2. » Milestone in the history of human rights
» It was declared by the UNGA on December 10
and lays down a common standard of
achievements for all people and all nations.

3. » The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement
linked to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, which commits its
Parties by setting internationally binding emission
reduction targets.
» Recognizing that developed countries are
principally responsible for the current high levels of
GHG emissions in the atmosphere as, the Protocol
places a heavier burden on developed nations
under the principle of "common but differentiated
responsibilities."

4. » The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February
2005. Its first commitment period started in 2008 and
ended in 2012.
» In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the "Doha
Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" was adopted
» During the first commitment period, 37 industrialized
countries and the European Community committed to
reduce GHG emissions to an average of five percent
against 1990 levels. During the second commitment
period, Parties committed to reduce GHG emissions by
at least 18 percent below 1990 levels in the eight-year
period from 2013 to 2020; however, the composition
of Parties in the second commitment period is
different from the first.

5. » Under the Protocol, countries must meet their
targets primarily through national measures.
However, the Protocol also offers them an
additional means to meet their targets by way
of three market-based mechanisms.
» The Kyoto mechanisms are:
- International Emissions Trading
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
- Joint Implementation

6. » The Millennium project was commissioned by
the UN Secretary-General in 2002 to develop a
concrete a action plan for the world
» In 2013, world leaders renewed their
commitment to meet the MDG’s target and
agreed to hold a high-level Summit in
September 2015 to adopt a new set of goals

7. » 8 goals
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve Universal Primary question
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Imrove maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainabiity
- Global Partnership for Development

8. » The Geneva Conventions and their Additional
Protocols are the international treaties that
contain the most important rules limiting the
barbarity of war.
» They specifically protect people who do not
take part in the fighting (civilians, health
workers and aid workers) and those who are no
longer fighting (such as wounded, sick and
shipwrecked soldiers and prisoners of war)

9. » The Additional Protocols to the Geneva
Conventions
- Additional Protocol I: international conflicts
- Additional Protocol II: non-international
conflicts
- Additional Protocol III: additional distinctive
emblem

10. » A landmark treaty whose objective is to prevent
the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons
technology, to promote cooperation in the
peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to further
the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and
general and complete disarmament.
» 190 countries

11. » To further the goal of non-proliferation and as a
confidence-building measure between States
parties, the Treaty establishes a safeguards system
under the responsibility of the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA).
» The 2010 Review Conference of the Parties to the
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons (NPT) and agreed to a final document
which included a review of the operation of the
Treaty