved around the Sun. He also determined that the
Earth rotates daily on its axis and that the Earth's motion affected what people saw in the heavens.
Copernicus did not have the tools to prove his theories. By the 1600s, astronomers such as Galileo
would develop the physics that would prove he was correct. Copernicus died on May 24, 1543. So,
how did Nicolaus Copernicus help the scientific revolution? He built a path in astronomy that other
astronomers down the road would follow, like Galileo who built the first telescoped and saw that not
only did earth revolved around the sun it also spun on its own axis once every day. So even though
Nicolaus Copernicus wasn't alive when his theory was proven correct, he still played a key role in
the discovery of our heliocentric solar

How Did Nicolaus Copernicus An Agent Of Change
Nicolaus Copernicus is an Agent of Change for having a wide variety of skills in order to perform
his actions and become so well known. Nicolaus was an astronomer which allowed him to make
remarkable discoveries of the heliocentric system, this is what led to him becoming the founder of
astronomy. Nicolaus was also a leading physician with great medical expertise and was a very
successful cleric, which allowed him to afford everything he had including all of his education. He
was also a mathematician and economist, this led to him creating the QTM. Nicolaus had even more
skills because he was also a diplomat, translator and governor.
Nicolaus Copernicus is also an Agent of Change because he created the quantity theory of money.
The quantity

Mikolaj Essay
Born February 19, 1473 in Thorn, Prussia, which is today known as Torun, Poland, to his father
Mikolaj (Nicolaus) Kopernik and his mother Barbara Watzenrode,. He was born into a family that
lived off of the commerce of the area. Unfortunately, his father died in 1483 and Nicolaus was taken
under the guardianship, along with his brother Andreas, of his uncle Bishop Lucas Watzenrode of
Ermland (Warmia) (Urban 1). Their uncle gave them the opportunity to be able to provide them with
positions in the church, which resulted in making them have to receive a university education in
order to hold such a position. Therefore " Bishop Lucas sent the boys to study in Krakow, then in
Italy" and "Nicolaus not only became a master of mathematics and astronomy but acquired
knowledge of medicine, painting, and Greek" (Urban 1). Had Mikolaj not died in 1483, the two of
them would have entered careers in commerce and possibly never would have further pursued any
education. After receiving an education, he made his return to Prussia in 1503 and Latinized his
name. He then became one of the canons in the Ermland cathedral chapter and managed his uncle's
diocese for several years. Later down the road, he eventually announced that he had a greater
interest in being an astronomer than becoming a bishop. Yet he ... Show more content on
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For I am not so much in love with my conclusions as not to weigh what others will think about
them, and although I know that the meditations of a philosopher are far removed from the
judgement of the laity, because his endeavor is to seek out the truth in all things, so far as this is
permitted by God to the human reason, I still believe that one must avoid theories altogether foreign
to orthodoxy" (Copernicus

Essay on Nicolai Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus
Have you ever wondered who discovered that the sun is the center of our universe? If so, the answer
is Nicolai Copernicus. This man was a well–respected as well as well educated man. He explored
many different subjects including mathematics, medicine, canon law, and his favorite astronomy.
The Earth–centered universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy were Western thinking for almost 2000 years
until the 16th century when Copernicus proposed his theory.
Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Thorn, Poland. He was the youngest son of four
children and the son of a prosperous merchant. Following his father's death, his Uncle Lukas
Watzelrode, bishop of Ermland, adopted him. Copernicus began his studies in Thorn and then ...
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This called for Epicycles, an orbit upon another orbit. This meant the planets made a second
revolution in an orbit tangent to the original orbit around the Earth, which made the system very
cluttered and difficult to understand.3 Copernicus did not do away with the Epicycles, but by
moving the sun to the center there were much less Epicycles which intern made everything easier to
understand. He called this system the Heliocentric System. The sun was the center and the earth was
just another planet that revolved around the sun. The stars where distant objects that do not revolve,
because the earth rotates once in 24 hours the stars appear to revolve around the Earth in the
opposite direction.
Both scholars and the church accepted the Ptolemaic system. Copernicus hesitated to announce his
heliocentric view for fear of a trail for heresy.4 The Ptolemaic system could easily be believed if one
assumed the Christian belief that the Earth was the center of the universe God created. People were
afraid to believe a theory that went against the Bible's teachings. His friends who were interested in
his theories persuaded him to write at least an abstract for them. He entitled it the Commentariolus
(Commentary). This commentary stated his theory in the form of seven axioms, reserving the
mathematical part for the principle work. From this, the doctrine of the heliocentric system began to
spread.
A few years later Cardinal Schonberg, then Archbishop of Capua urged

Nicolaus Copernicus: Dear Pope Of The Catholic Church
Dear Pope of the Catholic Church, at this date of 3/14/17 I am attorney for Nicolaus Copernicus,
My client has been charged for discovering the future, Mr. Copernicus has discovered the
heliocentric theory explaining that the sun is the center of the universe and all planets orbit around
in a circular motion. My client should be set to freedom in reason that he has discovered a great
innovation that will only improve our future and has no possibility of harming any human being. My
client is only doing well and has not done illegal or wrong to anyone or anything, keeping my client
from freedom will only set our generation back he has a possibility of improving further theories.
For this is why my client should be left to pure freedom and has no reason why to be punished. The
discovery made by my client was the heliocentric theory. This discovery is expressing the fact that
the sun is the center of this universe and the planets orbit around the sun in a circular motion.
Nicolaus Copernicus was eligible to make this discovery by putting forth the theory that the earth
was the center and the sun was at rest near the rest of the planets. As Copernicus grew with further
interest in this theory he was able to make a theory stating that the sun was the center of the universe
and that is what causes one entire year, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Copernicus has a good relationship with the Catholic Church. It may come as a surprise, considering
the Church banned Copernicus' theory. Copernicus is actually respected and regarded as a renowned
astronomer. Mr. Copernicus should be set free of his harmless, helpful actions of his great discovery.
The church is incorrect by doing this action of punishing Copernicus because he will help all
including the catholic church. These are the church's flaws towards this

The Revolutions Of The Celestial Orbs By Nicolaus...
The texts The Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs by Nicolaus Copernicus and Two New Sciences by
Galileo demonstrates a powerful illustration of heliocentric hypothesis. In each book, astronomer
Nicolas Copernicus and Scientist Galileo Galilei describes their theory and assumption about the
motion and shapes of the planets and objects based on their understandings and advocating earlier
scientist's thoughts. Nicolas Copernicus describes "Sun" as the center of the universe, which is
spherical in shape and other planets(wanderers), which are also spherical revolve around the sun in a
Uniform, Eternal, and Circular motion. Likewise, Galileo defines the motion of massive bodies
(planets) are steady and uniform, and distance traveled by these bodies are equivalent at equal
intervals of time. However, in "Idols of the Mind," Francis Bacon demonstrated that there were
flaws in the assumptions made by the scientists because they conducted the practical experiments
and theories based on their own understanding. According to his scientific investigations, past
scientific thinkers used tests and experiments based on their thoughts, which he thinks corrupts the
"nature of things" as they try to compound their nature with it. Copernicus and Galileo commit
errors by demonstrating theories and performing experiments based on the human understandings of
themselves and other scientists, like Aristotle. However, because this leads to the corruption of a
more natural way of thinking, Francis

Nicolaus Copernicus's Effect On The Modern World
Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was a canon in the Renaissance period. He was born in
Torun, Poland, in 1473. However, his family was German, so he was raised learning the German
language. His name, Nicolaus Copernicus, is the Latinized version of his actual name, Mikolaj
Kopernik. He was the youngest of four, but he has had the biggest effect on the modern world out of
all of them. Nicolaus studied astrology, not to be confused with astronomy, and was greatly
interested in the cosmos. As he learned more and aged, his interests grew, blossoming into
independant ideas. Copernicus went to four universities after he turned 18. The first was the
University of Cracow, where he studied painting and mechanics. The second was the University

Who Is Friedel Weinert´s Copernicus, Darwin, And Freud?
I have chosen to do a book review on Friedel Weinert's Copernicus, Darwin, & Freud: Revolutions
in the History of Philosophy of Science by Friedel Weinert. The book begins with a chapter
revolving around Nicolaus Copernicus and his Heliocentric worldview. "Heliocentrism teaches that
the sun occupies the center of an open universe." (Page 4). Prior to Copernicus's research, the
collective understanding was that the earth was in the center of the universe. This previously
mentioned theory was known as the Geocentric Worldview. (Page 4). Friedel Weinert does an
exceptional job of describing how the Geocentric Worldview came to be, and eventually how the
Heliocentric worldview became an accepted theory. Through his research, Weinert displays how
Aristotle's theory of motion proved to be a stepping stone for the progression of Astronomy. "The
theory of motion claimed to provide a physical mechanism to account for the trajectory of all objects
– earthly and celestial." (Page 8). He continues with an explanation of how Aristotle's theory led to
Ptolemy's discovery of geocentrism. Weinert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He acknowledges how the piece was not entirely accurate; however, he shows how it led to future
discoveries by Isaac Newton. "Although the Copernican treatise De Revolutionibus orbium
caelestium (1543) has many defects, it arguably set in motion the rise of modern science, whose first
phase culminated in the publication of Newton's Principia Mathematica (1687)." (Page 25). The
thing that stood out to me most about Weinert's opinion of Copernicus was that he claimed he was
not a revolutionary. (Page 77). I disagree with this, as his discoveries led to those of Kepler and
Galileo. Though he directly did not revolutionize the field, his efforts revolutionized the way that
astronomers approached these two

The Astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus
I bet when you were little, you looked up at the sky and wondered if the sun and the moon revolve
around us. But I bet you didn't realize that you weren't the first person to wonder this. Most of
everyone back in 1400s actually believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. But there was
a select few of people who thought differently. One of those people, was Nicolaus Copernicus.
Nicolaus Copernicus came into the world on February 19th, 1473 in Torun, Poland. He was the
fourth and youngest child born to Nicolaus Copernicus Sr. and Barbara Watzenrode, an affluent
copper merchant family. When Copernicus was 10 years of age, his father died. His mother's
brother, Bishop of Varmia Lucas Watzenrode, took the place as a father figure. Copernicus attended
the University of Cracow in 1491. He studied many subjects, such as painting and mathematics.
Even though he did not take an astronomy class yet, his interest in the cosmos grew. He began to
collect books about astronomy. When Copernicus graduated from the Cracow in 1494, he traveled
back to his home town of Torun to work as a canon. For all of you who do not know, a canon is a
person in a clergy who works with the Church. He ended up holding on to the job for the rest of his
life, even though it was only available to priests. Copernicus was very lucky to have this job because
it gave him the chance to fund his studies of the stars. He was only able the study the stars on his
own time because his job required a lot of

Nicolaus Copernicus was an intelligent astronomer who lived from the year 1473 to 1543. He
originated from Poland and attended school at Cracow as well as in Italy. Copernicus was an
influential thinker who was not afraid to push the boundaries when it came to astronomy. His
forthright opinion changed the normal outlook of the position of the earth, sun, and planets. He will
be remembered for his strong attitude and revolutionary ideas, which transformed the views of the
properties of the universe. Copernicus lived in a time where the Ptolemaic system was the prime
model used for the justification of the location of the earth within the universe. The system used the
findings from the mathematical astronomy of Ptolemy and the physical cosmology

Nicolaus Copernicus: Study Of The Christian Church
Astronomy had a huge affect on many individuals as well as "putting down" the beliefs of the
Christian Church. Nicolaus Copernicus is an astronomer known for founding the study of modern
astronomy. Copernicus discovered that the sun is the center of all revolutions of the planets like
earth. His theory called the heliocentric or sun centered system, shows that the sun rests still while
earth revolves around it. This was an important discovery because before Copernicus created the
theory of the sun centered system, astronomers believed that the universe revolved around earth,
which was called the ptolemaic system (Gale Virtual Reference Library). He wrote about and
explained his theory in the book he wrote called 'De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium' meaning
"On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Sphere" which was published in 1543. Copernicus believed
that the earth was just another "wandering star." Aside from many astronomical discoveries, there
were also many new brilliant inventions during the Scientific Revolution.
One of the most important discoveries for astronomy has to be the invention of the telescope. The
telescope was invented by Hans Lippershey in 1608 in the Holland. The design of the telescope
consisted of multiple concave lenses that were placed into a tube that allowed distant figures to
appear closer. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientists like Galileo, Kepler, and Descartes made great discoveries that make us question the very
life we live and our existence. The discoveries during the Scientific Revolution have shaped the
modern world we know today. With brilliant discoveries and inventions from great scientists, we
have learned from our past history and the way individuals have come to view and understand our
world today. Today we still carry on the same procedures that the great scientists used during the
Scientific Revolution, and learn from our past

Nicolaus Copernicus was a polish astronomer who changed how we viewed the positioning of the
Sun, Earth and other celestial objects in space. He reasoned that it was the Sun at the middle of the
known Universe and not the Earth, an idea that was strongly opposed at the time. He had a theory
that made people see the world in a different way, he had a big impact on society. He lived his life in
poland up until he we 19. He then went to school at a University called Cracow. While he studied
there, he studied geometry and astronomy, among some other subjects. Nobody knows the grades he
made but really... do we need to? We know that he did not stay long enough to earn a 4 year degree.
After dropping out, he went to live with his uncle who told him that ... Show more content on
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(Good idea now wasn't it?) Over many more years, he came up with a lot of math calculations to
calculate a theory. He came up with the Copernican Theory. Well, he thought that math astronomy
would make more sense with the sun at the center of the universe seeing as how it was not the
heaviest, as people had thought before. This meant that the planets were moving in circular orbits
around the sun. In other words, the Earth was not in the center of attention like everyone thought it
was for so many years. More years were to come and he perfected his theory to be even more
correct, fixing all of ptolemys problems! He did more math calculations and drew diagrams, but he
wouldn't publish his work before it was finished. (Keep note this was a giant discovery, but if he
published his work with his name on it, he wouldve been scared to face death by the religious
societies) Copernicus gave lectures on his ideas to the Pope in Rome! That took a lot of courage.
Not only did his theory change views on how the universe worked, he was also able to come up with
a calendar. He started his studies on the sun in 1515 and ended them one year later in 1516, just like
our calender now. Copernicus concluded how the solar system

"To know that we know what we know, and to know that we do not know, what we do not know,
that is true knowledge." Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Torun, Portland. Nicolaus was
born in a wealthy family so he grew up with great education. Copernicus' father died so he was
raised by his uncle who was a bishop in a Catholic church. Copernicus went to Bologna and became
an assistant for Domenico Maria Novara Ferrara, a famous astronomer.(Universetoday.com) There
he started to get an interest in astronomy. He came up with the theory that the planets revolved
around the sun in the 1500s.(Nola) During his time, many people believed the model geocentric, the
Earth was the center and everything revolved around it.
Copernicus believed that the Earth was the third planet from the sun. "Copernicus concluded that
every planet, including Earth, revolved around the Sun."(NASA.Gov) He knew that God made the
Earth and the Catholics believed that Earth was in the center of everything. Copernicus still did not
change his mind that the sun was the center of the universe. So he wrote the book De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium to keep all his beliefs about the universe and his model of the
heliocentric in his book. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"His model wasn't completely correct, it formed a strong foundation for future scientists to build on
and improve mankind's understanding of the motion of heavenly bodies."(NASA.Gov) When
Copernicus came out with his theory people disagreed with him. His community believed that the
Earth was the center of the universe. So when he told people about his beliefs, he found himself
under house arrest for disagreeing against the Catholic church. If he published this information he
might of gotten tortured or punished.(Csewi.org) He planned that a year after his death that the book
should be

Nicolaus Copernicus's Effect On The Solar System
How did Nicolaus Copernicus's scientific conclusions change the way we see the solar system
today? Nicolaus Copernicus's theory of the universe was life changing to science. Because of his
theories[and newer technology] we now know how our part of the Milky Way was created and
placed together by God's hands.
Most astronomers thought that the Earth was the center of the universe and stayed motionless.[2]
This theory is called The Geocentric Theory. Ptolemy had developed this idea in the A.D. 100's.[2]
According to Ptolemy's theory, the other heavenly bodies moved around the Earth.[2] But the theory
struggled to explain certain irregular motions of the planets across the sky.[2] However, Copernicus
saw Ptolemy's system as a complicated mathematical invention with no basis in physical reality.[2]
Aristarchus, a Greek astronomer, had suggested that the Sun was in the center of the universe and
that the other planets revolved around it. This is called The Heliocentric Theory. Sadly tho by the
time Copernicus was born people believed that the universe was a small place with the Earth in the
middle of it. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Jupiter catches up with the slower moving Saturn only every 20 years.[3] Copernicus watched this
stately dance of the planets, carefully comparing their positions with those predicted from
astronomical tables.[3] He saw that something was wrong.[3] Regimontanus had delved into it in
even greater detail than Ptolemy.[3] Regiomontanus showed how the role of Ptolemy's large circle
[the deferent, which carried with the epicycle] could be interchanged with the elicycle.[3] This is a
very important transformation, because it demonstrated a key step toward finding a sun–centered

Martin Luther Faith Alone Is The Saving And Efficacious...
1. "Faith alone is the saving and efficacious use of the Word of God, according to Rom. 10{:9}"
(16).
This quote explains Martin Luther's ideas of salvation and justification through only faith. He
believed that people like the Pope were just public figures that were abusing their power for their
own interests and beliefs. They would use god's word to intimidate Kings and Queens. He thought
that the Pope was out of line using his authority to forgive sins for material objects. Indulgence is a
grant given by the Pope to cancel all sins for donations to the church. This made people more
willing to just donate if they could get something in return also. Critics told Luther that there is no
way you could achieve salvation without good works, but Luther uses bible passages to make a case
that faith, alone, is all you need to be a Christian follower set to be in heaven. Martin Luther knew
that it wasn't right nor faithful for the Pope to do this.
2. "But you are rather waiting to hear from me how it occurred to me to venture to conceive any
motion of the earth, against the traditional opinion of astronomers and almost against common
sense..." (39).
This quote explains Nicolaus' struggles to even consider his theory of the earth revolving around the
sun. This was in the early renaissance period, so people were still using religion (Christianity) to
explain everyday things. He held this information to himself for a long time, and when he finally
released it, so many people were

In this essay I am researching a famous astronomer, Nicolaus Copernicus. I will be talking about his
life, his accomplishments, and why he is famous. When I started researching his name I was a little
disappointed. I went to the Biography Reference Bank first. When I searched for the name Nicolaus
Copernicus not as many sources popped up compared to if I were to type in any other famous person
name. When I went to Academic Search Premier there were a little more results than the other.
Nevertheless, there was not that many to go off of. I decided to go with one source from the
Academic Search Premier and the other from the UCO Library database. Nicolaus Copernicus was
born in Poland on February 19th, 1473. His father was names Niklas and his mother was Barbara.
He completed high school in his hometown, which is Thorn, at ... Show more content on
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In the year 1941 he attended the University of Cracow. While attending this university is where his
love for astronomy began. In 1495, his uncle was the bishop a canonry in Frauenburg. A law from
the chapter commanded that every canon that did not have a degree in theology, medicine, or
prudence had to go to school for three years straight and get that degree. Copernicus did not have a
degree so in the year of 1947 he went to Bologna to study law. He only picked this branch of study
because of his membership at the cathedral chapter. Although he was studying law, this did not
interfere with his love for astronomy or math. In 1499, Copernicus was having some financial
troubles. His brother, Andrew who was also in Bologna, helped his some. It was his uncle, the
bishop who saved him from the troubles. A year later in 1500 he was in Rome, teaching a large class
on mathematics. A

How Did Isaac Newton Contribute To The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution can be seen as the most important phase of modern science. Many
scientists changed the world with these findings. During the Middle Ages, people did not really
focus on science. That all changed during the Renaissance. Scientist started to focus on using logic
and observation rather than faith, then the Scientific Revolution started! Isaac Newton, Francis
Bacon, and Nicolaus Copernicus were scientists during the Scientific Revolution, they did not only
change science but also helped with modern science.Scientists during the Scientific Revolution
changed the vision of how people look at the world, with many new advancements in science, and
careful observations.
Isaac Newton is probably one of the most important scientists during the Scientific Revolution, I
mean like, the man discovered gravity for gosh sakes. Newton was born on the 25th of December
1642 and died in the 20th of March 1726. During the time period that this man was alive, he made
many great advancements in science. One day Newton was thinking about the forces of nature,
suddenly he saw an apple fall from a tree, this action later helped make the discovery of ... Show
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Francis Bacon was born on the 22nd of January 1561 and died April 9th, 1626.This scientist was a
practitioner of the Scientific method. His works often argued for the possibility of scientific
knowledge. Bacon thought that science could be achieved based on inductive reasoning and careful
observations to the events in nature. His findings were all recorded in the Novum Organum, his
book. He also wrote a treatise on medicine, this treatise was named History of Life and Death, this
was based on the natural and experimental observations of life. Francis Bacon was based more on
humans, than on the universe and its mysteries, but not Nicolaus Copernicus, he was totally into the
study of the

How Did Isaac Newton Contribute To The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution brought a new way of thinking about the universe, and brought an end to
Europe's medieval past. Many scientists have devoted their lives to creating new ideas about the
physical universe. These scientists created the assumption that the universe and nature are governed
by mathematical laws. Each of the three scientists, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac
Newton contributed to the breakdown of the medieval world view. Nicolaus Copernicus thought
past the idea of a geocentric universe, and established the idea of a heliocentric theory, or a sun–
centered universe. Johannes Kepler presented the idea of an ellipse, otherwise known as the planets
following an oval shaped orbit, and not a perfect circle. Finally, ... Show more content on
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He found that one single force, called gravity, kept all of the planets in their orbit around the sun.
One day, as an apple fell from a tree to the ground, Isaac Newton wondered if the same force that
made the apple fall to Earth, had anything to do with the movements of the planets.Through
mathematics, over the next 20 years, he refined his new theory. Isaac Newton even published a book
explaining gravity, along with other things about the universe. He says uniform laws are followed by
nature, and that all of the motion the the entire universe can be described and measured
mathematically. Throughout his life, he discovered three laws of motion, and titled them Newton's
Three Laws of Motion. The first law is the Law of Inertia. This basically states that an object in
motion, will retain its state of motion. The second law is force equals mass times acceleration. So,
the more mass to an object, more force is needed to accelerate it. Finally, the third law states that for
every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. This means that when you push an object, it
pushed back equally as hard in the opposite direction. In conclusion, Isaac Newton still impacts us
today because we still use all of his laws, and he also partly discovered a branch of mathematics
called calculus, in which we still use

How Did Newton Contribute To The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution was during the 16th and 17th centuries, in which new astronomy changed
many peoples thought the process and the methods within society. The Revolution was a major
milestone in the mental evolution of man and is responsible for the change of science as we know it
today. Nicolaus Copernicus and Isaac Newton were two of many intellectuals who made a major
contribution to the changing of thoughts, methods and challenged the inspirational viewpoint of the
Catholic church with logical reasoning during these times.
Nicolaus Copernicus is a Polish astronomer, who put forth the heliocentric theory that the sun lies at
the center of the universe and the planets revolve around the sun (Sheila Rabin "Nicolaus
Copernicus (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)."). His theory challenged the geocentric view of
the universe, in which other astronomers believed the earth was the center of the solar system, and
the planets and sun revolved around it. Copernicus theory was so controversial that the Catholic
Church forbid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Newton, Sir Isaac."). His development of the three laws of motion, discovery of calculus, and the
devised law of universal gravitation made him one of the most important scientists in history.
Newton law of universal gravitation, explained the orbit of the planets around the sun, to the
influence of the moon and the sun on the tide (Peter Tyson "Newton's Legacy? NOVA | PBS."). The
three laws of motion are fundamental laws of physics, which laid the foundation for classical
mechanics. His discovery of calculus led the way to more powerful methods of solving
mathematical problems. Calculus is an important type of math in which today we use for advanced
engineering and

Nicolaus Copernicus Accomplishments
"So far as hypotheses are concerned, let no one expect anything certain from astronomy, which
cannot furnish it, lest he accept as the truth ideas conceived for another purpose, and depart from
this study a greater fool than when he entered it." this quote is from Nicolaus Copernicus, the
famous astronomer who discovered something remarkable. Copernicus was a part of the German
heritage, but at the time, the city of Torun where he was born was a part of Poland so some believed
he spoke some Polish as well. The remarkable discovery in which he found, was the heliocentric
universe, meaning the Sun was the center of the universe not the Earth. Without him creating this
theory and then later on proving it, even though the Catholic Church did ... Show more content on
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Another important factor that comes into play is the studies of further scientists, such as Galileo
Galilei, he was inspired by Copernicus and then fully proved his theory with even more information
and evidence, but once again the Catholic Church did not allow him to publish his work, even
though he was right, so he was under house arrest for the rest of his life. Copernicus played another
huge roll by some of his other theories such as, "passages in the Bible imply that the earth does not
move, the apparent annual cycle of movements of the sun is caused by the earth orbiting it." which
completely contradicts the Bible, he was right though with each and every theory, however none of
them could be published until later on because all of his theories went completely against the Bible,
the Church at this time would never allow someone to publish work with clear and hard evidence
against them. Now yes humans probably would have discovered the heliocentric universe, but the
amount of time that would have taken would have been way longer, and somewhat harder if other
early scientists never discovered it. Without him creating this theory and then having his
publications help inspire others to study astronomy and prove the theory even more, humans would
not have been able to find the right pathways to shoot probes and other space shuttles to different
planets to study them, especially sending people to the moon would have been extremely dangerous
if Copernicus never actually found the right solar system, the rocket might have been going the
complete opposite of where the moon actually

Nicolaus Copernicus was a renaissance mathematician and astronomer who was born on 19th of
February 1473 in Torun, Royal Prussia, Kingdom of Poland and died in 1543 on 24th of May. He
was the first astronomer to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric cosmology that replaced the
Earth with the Sun from the centre of the universe and was one of the first to combine mathematics
with science.
He was a polyglot and polymath who obtained a doctorate in canon law and also practiced as a
physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat, and economist. When Nicolaus was 10
years old his father died and his uncle Bishop of Varmia Lucas Watzenrode adopted him and
assumed the paternal role making sure that he received the best education. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He did not take astronomy classes at that time but he developed a growing interest in the cosmos
and started collecting books on the topic. In 1496 Nicolaus took leave and travelled to Italy where
he enrolled in a religious law program at the University of Bologna. There he met an astronomer
named Domenico Maria Novara, the two began studying astronomical ideas and observations
together.
In 1500 after completing his law studies in Bologna, Nicolaus went on to study practical medicine at
the University of Padua. He did not however stay long enough to earn a degree. In 1503 he moved
to the University of Ferrara where he attended the canon law exam. After passing the test on his first
attempt he travelled back home to Poland where he continued his position as canon and re–joined
his uncle. Nicolaus remained at the Lidzbark–Warminski residence for the next seven years working
and helping his elderly uncle and studying astronomy in his spare time.
Throughout the seven years he spent in Lidzbark–Warminski, Nicolaus read several books on
astronomy where he also came upon Ptolemy's model of the universe which significantly influenced
his research on astronomy and started to build his own

Nicolaus Copernicus: The Scientific Revolution
Situation Outcome: The Dependent Variable
George Bernard Shaw once said, "Progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot
change their minds cannot change anything." Before the Scientific Revolution took place, change
was ostracized; their beliefs were practically set in stone by ancient thinkers and were supported up
by the powerful church. Lasting from the 16th through the 18th century, Scientific Revolution
exhibited individuals challenging tradition; the difference of time period, relationship with the
church, and personality affected how Galileo and Copernicus challenged tradition in this era.
Born in 1473, Nicolaus Copernicus was a timid mathematician and astronomer connected to the
Catholic Church. Copernicus provided the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Galileo provided the observational logic behind the Copernican theory. As mentioned before,
Copernicus' idea remained only as a theory, for "a [variety of reasons], one being that he lacked the
scientific instrument– a telescope– by which he might seek proof" (The Scientific Revolution and
the Enlightenment, p 2–3). While the telescope had not been invented in the Copernican era, this
was not an obstacle that Galileo had to dodge; 60 years after Copernicus' death, Galileo himself
invented the telescope. Through his invention, Galileo was able to use the rudiments of the scientific
method, using Copernicus' logic, Kepler's mathematical evidence, and his observation through the
telescope . At the time of Galileo's studies, "the ruling Catholic church was dominated by a
conservative spirit" (The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, pg. 3). However, unlike
Copernicus, Galileo was not directly invested in the church; fear of the church was not a setback in
his studies. This does not mean that the church did not affect Galileo's work. In fact, once church
authorities learned of his scientific theory, they summoned him to the church, where he was tried
and convicted of heresy. As a direct result of this, Galileo was put under house arrest and was
required to recant his theory. But, in his recantation, after swearing to abandon his

Nicolaus Copernicus: The Scientific Revolution
The scientific revolution was a time period considered to be known as new way of thinking about
the natural world. The important details to note about it are the ones that sparked the beginning of it.
There were many things that are believed to have lead up to it, but a few things are; the Italian
Renaissance, understanding of ancient Arabic text and better use of scientific instruments. The
Italian Renaissance was a time of achievements and cultural change that took place between the
14th and 16th centuries. Changes that took place during this time began to lead up to the Scientific
Revolution. Understanding the ancient Arabic text broke new ground in the understanding of the
physical world, which caused a start to the revolution. Uses of scientific instruments increased
before the Scientific revolution which gave the scientists an easier way to look at the natural world.
Although these causes seem to be the most important things about the start of the revolution, a
scientist that goes by the name of Nicolaus Copernicus had a great ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nicolaus Copernicus was just an infant, but would soon be an important reason for why we know
the way our universe works. For many, many years before Nicolaus, the human population was lead
to believe that the Earth was the center of the universe. After all, God was the one who created it, so
it seemed logical to believe such a thing. However, Copernicus had been studying the ways of the
universe and believed that the sun was at the center, not the earth. Also, based off of experiment and
studying, he believed that all celestial bodies rotate around the sun. Copernicus's theories seemed
impractical and came with some controversy, but later scientists such as Tycho Brahe and Galileo
Galilei would build on his ideas. Although Copernicus passed away in May of 1543, his beliefs
about the universe stayed alive and were proven true in 1992 with thanks to Galileo and others for
defending his

An Era Of Change: The Copernican Revolution
An Era of Change
The Copernican Revolution was a time of change, specifically during the Enlightenment Era, as the
age in which experimental natural science matured and came into its own. During this time, the rise
of new science progressively changed the way Europeans viewed the natural world. This era of new
discoveries changed the conception of the universe as well as philosophical inquiry. Although this
time was seen somewhat controversial, these increasing discoveries became a success amongst
several philosophers in explaining the natural world. Philosophers challenged theology as they
slowly constructed new principles while abandoning the older ideas. This progress of advancement
of sciences began to improve human life. Authors from both the Early Modern Period and The
Enlightenment help portray the Europeans change on the conception of Nature. This idea is
displayed through questioning previously held assumptions about science and religion as well as
proposing epistemological claims that contributes to the political theory. Such authors include,
Galileo Galile, Nicolaus Copernicus, Francis Bacon, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Locke was also an empiricist who firmly believed that all knowledge must come from experience.
John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding was a tremendously positive influence on
this age through the epistemological claims that were displayed through his ideas. Locke examines
in this work the human understanding to help determine the limits of human knowledge. Locke set
out to determine what knowledge can be claimed legitimately and how we develop this. Locke came
to the conclusion that only through experience and senses can we truly understand. He then realizes
a prominent pattern of Enlightenment epistemology. Locke finds the source of all our ideas where
human knowledge is constructed and argues influentially against the rationalists' doctrine of innate

The Scientific Revolutions and Copernicus' Book Essay
The Scientific Revolutions and Copernicus' Book
In the sixteenth and seventeenth century a Scientific Revolution swept over Europe. The start of this
Scientific Revolution has been atributed to Nicolaus Copernicus and his Heliocentric Model of the
Universe.
Copernicus was born in Torun Poland on February 19, 1473. His parents both died when he was
very young so he was sent to live with his uncle who was a high ranking official in the Church.
Copernicus studied canon law, medicine, astronomy, Greek, philosophy, and mathematics. His
diversified fields of study led him to hold the positions of physician, teacher, member of parliament,
and canon law expert for the Church. At the age of twenty Copernicus left Poland for Italy for the ...
The Church felt that the earth as the center of the universe showed the special place that man had in
the eyes of God. The Church believed that this model was divine and therefore any criticism on the
Ptolmaic model coud be viewed as direct criticism on God. As a result of the Church's strong view
many scientists were scared from disagreeing with it for fear of being labled as a heretic and
possibly being excommunicated. Copernicus feared the Church so much that he left Italy and
returned to Poland so that he could continue his work without fear of persecution. No one seriously
dismissed the Ptolemaic theory of the universe until 1616 when Galileo began to teach the
Heliocentric Model of the Universe. Galileo proved Copernicus's theory to his students by showing
them the planets through the use of telescopes. The Ptolemaic Model of the Universe stated that the
Earth was at the center of the universe, the planets, stars rotated around the Earth in a perfect
uniform circular motion, and that all of the objects in the "Heavens" were made of perfect material
that could not change.
Nicolaus Copernicus was not the first person to develop the theory of a sun centered universe.
Aristarchus of Samos was the first to propse the theory of a Heliocentric Universe in 200 B.C.. This
theory is very similar to the Ptolemic model of the universe. The major difference is that the sun not
the

Nicolaus Copernicus was an astronomer who believed the Sun was at the center of the universe
and that the Earth revolved around it. Copernicus was born on February 19th, 1473. He was the son
of
Nicolaus Copernicus who was a merchant, and Barbara Watzenrode who was the daughter of a
merchant
family. After his father died in 1483, he was taken in by his uncle. Copernicus later enrolled in the
University of Cracow and assumed an administrative position just below that of bishop. Copernicus
then
went to the University of Bologna in 1496 to study canon law. Here he lived with an astronomy
professor
named Domenico Maria Novara and he also made his first astronomical observations here. In 1501
he
went to the University of Pauda where ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He moved to Frombork in 1510 and stayed there the
rest of his life. Here he wrote the Commentariolus that shared his new cosmological idea about a
heliocentric universe. He was also working on On the Revolutions. He never saw On the
Revolutions
published until he was on his deathbed and died on May 24th, 1543.
The current idea that people believed in at the time was the geocentric model. The geocentric
model showed the Earth being the center of the universe and the rest of the planets revolving around
it.
This idea was introduced by Ptolemy to explain how the planets moved. However, the geocentric

model
did not follow Aristotle's requirement for the uniform circular motion of planets. Copernicus then
thought
he could follow this requirement by using a heliocentric model of the universe where the distances
of the
planets from the sun had a direct relationship to their orbit size.
His information, however, did not completely invalidate the geocentric model. The contributions
of other astronomers hundreds of years later eventually provided enough information to prove the
Fortner 2
geocentric model wrong. Galileo, by using a telescope, observed that Venus and Mercury went

Galileo's Influence On Nicolaus Copernicus
During the 16th and 17th centuries, a scientific revolution transpires which inevitably yields the
basis of our modern scientific knowledge. This new vision in science has been examined by the use
of "sophisticated mathematics" along with observations. One of the revolutionary discoveries is
honored to the famed Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus. He developed a heliocentric model of
the universe. Prior to his time, an earth centered model, also known as the Ptolemaic model, was
believed because it was simply 'common sense' that the earth was motionless as the sun rises and set
from east to west, respectively. Unlike Nicolaus Copernicus, his predecessors believed in
geocentrism; the theory which Earth is the center of the universe, which ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, one would not dare to oppose the church's beliefs as it may result with consequences.
Copernicus was well aware of this, therefore, he published his work shortly before his death.
Additionally, his book was also banned. Later on, his book entitled De Revolutionibus Orbium
Celestium, translated to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, has been an influential in our
time. Although there was one scholar, after Copernicus's time, by the name of Galileo, who suffered
a consequence appointed by the church. Galileo was permitted to write about new scientific theories
because in his time, in 1623 Pope Urban VIII had an appreciation for such new discoveries. Galileo
was able to support the heliocentric theory as he used the revolutionary instrument, the telescope,
systematically. The observations he made explained that Copernicus is in fact right. Therefore,
Galileo wrote a book entitled Two Chief Systems of the World in 1632, which he defends
Copernicus theory and censures the Ptolemy's and Aristotle's model. Inevitably, the papal Inquisition
placed Galileo on trial for heresy. He was punished for his writing, that was banned, and he was also
put under house arrest until the day he

Biography Of Nicolaus Copernicus 's Discovery Of...
Ages Through Science
In Latin America and Europe, people started to question the Catholic Church and began doubting if
the Church was abusing their power. After the Scientific Revolution, philosophical thinkers and
scientists discovered new theories, such as gravitational physics laws and other opinions written in
books. Nicolaus Copernicus's discovery of heliocentrism transformed astronomy, his writings
changed the people's perspective of the universe further challenging the Catholic Church's beliefs.
Before Copernicus, people made scientific discoveries such as Aristarchus of Samos (310–230
BCE), had already identified the sun as the central unit of the solar system, but his ideas were
quickly dismissed due to the overpower of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of his theory was correct, but one thing was incorrect, that being the path of orbit is circular.
People, during this time, were starting to break out of their shells and learning about new things and
ideas, but the Catholic Church, being the basis of life, disapproved. This shows that people wanted
to discover and educate themselves, but they couldn't with the church having power over them.
Since Aristarchus's theory was unprovable during that time since there were no telescopes or
satellites, the church quickly dismissed it. In the webpage, "Nicolaus Copernicus," it is stated that
Aristarchus used the concept of parallax to show that the stars were a very large distance from Earth
and to do that he must have expanded the size of the universe enormously. These ideas contradicted
what the Bible said, so he was considered a sinner and people didn't want to agree and fall into the
bandwagon. Due to people's fear of the Church, many people went against their will and didn't get a
chance to discover. During Aristarchus's time, people suppressed new ideas and became subjects of
the church. On the other hand, Aristarchus tried his best to be strong in his ideas, but he didn't
survive. Another astronomer and mathematician before Copernicus was Ptolemy (90–168 AD) who
also formed incorrect theories and promoted the Church's power over the people. In "Nicolaus
Copernicus Biography," Biography.com editiors wrote that Ptolemy

The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies
During the 16th–18th centuries many historical events happened, in the 16th century Nicolaus
Copernicus wrote a book called On The Revolutions Of The Heavenly Bodies. During the writing of
the book, Nicolaus Copernicus was trying to prove that the Geocentric Theory was wrong. The book
talks about how the planetary movements work and it also has many mathematical equations he
used to solve the Heliocentric Theory, which would help other scientists continue his studies. A few
years later, in the 17th century another scientist named Galileo wrote another book called Starry
Messenger. Galileo wrote a book because he had a telescope and was making observations. Galileo
wrote the book about all the observations that he had made. The books of these scientists showed the
world the the Scientific Revolution was going to make a big impact on the world.Which is why the
Scientific Revolution gave a big impact to the world because without the scientist the world would
not have many of the inventions the scientists made. The Heliocentric Solar System would not have
been discovered to help us understand the outer system. We would also not have medicine to help
cure diseases and they would have not made advanced technology. In fact, many people believe that
the Scientific Revolution would not have had the Heliocentric Solar System. "Beck 109–191" states
that before Nicolaus Copernicus came up with his theory about the Heliocentric Solar System there
was another theory, that

Essay On Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus started out as just an ordinary person. In fact, according to today's standards of
intelligence, he was below average. Who knew that Copernicus would later become one of the most
intelligent people in the world. Copernicus changed the way that people during the Renaissance
viewed astronomy. Copernicus changed history as we know it today and if it wasn't for him, today's
astronomers may still be theorizing about the basic facts of our solar system.
Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473 in Poland. His parents, Nicolaus and Barbara,
were leading merchants and parented four children, Copernicus being the youngest. Then, when
Copernicus was around 10 to 12 years old, his father died and his brother, Lucas, took his nephew
under protection and was soon to become bishop of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These two books taught Copernicus everything he needed to know about astronomy and astrology.
These books also led Copernicus to most of his discoveries and the making of a few books himself
such as "De revolutionibus". In this book, Copernicus described viewing the Moon Eclipse stating it
was, "the brightest star in the eye of the Bull".
Copernicus had only 27 recorded observations in his lifetime though he most likely had more than
that. He viewed eclipses, planets, stars, and much more. That may not seem very impressive today
but, for Copernicus' time period, it was quite a discovery.
Copernicus wrote his book, "De revolutionibus", it was only published the year of his death in 1543.
The reason for his book with priceless information about our solar system to be published so late
was that it was controversial and many other theorists disagreed with Copernicus' claims. It was
only at the year of his death that people realized that Copernicus was

Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer. Who had discovered what
most had believed in the early 1500 that the Earth was the centre of the universe but in fact the
centre of the universe was rather the Sun than the Earth. And that the Moon and planets revolved
around the Sun. Although his model was not entirely correct
Although Nicolaus Copernicus was not entirely correct if he had not contrived the formula it would
have not built a strong foundation for future scientist and astronomers to build on humanity
understands of the world, universe and heavenly bodies. As he was also researching his theory he
had also discovered that every 1 year, the Earth revolves around the sun and that the Earth takes 24
hours to do a full 360 rotation on its axis.
One of the astronomers that had later on discovered Nicolaus Copernicus's model was Galileo
Galilei. Galileo Galilei had developed the telescope and having perfected the telescope he was able
to later on establish that Nicolaus Copernicus's theory was factual. Thou the Nicolaus Copernicus
had ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicolaus's mother Barbara Watzenrode was the daughter of the wealthy Toruń Patrician and city
councillor, Lucas Watzenrode. Whilst the father of Nicolaus was later traced to a village in Silesia
near Nysa.At the age of 10 his father had passed away and was then taken in by his uncle. During
the young ages Nicolaus had not studied the education that was necessary. As he Nicolaus grew
older he studied painting and mathematics, which then he developed an interest in in astronomy. He
was educated in the University of Padua in 1501 to 1503. Nicolaus spent several years investigating
the movements of the heavenly bodies and, in 1515; he had sent copies of his discoveries to other
astronomers. After further study Nicolaus published his theory in a book called 'On the Revolution
of Heavenly

Aristotle, Nicolaus Copernicus, Hubble, And Albert Einstein
What do Aristotle, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Edwin Powell Hubble,
and Albert Einstein, all have in common? Each of these extraordinary individuals were brilliant
astronomers that have given significant light on how the universe is thought of today, the Big Bang
Theory. The Big Bang theory is an effort to explain what happened at the very beginning of the
universe. Simply put, the theory is about the cosmological model of the universe starting with a
small high density and high temperature state, singularities – zones of infinite density, smaller than
an atom, inflating over the next 13.8 billion years, to the cosmos as we know it today, offering a
broad range of phenomena surrounding the theory. The expanding universe accounts for over 100
billion galaxies fleeing away from each other.
Aristotle, a Greek scientist – grandfather of science, 4 B.C. , believed in the geocentric cosmological
theory, in which the Earth is at the center , surrounded by concentric heavenly planets and stars. He
stressed that it was finite in size and unchanged throughout eternity. Aristotle separated all natural
things into four main groups, earth, air, fire and water. Also, he proposed that the heavens moved
naturally in a complicated circular motion and were made of a fifth ... Show more content on
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Any theory not in alignment with the Church's beliefs were considered heresy. The idea of a
heliocentric model of the solar system, was introduced in 1543 by Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish
Astronomer – founder of modern astronomy, placing the sun at its center instead of the Earth. His
model became a landmark to modern science and is frequently known as the Copernican
Revolution. In the early 17 th Century, Copernicus heliocentric model was denounced by the
Inquisition but only help to popularized his

How Did Nicolaus Copernicus Influence The Renaissance
The world of astronomy is filled with famous names, such as Galileo and Newton. However, one of
the most significant astronomers during the Renaissance era was Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus's
first interest in astronomy blossomed into a life of creating astronomical theories. These theories
would not only shape the world of science, but transform the Renaissance and history itself.
Nicolaus Copernicus was an extremely significant figure in history because he was a scientist, he
challenged the RCC, he used Classical World ideas, and he modeled the spirit of the Renaissance.
Nicolaus Copernicus made many scientific advancements during the Renaissance. For example, one
of the new theories he created was heliocentric theory. Heliocentric theory ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Copernicus's new heliocentric theory caused trouble with the church. The Church believed in
geocentrism, the theory that the Earth, Jerusalem specifically, was the center of the universe.
Copernicus's theory contradicted the Church's teachings, which made him hesitant to publicize his
ideas. Copernicus feared the punishments he would receive from the Church and other Christians for
his ideas. However, in 1530, he began to share his theory among other scholars. He received
positive feedback for his theory, and thirteen years later, he was convinced to publish his ideas in a
book called De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions on the Heavenly Spheres).
Many people rejected Copernicus's ideas; in fact, Martin Luther once stated, "This Fool wants to
turn the whole Art of Astronomy upside down." While his book did convince some people to accept
heliocentric theory, the book was not widely published, it was difficult to read, and the book was
very expensive, causing the book to gain little attention. Even with the lack of publicly, the Church
placed Copernicus's book on the list of forbidden books. Nonetheless, Copernicus's choice to
publish his theory, although it was not widely accepted, was extremely significant, because without
this choice, heliocentric theory may never had been discovered or publicly shared with the

Nicolaus Copernicus Solar System
When it comes to understanding how the planetary solar system works, few natural philosophers
have affected us more than Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus was a scientist who was born
on February 19, 1473. Around 1508, Copernicus started to develop his own idea of the solar system.
His theory stated that the Sun was the center of the universe. Before Copernicus, it was widely
believed that the Earth was the center of the universe rather than the Sun. Copernicus's theory
stressed the idea of heliocentrism or "Sun–centered system". Also, the Earth spins on its axis once
everyday while it revolves around the Sun once a year. Although there were previous inventions of
the planetary model, Copernicus's heliocentric system was a simpler way to understand the
calculations of the planetary system. In the former ages, there were astronomical models that were
based on the idea of the planets having an angular rotation. These angular rotations took place at a
specific distance from the center of the universe. Aristotle's theory stated that the planets rotated in
spheres around the center of the universe at fixed distances. "Among other things, it had the distinct
disadvantage that it could not account for variations in the apparent brightness of the planets since
the distances from the centre were always the same" (Robert S. Westman). This distinct
disadvantage sparked from the fact that all the planets engage in the same motion around the center
of the universe. Within these

Copernicus And Galileo : The Heavenly Bodies
Danielle Amar
Brooklyn College
History 3005
Prof. Tunney
10/24/17
Copernicus and Galileo
The chosen sources are considerably based on Copernicus and Galileo which further reflects the
comparison and contrast between both the well–known personalities. However, the first selected
source is "Dedication of the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies to Pope Paul III", analyzed and
constructed by Nicolaus Copernicus, 1543. Whereas, the second source is "Science and Scripture"
by Galileo, 1957. The first source is a primary study. This source is produced by Nicolaus
Copernicus. However, this particular study was produced in concerning the revolutions of the
heavenly bodies while highlighting the certain motions of the Earth. It has an agenda based ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"I still believe that one must avoid theories altogether foreign to orthodoxy", (p. 1) This observations
are related to the results of the study and it does not make any opposed argument. Additionally,
when considering the second source, the major point on the study is the conflict between science
and religion. The study reflects a scriptural argument, where he argues about the salvation.
Similarly, it has a theological argument that in such assessments it is quite proper to pay no attention
to scriptural assertions. The source is trying to peruse the argument against the Copernican system.
The writer's tone throughout the study changes to some extend and it was not noticed as sharp or too
much controversial. The source is making an astronomical observation and further argued to oppose.
The organization of the argument was effective and helpful.
In the first source the usage of words are difficult and typical which might create problem in terms
of understanding the concept and specific meaning of those used in scientific and philosophical
terms for individuals who does not belong to the similar field. The author employs words such as
ecclesiastical state. The effect of these words are the difficulty in understanding and observing the
concepts. Whereas, the second source as a study's author has used understandable words which have
clear meanings along with the effective meanings. The employ an extensive range of words which
have influential meanings and

Nicolaus Copernicus Let's say that you worked extremely hard on a project and you did extremely
well. You get that paper back and you failed! This is exactly what happened to Nicolaus Copernicus
because the church rejected his ideas. Why would they do that? They did this because Nicolaus
Copernicus proved everyone wrong when he discovered that actually we lived in a heliocentric
universe. Nicolaus Copernicus was a very important figure in the Renaissance. He was a leading
astronomer, mathematician, and scientist. He created the idea of a heliocentric universe which meant
he created the idea that the Sun was the center of the universe instead of the Earth. He was correct.
During his time the church had so much power it could reject his ideas, which they did by banning
his book to be read. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He was the fourth and youngest child in the Copernicus family. The family wasn't the richest, they
were copper merchants in their town of Torun. Copernicus' family was German (Mikolaj Kopernik
in German) but by the time he was born they were living in Poland. Must have been a fun trip being
pregnant. Therefore under Polish rule, he was Polish although his first language was German. He
did speak some Polish as well because he had lived there. At a young ripe age of 10, his father had
died. It is not clear what had happened to his mother and siblings although, generally assumed, they
hadn't moved. His uncle, Bishop of Varmia Lucas Watzenrode took a paternal role to make sure he
had a great education. This was obviously very hard on young Nicolaus so to keep distracted he kept
his head in his books which increased his intelligence. In 1491 Copernicus started to attend
University of Cracow where he studied Math and painting like a true Renaissance man that he was.
From his reading when he was younger, Nicolaus realized he was also into the stars and how they
had worked.

Nicolaus Copernicus Impact On Science
"To know that we know, and to know that we do not know what we do not know, that is true
knowledge" once said Intelligent Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus believes that true knowledge is
the understanding of what we know and do not know. He impacted the history of astronomy in
drastic ways. Nicolaus Copernicus, or Mikolaj Kopernik, was a german mathematician and
astronomer well known for creating his own celestial model of the heliocentric solar system. His
model specified that the sun, and not the earth, is closest to the centre of the universe. Nicolaus
Copernicus made a great impact towards the science world. Many astronomers nowadays use his
finding as evidence towards their own theories which eventually might revolutionize the world ...
This soon ended since Copernicus wanted to devote the rest of his life studying science. Since
astronomers had to study with nothing but their naked eye, he stared into the night sky looking
closely at the stars. Copernicus created his own celestial model of the heliocentric solar system. In
1514 he wrote a manuscripted commentary entitled Commentariolus which provided his theories
and a lot evidence to back them up. His theory was considered scientifically revolutionary.
Eventually his theory hit controversy. Ancient Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos had already
theorised his idea eighteen centuries ago. Although Copernicus' work was invented before, his
heliocentric system was more detailed and included more evidence. He concluded that the speed and
size of each planets orbit depends strictly on its distance from the sun. In 1543 when De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium was published, religious leader Martin Luther, and Lutheran
minister Andreas Osiander spoke against the heliocentric solar system model. Osiander claimed that
Copernicus wanted to "turn the art of astronomy upside down" Nicolaus Copernicus created a small
forty page commentary. His commentary included details about his theories. For example, planets
don't revolve around one fixed point. It also included that the earth is not the centre of the universe
but the sun, and all celestial bodies rotate

The Physics Of The Universe Beyond Earth
Astronomers are the type of scientists who study the physics of the universe beyond Earth. Galileo
Galilei is a famous astronomer and is often known as "the father of modern astronomy." He created
the first telescope with 30x magnification. Nicolaus Copernicus was a famous Polish astronomer
who established the concept that the Sun, rather than the Earth, is the center of the solar system and
is Earth's main source of light. His discovery lead to the concept that the Earth and other planets
rotate around the Sun. Therefore, because of his discovery, he changed the way people viewed our
solar system.
Vocabulary
Axis– a real or imaginary line through the center of an object, around which the object turns.
Counterclockwise– opposite to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2017. .
Common Misconceptions about Day and Night, Seasons – Polar Patterns: Day, Night, and Seasons –
Beyond Penguins and Polar Bears. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2017, from
http://beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu/issue/polar–patterns–day–night–and–seasons/common–
misconceptions–about–day–and–night–seasons
Nicolaus Copernicus. (2016, May 20). Retrieved February 21, 2017, from
http://www.biography.com/people/nicolaus–copernicus–9256984
"Sun–Earth–Moon." Sun–Earth–Moon – interactive simulations – eduMedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 11
Feb. 2017. .
St. Paul Public Schools. "Como Planetarium: Night and Day." NSTA, National Science
Teachers Association, 2014, ngss.nsta.org/Resource.aspx?ResourceID=494.
Materials:
Teacher Materials:
(5) Day and Night in Space! answer key (1 per teacher) attached
(5) Lesson plan outline (1 per teacher)
(1) Chart paper (for whole class)
(5) Markers (1 per teacher)
Internet access (YouTube)
SMART Board
Doc cam

(2) iPads (1 at each media station)
(2) Extension cords (1 for each lamp)
Paper shades for classroom windows
Earth Orbit Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R2lP146KA5A
Student Materials:
(12) Field hockey balls (6 at each demonstration station)
(2) Lamps (1 at each demonstration station)
(24) Day and Night in Space! Worksheets (1 per student) attached
(48) Drawing papers (2 per student, 1 for each station)
(24) Pencils
Rulers (optional)
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