You can watch the tutorial on You Tube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdKchBH3Ur4&t=1s

2. An antibiotic or antibiotic substance is a substance produced by
microorganisms, which has the capacity of inhibiting the growth and
even of destroying other microorganisms.
Substance is classified as an antibiotic if the following conditions are met:
1. It is a product of metabolism (although it may be duplicated
or even have been anticipated by chemical synthesis).
2. It is a synthetic product produced as a structural analog of
a naturally occurring antibiotic.
3. It antagonizes the growth or survival of one or more species of
microorganisms.
4. It is effective in low concentrations.

4. Historical Background
-The discovery by Pasteur and Joubert in 1877 that anthrax bacilli were killed
when grown in culture in the presence of certain bacteria.
-The isolation of the antibacterial antibiotic tyrocidine from the soil bacterium
Bacillus brevis by Dubois
-Sir Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of the antibacterial properties of
penicillin in 1929
-In 1938 however, when Florey and Chain introduced penicillin into therapy.
-The modern anti-infective era opened with the discovery of the sulfonamides in
France and Germany in 1936 by Paul Ehrlich’s earlier achievements in treating
infections with organometallics and his theories of vital staining.
-The discoveries of broad-spectrum antibacterial antibiotics such as
chloramphenicol and the tetracyclines, antifungal antibiotics such as nystatin and
griseofulvin.

5. -In rapid succession, deliberate searches of the metabolic products of a
wide variety of soil microbes led to discovery of tyrothricin (1939),
streptomycin (1943), chloramphenicol (1947), chlortetracycline (1948),
neomycin(1949), and erythromycin (1952).
These discoveries ushered in the age of the so-called miracle drugs. The
discovery of antibiotics is widely considered to be one of the top five
discoveries/inventions of the 20th century.
The genome of Haemophilus influenzae was determined in 1995, and
currently more than 1,000 microbial genomes have been deciphered
and are publicly available.

6. Antibiotics
I-Classification according to chemical structure similarity
1.β Lactam Antibiotics
2. Aminoglycosides
3. Tetracyclines
4. Macrolide
5. Polypeptide antibiotics
6. Nitrobenzene
7.Steroidal antibiotics
8.Lincomycins
9.Miscellaneous

7. II-Classification based on Pharmacological Activity
1)Antifungal antibiotics
a)Polyenes
b)Others
2)Anti-cancer antibiotics
3)Antityphoid antibiotics
4)Antidiarrheal antibiotics
5)Antitubercular antibiotics

8. 1.β Lactam Antibiotics
Penicillin’s Cephalosporin Monobactem
Carbapenems

9. 2. Aminoglycosides

11. 3. Tetracyclines

12. 4. Macrolide

13. 5. Polypeptide antibiotics
Polymyxin B

14. 5. Polypeptide antibiotics
Vancomycin
Bacitracin

15. 6. Nitrobenzene
Chloramphenicol
7.Steroidal antibiotics
Fusidic acid

16. 9.Miscellaneous

17. Mupirocin
Quinupristin

18. II-Classification based on Pharmacological Activity
1)Antifungal antibiotics
a)Polyenes
b)Others
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Natamycin
Griseofulvin

19. Dactinomycin

20. 4)Antidiarrheal antibiotics
Colistin

21. 5)Antitubercular antibiotics
Rifampicin
Rifabutin

22. D-Cycloserine Capreomycin