4. Hvilke tider:
• nåtid
• fortid
• fremtid
– før nåtid (perfektum)
• He has gone now.
– Før fortid (pluskvamperfektum)
• He had gone when we arrived
5. Preteritum Perfektum
Grunnform s-form Samtidsformen partisipp
-ing form
Past Simple Past Participle
Base form 3rd person singular Present participle /
Present Simple Gerund
• Actions that The form of the verb
are repeated is usually the same as
or habitual the base form, but in
• States the 3rd person singular
• Statements adds –s.
that are Some verbs change
always true like to be
which uses am, is, are
and to have where
the 3-rd person is has
The auxiliary verb to
do is used in a
negative structure or
a question see below:
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6. Preteritum Perfektum
Grunnform s-form Samtidsformen partisipp
-ing form
Past Simple Past Participle
Base form 3rd person singular Present participle /
Present Simple Gerund
• I get up at • s/he drops by
6.00 am every Sunday
every • s/he goes home at
morning 4pm
• I like coffee •
• The sun (it)
sets in the
west
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8. Tenses
• The term tense means the way verbs change
to express the time in which the action takes
place.
• The Historical Present describes the past as if
it were happening now
• The use of the historical present may be an
effective device if you are writing fiction BUT
• You can also get very confused about where
you are in time… BE VERY CAREFUL
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9. Historical Present
Examples:
• I hear you resigned
• In jokes and imaginative writing it gives
dramatic immediacy: The battle rages all
immediacy
around him (dear reader) We see the brave
Captain Francis Drake standing by the wheel
with the Spanish Amada burning as he
continued to attack and destroy the Spanish
fleet. As the fighting ends…..
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12. FLERTALLS FORM, ENTALLS BETYDNING:
• news (nyheter): No news (it) is good news.
• crossroads (veikryss): They met at a crossroads(it)
• mathematics (matematikk): Mathematics (Its) is an
interesting subject.
• physics (fysikk): Physics (It) is studied in schools.
• measles (meslinger): Measles (Its) is a children's illness.
Disse substantivene, som har flertalls form, tar likevel
verbet i entall etter seg og pronomenet
• it, its.
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13. ENTALLS FORM, FLERTALLS BETYDNING:
• cattle (storfe): The cattle are grazing in the paddock.
• police (politi): We rang the police. They came at
once.
• A policeman - two policemen.
Cattle og police har flertalls betydning og tar derfor
verbet i flertall og pronomenene
• they, them, their, theirs.
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14. ORD MED BÅDE ENTALLS OG
FLERTALLS BETYDNING:
a) Med flertalls betydning:
• people: There were a lot of people present. They are working hard.
• family: The family (= they) were sitting around the table.
• crew: The crew (= they) were discussing their wages.
• party: The Labour Party (= they) have voted for him.
Disse substantivene brukes med flertalls betydning når vi tenker på at gruppen er
sammensatt av enkeltpersoner. Pronomen som viser tilbake på dem, må da vare i 3. person
flertall (they, them, their, theirs).
b) Med entalls betydning:
• people: People of the world unite ! (= it unites)
• family: The family (= it) comes from France.
• crew,: The crew (= it) comes from the Australian boat ”Fanfare” .
• party: The Conservative Party (= it) is against the plan.
Når gruppene betraktes som en enhet, har disse ordene entalls betydning. Pronomen:
• it, its.
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15. Genitiv (eieform) (The Genetive)
a) Flertall a) Entall
• The peoples’mountains • Narvik’s book
• The girls’work • Napster’s internet site
• The boys’ car • The boy’s car
• The children’s bike • Fiona’s friend
• The men’s friends • Its face
• Their faces
Genitiv entall dannes ved apostrof
Husk !! og s ('s).
• Its = dens/dets Genitiv flertall skrives bare med
apostrof (') etter ord med flertalls
• It’s = it is
s. Ellers skrives apostrof og s ('s)
som i entall og uttales som flertalls
s i substantiv
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16. Vanlig feil
Incorrect use of it is or there is/there are is one of the most common mistakes
Norwegian students make in writing or speaking English. As a general rule
you should try to remember that when it is possible to say “det fins” or
“det eksistere”, then you should use there is or there are. Fill in with
either it or there.
• ___________ is an exciting story to read
• Do you think _______________ is enough action in the story?
• ___________is extremely cold in the water in winter.
• What is ____________________ to worry about?
• Is _____________ anybody home ?
• ____________________ is always so much to do at school.
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17. ENGLISH IDIOMS
• in any case
• anyway
• in other words
• on the whole
• It’s no wonder
• as far as I am concerned
• in spite of
• to a great extent
• in my opinion
• on the one hand
• a typical problem
• as a result
• from my point of view
• in my opinion
• for that reason
• as far as I am concerned
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18. Star Writing Tricks
Three parallel groups of words, usually
separated by commas, which create
Figurative Language a poetic rhythm or add support for a
add “spice” to writing and can
help paint a more vivid picture
point, especially when the three
for the reader. groups have their own modifiers.
It was a beautiful June morning, I like reading mysteries that
and the last few days of challenge me, watching
freedom before school were science fiction films, and
slipping away faster than sending e-mail to all of my
springtime showers. friends when I am not busy
studying.
"Will you walk a little faster?" said a
whiting to a snail,"There's a porpoise
close behind us, and he's treading on
mytail.”C.S. Lewis
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