1. The document discusses the history and development of antibiotic resistance. It notes that antibiotics were originally natural substances produced by fungi or bacteria, but now include both natural and synthetic drugs. 2. It provides a detailed table outlining the major classes of antimicrobial drugs, including beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, quinolones, macrolides, and others. 3. The document references two online sources for additional information on antimicrobial drugs and infections.

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SUBMITTED TO:
Mr. NASEEM ABBAS SB
SUBMITTED BY:
Mr. NOMAN HAFEEZ KHOSA
SUBJECT:
Mchanism of Antimicrobial Drugs
DISCIPLINE:
BS-MICROBIOLOGY
DATED: (March11, 2015.)
ANTIBIOTICS

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SHORTHISTORYOFANTIBIOTICS ANDOF DEVELOPINGRESISTANCE
S.A.Waksman introduced the term „antibiotic“in 1942. In forties to sixties, the term “antibiotic”
was clearly differed from the term “chemotherapeutic drug”: Antibiotics were natural drugs
produced by several fungi or bacteria. Chemotherapeutic drugs were man-made substances.
Nevertheless the differences were abolished after chemical synthesis of some antibiotics has
been realized and new drugs have been developed from the natural products with binding
various side chains to the basic structure.
From this point of view, the history of antibiotics begun in 1932 when the first sulfonamide was
prepared. The boom of sulfonamides appeared thereafter with about 5.000 substances
developed during years 1932-1945. Sulfonamides were effective in urinary tract infections,
shigellosis, pneumococcal pneumonia and even in purulent meningitis. But the effect of
sulfonamides was totally exceeded with penicillin and streptomycin. It was a happy chance that
these two antibiotics covered the whole spectrum of bacteria. Penicillin was very effective
against the most danger microbes of that time – pneumococci and streptococci – and also
against other important pathogens like staphylococci, meningococci, gonococci,
Corynebacterium diphteriae, or Treponema pallidum. Streptomycin killed the gram-negative
aerobic bacteria and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
β-Lactam antibiotics
Benzylpenicillins
Penicillin G
(benzylpenicillin sodium,
procaine benzylpenicillin,
benzathine penicillin)
Phenoxy-
penicillins(oral
penicillins)
Penicillin V
Propicillin
Penicillinaseresistant
penicillins
(anti-staphylococcal
penicillins)
Oxacillin
Dicloxacillin
Flucloxacillin
Aminobenzylpenicilli
ns
Ampicillin
Amoxicillin
Ureidopenicillins
(broad-spectrum
penicillins)
Mezlocillin
Piperacillin
β-Lactam/
β -lactamase
Inhibitors
Ampicillin/-
sulbactam
Amoxicillin/-
clavulanate
Piperacillin/
tazobactam
Sulbactam in free
Combinations
Cephalosporins
(first generation)
Cefazolin
Cefalexin (oral)
Cefadroxil (oral)
Cephalosporins
(second
generation)
Cefuroxime
Cefotiam
Cefuroxime axetil

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Cefaclor (oral)
Loracarbef
Cephalosporins
(third and fourth
generation)
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidime
Cefepime
Cefixime (oral)
Cefpodoxime
proxetil (oral)
Ceftibuten (oral)
Monobactams
Aztreonam
Carbapenems
Imipenem
Meropenem
Ertapenem
Doripenem
b-Lactamase
inhibitors
Clavulanic acid
Sulbactam
Tazobactam
Other
substances
Aminoglycosides
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Tobramycin
Netilmicin
Amikacin
Tetracyclines
Tetracycline
Doxycycline
Minocycline
Quinolones
Group I:
Norfloxacin
Group II:
Enoxacin
Ofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin
Group III:
Levofloxacin
Group IV:
Moxifloxacin
I: Indications essentially
limited to UTI
II: Widely indicated
III: Improved activity
against Gram-positive and
atypical
pathogens
IV: Further enhanced
activity against Gram-
positive and
atypical pathogens, also
against anaerobic bacteria
Lincosamides
Clindamycin
Azol derivatives
Miconazole
Ketoconazole
Fluconazole
Itraconazole
Voriconazole
Posaconazole
Nitroimidazoles
Metronidazole
Glycopeptide
Antibiotics
Vancomycin
Teicoplanin
Telavancin
Polyenes
AmphotericinB
Nystatin
Macrolides
Erythromycin
Spiramycin
Roxithromycin
Clarithromycin
Azithromycin
Glycylcyclines
Tigecycline
Echinocandins
Caspofungin
Anidulafungin
Micafungin
Streptogramines
Quinupristin/
Dalfopristin
Ketolides
Telithromycin
Oxazolidinones
Linezolid
Lipopeptides
Daptomycin
Epoxides
Fosfomycin
Polymyxins
Colistin
(polymyxin E)
Polymyxin B
Ansamycins
Rifampicin

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 http://www.lf3.cuni.cz/studium/materialy/infekce/en_atb.pdf
 http://www.springer.com/978-3-642-18401-7
REFERENCES