- The document provides an overview of an introduction to seismology course, including topics covered, textbook, assignments, and grading. - Seismology studies earthquake generation and propagation to understand Earth's deep interior structure through analysis of seismic wave velocities, densities, and boundaries within Earth. - Analysis of seismic wave travel times has revealed details of Earth's internal structure, such as the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core.

1. Introduction to Seismology Ali O. Oncel [email_address] Department of Earth Sciences KFUPM Lecture 1 Overview

2. Dr. Ali O. Oncel: Building 26, Room:319 (oncel@kfupm.edu.sa) Sunday . 2:00-4:00 PM room 319 Tuesday. 2:00-4:00 PM room 319 Scheduled Office Hours

3. Class Website

4. An introduction to Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure by Stein and Wysession GEOP 204: Final Exam 20% Mid Term Exam 20% Term Project 15% Class presentation 15% Quiz 10% Homework 10% Class Participation 1 0% Recommended Text and Grading

6. What is seismology? To study the generation, propagation and recording of elastic waves in the earth and other celestial “outer space” bodies.

7. Japanese Folklore: Earthquakes caused by giant Namazu .

12. The Shape of the Earth

13. Mechanical Layering

19. Standard reference model established in 1981 by Dziewonsky and Anderson called PREM (Preliminary reference Earth Model), which is accepted as a Current standard by IASPEI91, AK135. Depth Variation of P- and S-wave

22. a) During ductile deformation particles remain connected and flow b) Brittle deformation results in the development of fractures Style of Deformation

24. Can you read this?

25. Seismologists “read” seismograms to learn about the earth.

26. Seismic Body Waves

27. Seismic Body Waves

28. Seismic Surface Waves

29. Seismic Surface Waves

30. Tomography/Travel Time Curves Bolt, 1976

31. Pacific Super-plume Courtesy of B. Romanowicz

32. Courtesy of Van Heijst et al. African Super-Plume

33. Seismic refraction profile recorded in ocean basin, Sheriff and Geldart, 1995 S – Reflections from bottom of water Refraction Interpretation D D - Direct Arrival P P - Lower Crustal Refraction within the crust and from the Moho S

34. Fowler, 1990 Seismic Refraction Interpretation

35. Reflection Interpretation Bowen and White, 1986 A migrated seismic-reflection profile across the Vema Transform Fault on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 6°N, approximately midway between the African and South American plates.

36. Velocity/Density Versus Depth P-Velocity S-Velocity Density