Are these statements true or false The universe of discourse is the.pdf

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Are these statements true or false? The universe of discourse is the set of all people and P(x,y) means \'\'x is a parent of y\'\' (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Solution ?x?yP(x,y) would mean \"there exists x ( for which ) there exists y such that x is a parent of y\". Now the negation at the beginning I would think is applicable to the first quantifier. So we may as well bracket it (.

Are these statements true or false? The universe of discourse is the set of all people and P(x,y)
means ''x is a parent of y''
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Solution
?x?yP(x,y) would mean "there exists x ( for which ) there exists y such that x is a parent of y".
Now the negation at the beginning I would think is applicable to the first quantifier. So we may
as well bracket it (

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What are some of the advantages in the use of AOA notation as opposed to AON? Under what circumstances does it seem better to apply AON methodology in network development? Solution AOA means activity on arc. In network diagrams AOA notation uses arrow diagram where each activity is represented by an arrow joining 2 circles (nodes). The circles or the nodes represents the transition between activities, which are called events. AON means activity on node. Here activities are represented by circles and the arc represents the events. The advantage of using AOA as opposed to AON is that AOA is more suitable for analytical techniques. Path tracking in case of AOA is simplified by event numbering. Lastly key events are easy to identify. AON is better under the following circumstances:.

What are some of the advantages in the use of AOA notation as oppose.pdf

What are some of the advantages in the use of AOA notation as oppose.pdf

What are some of the advantages in the use of AOA notation as oppose.pdf

Verify the identity.StartFraction sine left parenthesis alpha plus.pdf

Verify the identity.StartFraction sine left parenthesis alpha plus.pdf

Verify the identity.StartFraction sine left parenthesis alpha plus.pdf

Use C++ class Node{ public: Node ( int = 0 ); // constructor with default value for // info field int info; // data Node * next; // pointer to next node in the list }; and put the constructor in Node.cpp // Constructor Node::Node ( int data ) { info = data; next = nullptr; } Write the following using the Node class. A function that copies a linked list pointed to by ptr and returns a pointer to the copied list. Please note: the copied list should be independent of the original list; the original list can be destroyed and the copy should still remain. const Node * copy (Node * ptr); Solution Need to perform \'Deep copy\' here : const Node * copy (Node * ptr) { //Create new list to hold copied items Node* newNode = new Node; //Return if empty list if (ptr->next == 0) { return newNode; } while(ptr !=NULL) { newNode->info = ptr->info; newNode->next = ptr->next; ptr = ptr ->next; } return newNode; }.

Use C++class Node{public Node ( int = 0 ); constru.pdf

Use C++class Node{public Node ( int = 0 ); constru.pdf

Use C++class Node{public Node ( int = 0 ); constru.pdf

This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to do with Binary trees, and I am very confused on how to work with them, if anyone can help I will be very grateful, thank you!! You are to create a balanced binary tree which means that at each node n, the size of the left subtree of n is within one of the size of the right subtree of n Your program shall read in from user input a list of positive integers into an array (at most 100 elements). Your input stops when it reads a 0 (sentinel ). Your program will then sort the elements in the array. You MUST write your own sort routine You are then to create a balanced binary tree from this data. You are then to print out your balanced tree using pre-order, in-order, and post-order routines Requirements 1) Program must read integers from user input into an array 2) Program must sort integers with sort routine written by user 3) Program must implement a binary tree object using links (not arrays) 4) Program must implement at least methods PREORDER, INORDER, POSTORDER, ADD (create a balanced binary search tree from the given array). 5) Output demonstrating input and output Solution import java.io.*; import java.util.*; class Nodetype { int info; int ht; Nodetype left; Nodetype right; Nodetype(int i) { info=i; ht=0; left=null; right=null; } } class Functions { Nodetype AVLroot; void create() { int x,n,i; AVLroot=null; int[] a=new int[100]; String str; int counter=0; System.out.println(\"\ Enter numbers:\"); do { x=getNumber(); a[counter]=x; counter++; }while(x!=0); int[] finalarr=new int[100]; finalarr=sort(a); int tcntr=0; while(finalarr[tcntr]!=0) { AVLroot=insert(AVLroot,finalarr[tcntr]); tcntr++; } System.out.println(\"\ Preorder sequene:\"); preorder(AVLroot); System.out.println(\"\ Inorder sequence:\"); inorder(AVLroot); System.out.println(\"\ Postorder sequence:\"); postorder(AVLroot); } int[] sort(int[] arr) { int n = arr.length; int temp = 0; for(int i=0; i < n; i++){ for(int j=1; j < (n-i); j++){ if(arr[j-1] > arr[j]&&arr[j]!=0){ //swap elements temp = arr[j-1]; arr[j-1] = arr[j]; arr[j] = temp; } } } return (arr); } int getNumber() { String str; int ne=0; InputStreamReader input=new InputStreamReader(System.in); BufferedReader in=new BufferedReader(input); try { str=in.readLine(); ne=Integer.parseInt(str); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(\"\ I/O error.\"); } return ne; } Nodetype insert(Nodetype T,int x) { if(T==null) { Nodetype node=new Nodetype(x); T=node; } else if(x>T.info) { T.right=insert(T.right,x); if(BF(T)==-2) if(x>T.right.info) T=RR(T); else T=RL(T); } else if(xrh) return(lh); return(rh); } Nodetype rotateright(Nodetype x) { Nodetype y; y=x.left; x.left=y.right; y.right=x; x.ht=height(x); y.ht=height(y); return(y); } Nodetype rotateleft(Nodetype x) { Nodetype y; y=x.right; x.right=y.left; y.left=x; x.ht=height(x); y.ht=height(y); return(y); } Nodetype RR(Nodetype T) { T=rotateleft(T); return(T); } Nodetype LL(Nodetype T) { T=rotateright(T); return(T); .

This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to.pdf

This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to.pdf

This is a lab for a java program that I am very unsure of, it has to.pdf

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about Select one: a. 170 parts per million. b. 300 parts per million. c. 400 parts per million d. 800 parts per million. How would a shift in land use from forest to agriculture affect atmospheric carbon dioxide? Select one: a. It would have no effect. b. It would result in a large release of CO_2 c. It would result in a decrease in release of CO_2 d. Neither forests nor crops contribute significantly to atmospheric carbon dioxide Charles Keeling chose to monitor atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at Mauna Loa Observatory because Select one: a. uptake of carbon dioxide would be greatest in warm tropical forests b. it was located far from industrial sources of pollution that might make interpretation of the data more difficult c. the climate in Hawaii was very different from the climate of Big Sur (California) where he did his previous work on carbon dioxide d. the relative contribution of fossil fue Solution The concentration of carbondioxide in the atmosphere today is around 400 Parts per million (ppm). The safe level of carbondioxide in atmosphere is around 350ppm. The shift in land use from forest to agrivulture results in large release of carbondioxide in atmosphere. Also release of other greenhouse gasses results in global warming. Its because of the relative contribution of fossil fuel burning to the release of atmospheric carbondioxide was debated. Its one of the major reason for the increase in global warminh..

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about .pdf

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about .pdf

The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere today is about .pdf

Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response processes may differ in properly shutting down the systems for transport to the laboratory. Solution Computer Incident Response and Computer Forensics Overview carried out in different operating system. As follows below: Introduction When a compromise of security or an unauthorized/illegal action associated with a computer is suspected, it is important that steps are taken to ensure the protection of the data within the computer and/or storage media. The stored data is needed to determine the level of security compromise and location of potential evidence concerning the unauthorized or illegal act. The initial response to a computer security incident may be more important than later technical analysis of the computer system because of the actions taken by incident response team members. Actions taken by the incident response team impact subsequent laboratory examinations of the computer and/or media. Of most importance is that the first responder act appropriately. In the event of a suspected computer incident, care must be taken to preserve evidence in its original state. While it may seem that simply viewing files on a system would not result in alteration of the original media, opening a file changes it. From a legal sense, it is no longer the original evidence and may be inadmissible in any subsequent legal or administrative proceedings. This paper will focus on the incident response and computer forensics on the personal or desktop computers. The incident response and forensic procedures and techniques for servers may additional knowledge and tools. Incident Response Every organization should have an incident response team. This team may consist of one person in an organization or several persons. In the event of suspected computer crime or violations of user policies, the team should be activated. The team should have written procedures for incident response, including what conditions warrant calling in local and/or federal law enforcement authorities. Violations of user policies may result in administrative actions whereas suspected computer crimes may require that law enforcement authorities be called in. The incident team needs to protect evidence for either situation. For administrative actions, the procedures described in this paper may be sufficient. However, for suspected computer crimes, the law enforcement officials may instruct the incident team to wait for their arrival. The activities/procedures for securing a suspected computer incident scene include · Securing the scene · Shutting down the computer · Labeling the evidence · Documenting the evidence · Transporting the evidence · Providing chain-of-custody documentation The computer incident response team should keep in mind that what begins as a collection of evidence for violation of administrative policy violations may escalate into collection of evidence for more serious violations. The computer may hav.

Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response.pdf

Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response.pdf

Research and discuss two operating systems and how incident response.pdf

Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How does the mode of attachment relate to their function? Solution Membrane proteins are very important for different type of cellular functions like a transport signalling pathways and cell adhesion etc…. proteins are interacting with membrane in different types Some proteins are associated with cytoplasmic face of the cell membrane; some proteins are associated with extracellular face of the plasma membrane (peripheral proteins) and integral or intrinsic proteins. Extrinsic proteins do not interact with the hydrophobic core of the phospholipids bilayer. Example porins are transmembrane proteins that play a major role in water transport Prostaglandin H2 extracellular membrane bounded protein that is associated with surface of the plasma membrane. Play major role in inflammation..

Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How doe.pdf

Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How doe.pdf

Proteins can be attached to a membrane in a variety of ways. How doe.pdf

Problem 1-What is environmental engineering? (20 pts) Below you will see a list of four different scenarios which to field of environmental engineering. For each one of ihena may involve the area you need (1) Write out if th have defined it in our course e scenario involves environmental engineering as wo for (1) by explaining what area of environmental engineering the scenario fits into and why decide YES, the scenario does involve the field of specific an environmental engineering, then describe something environmental engineer might do as part o scenario. If you decide scendor of environmental engineering. you do not have to do anything t f their job in thot e NQ, the scenario does not involve the field this step. northern Scenario 1: Unsustainable deforestation in an old growth Canadian forest the Congo. Scenario 3: Assessment of the level of exposure of indoor air pollutants in a school building for children that go to the school. Scenario 4: Assisting a Native American tribe in legal arguments to justity to a state court that their water rights are being violated. Scenario 2: Right handling of acid mine water drainage for a gold mine in Solution 1. 1.At 0.02% of its forested area, deforestation in Canada is among the world’s lowest, yet many myths exist about the state of our forests. The reality is that Canada is a world leader in sustainable forest management. Canadian forests are healthy, productive and thriving. Deforestation is an important issue, since shrinking forest cover reduces biodiversity, affects soil and water quality, impacts wildlife habitat and influences climate change. The Canadian government carefully monitors and regularly publishes reports on deforestation. Our scientists combine satellite and aerial images with information about regional development, forest ecosystems, natural processes and local conditions to help monitor and manage the health of Canadian forests. Here are some key facts about Canada’s low levels of deforestation. The annual deforestation rate in Canada in 2010 was less than 0.02% of our forests and the rate has been declining for over 25 years. In 1990, 63,100 hectares were lost to deforestation and in 2014 this figure dropped to 34,200 hectares. Today, Canada’s 348 million hectares of forest lands represent about 9% of the world’s forest cover, but account for only 0.3% of global deforestation. Deforestation only occurs when forests are permanently removed so the land can be used for something else. Harvesting, forest fires and insect infestations do not constitute deforestation, since the affected areas will grow back. According to laws, regulations and policies in place across Canada, all areas harvested on public land must be reforested, either by replanting or through natural regeneration. About 94% of Canada’s forests are on public land. The conversion of forest to agricultural land is decreasing but it remains the largest contributor to deforestation in Canada. The small contribution the.

Problem 1-What is environmental engineering (20 pts) Below you wil.pdf

Problem 1-What is environmental engineering (20 pts) Below you wil.pdf

Problem 1-What is environmental engineering (20 pts) Below you wil.pdf

NetWork Design Question 2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion? Dicuss the information identifying congestion in the network as well as the mechanism for reducing congestion? Solution Congestion is a problem that occurs on shared networks when multiple users contend for access to the same resources (bandwidth, buffers, and queues). Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) uses a network congestion-avoidance algorithm that includes various aspects of an additive increase/multiplicative decrease (AIMD) scheme, with other schemes such as slow-start to achieve congestion avoidance. The TCP congestion-avoidance algorithm is the primary basis for congestion control in the Internet. Congestion typically occurs where multiple links feed into a single link, such as where internal LANs are connected to WAN links. Congestion also occurs at routers in core networks where nodes are subjected to more traffic than they are designed to handle. TCP/IP networks such as the Internet are especially susceptible to congestion because of their basic connectionless nature. There are no virtual circuits with guaranteed bandwidth. Packets are injected by any host at any time, and those packets are variable in size, which make predicting traffic patterns and providing guaranteed service impossible. While connectionless networks have advantages, quality of service is not one of them. Shared LANs such as Ethernet have their own congestion control mechanisms in the form of access controls that prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at the same time. Identifying: Congestion is primarily reflected by a conventional user feeling-- slowness. This statement reflects the change in the network effective flow, that is the time required to transmit an entire data from one point to another. The effective flow doenot exist as such, it consists in reality of three seperate indicators: *Latency:the effective flow is inversely proportional to the latency. *Jitter:it is latency variation over time, impacts by influencing the flow latency *Loss Rate:the theoritical bandwidth is inversely proportional to the square root of the loss rate These Congestion symtoms allow us to rely on objective indicators to characterize it. Mechanism to reduce congestion: The standard fare in TCP implementations today has four standard congestion control algorithms that are now in common use. Their usefulness has passed the test of time. The four algorithms, Slow Start, Congestion Avoidance, Fast Retransmit and Fast Recovery are described below. (a) Slow Start Slow Start, a requirement for TCP software implementations is a mechanism used by the sender to control the transmission rate, otherwise known as sender-based flow control. This is accomplished through the return rate of acknowledgements from the receiver. In other words, the rate of acknowledgements returned by the receiver determine the rate at which the sender can transmit data. When a TCP connection first begins, the Slow Start algorithm initializes a .

NetWork Design Question2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion Dicuss.pdf

NetWork Design Question2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion Dicuss.pdf

NetWork Design Question2.) How does TCP prevent Congestion Dicuss.pdf

Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological succession and make the environment more amenable for other species. How do these plants contribute to nitrogen levels in the soil? Solution Answer: Mosses and liverworts have been found to be the first organisms to colonize either a primary succession or secondary succession. Their spores are carried by birds, insects or wind. Studies indicate that mosses and liverworts make the soil more amenable to colonization by other plants. This can be attributed to the fact that mosses and liverworts establish symbiotic association with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria, thus replenishing the soil with nitrogen..

Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological success.pdf

Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological success.pdf

Mosses and liverworts are early colonizers during ecological success.pdf

Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no language support for concurrency. C and C++ are examples of such languages. Is it essential that a language include syntax for concurrency to be able to write concurrent programs in that language? If not, how is it accomplished? What are the advantages and disadvantages of including support for concurrency in a language? Solution Advantages: 1).Although the tasks are running and the user can relate with the applications. 2).It has the availability of services. means long running the tasks will not delay tiny running ones. 3). complex programs make better use of many resources. 4).tasks are requiring certain pre conditions can hang and wait untill the pre conditions are seize and then restart implementation properly. Disadvantages: 1). a chance of corrupting consistent state of program by concurrent tasks. 2).Deadlock may occur. 3).It would be masters exponential number of interleavings due to different schedules..

Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no langua.pdf

Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no langua.pdf

Many programming languages, especially older ones, provide no langua.pdf

Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone Palatine bone Vomer bone Zygomatic bone Forms bridge of nose Only movable bone in the facial skeleton Contains coronoid process Creates prominence of cheek inferior and lateral to the eye Contains sockets of upper teeth Forms inferior portion of nasal septum Forms anterior portion of zygomatic arch Scroll-shaped bone in nasal passage Forms anterior roof of mouth Contains mental foramen Forms posterior roof of mouth Small bone in medial wall of orbit Forms a very small portion of inferior orbit Contains large sinus inferior to orbit Solution.

Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone .pdf

Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone .pdf

Inferior nasal concha Lacrimal bone Mandible Maxilla Nasal bone .pdf

import java.util.*; public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String x=\"X\"; int amount; System.out.println(\"Enter amount\"); amount=input.nextInt(); System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount); for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++) { System.out.println(x); for(int j=1; j<=i; j++) { System.out.print(x); } } } } Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain using the most basic codes. import java.util.*; public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String x=\"X\"; int amount; System.out.println(\"Enter amount\"); amount=input.nextInt(); System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount); for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++) { System.out.println(x); for(int j=1; j<=i; j++) { System.out.print(x); } } } } Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain using the most basic codes. import java.util.*; public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String x=\"X\"; int amount; System.out.println(\"Enter amount\"); amount=input.nextInt(); System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount); for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++) { System.out.println(x); for(int j=1; j<=i; j++) { System.out.print(x); } } } } Why does It print out the last set of X\'s twice? I am doing basic Java so please try to explain using the most basic codes. Solution Hi, I have modified the code. it is working as expected now. Highlighted the code changes below. Issue here is with you have written this statement twice System.out.println(x); which causes the issue. Program.java import java.util.*; public class Program { public static void main(String[] args) { Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); String x=\"X\"; int amount; System.out.println(\"Enter amount\"); amount=input.nextInt(); System.out.println(\"Amount is: \"+amount); for(int i=1; i<=amount; i++) { System.out.println(); for(int j=1; j<=i; j++) { System.out.print(x); } } } } Output: Enter amount 10 Amount is: 10 X XX XXX XXXX XXXXX XXXXXX XXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX.

import java.util.;public class Program{public static void.pdf

import java.util.;public class Program{public static void.pdf

import java.util.;public class Program{public static void.pdf

I need this in python. Only python, please. Use list methods to add or remove elements from the list. The tool accepts only integers or floating point values. Sort short_names in reverse alphabetic order. Sample output from given program: Solution short_names=[\'Jan\',\'Sam\',\'Ann\',\'Joe\',\'Tod\'] short_names.sort(); #it will sort in ascending order short_names.reverse(); #it will reverse the soretd list print(short_names) ####OUTPUT##### sh-4.3$ python main.py [\'Tod\', \'Sam\', \'Joe\', \'Jan\', \'Ann\'] ####OUTPUT#####.

I need this in python. Only python, please. Use list methods to add .pdf

I need this in python. Only python, please. Use list methods to add .pdf

I need this in python. Only python, please. Use list methods to add .pdf

How many defective copies of a gene must someone inherit to express a disease caused by a dominant gene? How many defective copies of a gene must someone inherit to express a recessive disorder? What is the expected phenotypic ratio of affected to unaffected individuals for a dominant disorder? Solution In autosomal dominant inheritance even single copy of gene requires to get expressed phenotypically in offspring In autosomal recessive inheritance two copies of allele of the disease are require for an individual to the susceptible to express phenotypically There is 50% chances of offspring to get affected in a dominant disorder.

How many defective copies of a gene must someone inherit to express .pdf

How many defective copies of a gene must someone inherit to express .pdf

How many defective copies of a gene must someone inherit to express .pdf

From Chapter 2 - Identify and describe the critical functions of computer systems and how green computing is implemented. Please answer both questions. You will have to start a new thread in order to post. Solution Critical Functions of Computer System are 1. Inputting 2.Outputting 3.Mutiprocessing 4.Storing 5.Controlling Inputting: Input units link external environment with computer system. Data and instructions must be entered before performing any competition. They can be entered through input devices like Keyboard. Output unit: It provides information reasons of computation to the output of the world. It links the computer with external world. A computer prepares results in binary code and the output unit converts these results into human acceptable forms. It performs the following functions. Storage unit: Before processing, data & instructions entered to the computer must be stored inside computer and results produced by the computer are to be stored before passed to the output unit. The intermediate result produced by the computer must be stored for processing. functions of storage unit are as follows: ALU: It is the place where actual execution of the instructions takes places during the processing operations. All calculations & comparisons are done in the ALU. The data and instructions stored in the primary storage are transfered as where they are required. Intermediate results are also transfered back to ALU for final processing. After completion of processing, final results are transfered to storage units from ALU. Control unit: ALU doesn`tt know what should done with data likewise, output device doesn`tt know when result should be displayed. By selecting, interning and seeing the execution of the program the Control Unit will maintain order and direct the operations of the entire system Control Unit doesn’t perform any actual processing on data yet it is called as central nervous system of the computer. It manages and co-ordinates the entire system. Green Computing is implemented in five steps: Step1: Develop a sustainable green computing plan. Step2: Recycle. Step3: Make environmentally sound purchase decisions. Step4: Reduce Paper Consumption. Step5: Conserve Energy..

From Chapter 2 - Identify and describe the critical functions of com.pdf

From Chapter 2 - Identify and describe the critical functions of com.pdf

From Chapter 2 - Identify and describe the critical functions of com.pdf

For this activity, hover over the various management viewpoints for hints and descriptions and place them in the correct chronological order on the sequential timeline below. Solution Historical perspective: 2. Behavioural viewpoint: it is the second viewpoint and it emphasizes on motivating the employees and controlling human behaviour and emotions towards achievement of goals. 3. Quantitative viewpoint: It is the third viewpoint and it emphasizes on use and application of quantitative methods for management decision making. Contemporary perspective:.

For this activity, hover over the various management viewpoints for h.pdf

For this activity, hover over the various management viewpoints for h.pdf

For this activity, hover over the various management viewpoints for h.pdf

Explain the goal of interim reporting and how the interim period is viewed relative to an annual period. Solution ANSWER: The primary goal of interim financial statements is to provide to users in due time the accounting information which is required for the elaboration of operational or funding or investment decision. Moreover can provide users the meaningful information about the directions on the business development and on the seasonality of certain activities. This information could be highlighted in the financial statements for the financial year. The meaningful, reliable and timely interim financial reporting enhances the ability of creditors, investors, and others to understand a firm\'s capacity to generate earnings and cash flows, its financial condition and liquidity Interim reporting is the reporting of the financial results of any period which is lesser than a fiscal year, thus interim periods are accounting time periods which are generally less than one year in duration, such as a month, a quarter, or a semi-annual period..

Explain the goal of interim reporting and how the interim period is .pdf

Explain the goal of interim reporting and how the interim period is .pdf

Explain the goal of interim reporting and how the interim period is .pdf

Describe various scales of measurements. Provide two examples of each scale. Describe various scales of measurements. Provide two examples of each scale. Solution Nominal Level Level of measurement which classifies data into mutually exclusive, all inclusive categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data. Example: Gender, Race Ordinal Level Level of measurement which classifies data into categories that can be ranked. Differences between the ranks do not exist. Example: class Rank, socio economic status( low, medium,high) Interval Level Level of measurement which classifies data that can be ranked and differences are meaningful. However, there is no meaningful zero, so ratios are meaningless. Example: Temperature in Celsius, time Ratio Level Level of measurement which classifies data that can be ranked, differences are meaningful, and there is a true zero. True ratios exist between the different units of measure. Example: age, height.

Describe various scales of measurements. Provide two examples of .pdf

Describe various scales of measurements. Provide two examples of .pdf

Describe various scales of measurements. Provide two examples of .pdf

Discrete random variables X(u) and F(u) both take values in {-1,0,+1}. The joint probability mass function for X (u) and Y (u) is where K is a constant. Find and provide a label sketch of the conditional probability mass functions: Given that X(u) = i, find the best estimate of Y(u) under the Linear MMSE, MMSE, Maximum Likelihood, and Maximum A posteriori Probability criteria. Fill in the table below to describe your answer: What is the residual mean-squared error for the Linear MMSE estimator? Solution.

Discrete random variables X(u) and F(u) both take values in {-1,0,+1}.pdf

Discrete random variables X(u) and F(u) both take values in {-1,0,+1}.pdf

Discrete random variables X(u) and F(u) both take values in {-1,0,+1}.pdf

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