Paperclips To A Whirlybird Lab Report

Paperclips To A Whirlybird Lab Report
Purpose/Question: Does adding paperclips to the whirlybird affect how long the object takes to
reach the ground?
Hypothesis:
If an individual adds more paperclips to the whirlybird, then the speed the object takes to reach the
ground will be faster because, the whirlybird will weigh more every time you add a paper clip
making the force of gravity greater.
Materials and Equipment:
1 Pair of Scissors
3 Paperclips
Whirlybird Outline
1 Timer
Open space to drop from
Procedure:
1. The whirlybird was cut out from a paper template.
2. The wings were folded along the dotted line, one forwards and one backwards.
3. Paperclips were attached to the bottom of the whirlybird.
4. The whirlybird was held at a consistent height, ready to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
As for the whirlybird itself, the object was fairly light in weight, opaque, and it was able to fold into
shape easily.
Discussion: This experiment was to test how adding paper clips to a whirlybird would affect how
long the whirlybird took to reach the ground. The weight/paperclips added was the independent
variables because that was what was being altered to change the results of how long the whirly bird
took to reach the ground, which was the dependent variable. Some controlled variables were the
height at which the whirlybird was dropped, the individual dropping the whirlybird, and the
whirlybird without paperclips. As a result of this experiment an individual may learn that the more
weight added to an object, will cause the force of gravity to be stronger on that object. This
statement can be supported by Newton's Law of Gravity, which implies that "The force of
gravitational attraction is directly dependent upon the masses of both objects" (the Physic
Classroom, 1996). Also, when looking at the line of best fit in 'Figure 1', the line has a negative
slope meaning that when you increase the independent variable the dependent variable decreases.
Some things that may have affected the results of this experiment would be the material of the
whirlybird. If the whirlybird was made out of a sturdier material,
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Science Behind Airplane Research Paper
There is a lot of history and science behind airplanes and how they fly. First, you need to know that
the Wright brothers invented the airplane, therefore without them transportation wouldn't be like it is
today. Airplanes are made up of many different parts that make it fly such as jet engines which is
probably the first thing you would hear/notice about an airplane, or propeller engines which are
more traditional. However, engines are not the most important part for a plane to fly. There are
actually many different types of planes that can fly without an engine such as paper planes, and
gliders. The wings of an airplane are the most important part that makes it fly. The wings actually
hold the plane in the air, otherwise the plane would

Essay on Airplanes and Aerodynamics
Aerodynamics is generally summarized in these 2 terms: "Lift against Weight" and "Thrust against
Drag". This basically means the amount of flight power generated must be equal to, or greater than
the amount of weight of the airplane, and the amount of pushing generated, must be equal to or
greater than the airs resistance. But the overall question, so far, is how is "Lift" and "Thrust"
generated? The answer to how "Thrust" is generated is quite simple. Its sort of how a car would
move, except in a much different way. Airplanes have 4 engines, which can each exert easily up to
200 PSI of air (pressure per square inch), composed of liquid fuel cylinders, and internal combustion
(like a car). It also tops to 250 km per hour on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pressure is the amount of molecules getting squeezed and impacted by energy. So more pressure
will squeeze and compress more of these air molecules, obviously making them all slow (the
amount of compression the molecules experience is the energy – the amount of molecules that
experienced this compression is the pressure!!!) So less pressure is proven to increase the speed
(fans, in this case actually DECREASE the pressure on the air by cutting it with their blades). Also
consider that Bernoulli's principle is fonder with fluids but it also supports aerodynamics. When air
flows over the top of the wing, the curve stretches out the molecules – and breaks the atmospheric
pressure, which was compressing those molecules together. That is how air over the wing is faster.
So take into perspective that the compressed air molecules in the bottom make up a sturdy road, and
the stretched out – and spaced out air molecules on top simply, make up a freely flowing flow of air.
And according to the power of thrust it is moving along this road with no powerful force impacting
above – that's your airplane flying straight forward for sure, but how does the airplane climb? There
are 2 different basic control moves for a plane. The first is pitch, and the second is roll or yawn.
When the nose points upwards the plane climbs, and when it points downwards the plane descends.
That's the pitch. So when our plane tilts its nose upwards the sturdy road of pressurized air
molecules tilts

The Configuration Of Wings Wing
To acquire some perspective and information on the current flapping wing MAVs, it is useful to
investigate the existing product that has been completed by a variety of research groups, companies
and personal maker. Depending on distinct different size, flapping wing air vehicles (ornithopers)
can be differentiated into two groups, MAVs and full–size ornithopters. The first group, as
mentioned is the vehicles with dimensions less than 0.2m. The second group is relevant to large
vehicles. The concerns of size limitations have intensively correlations with flapping mechanisms.
The flapping mechanism is the primary issue and technique in flapping MAVs because it is used to
convert the rotary motioin into an oscillatory motion and hence makes a ... Show more content on
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Utilization of bending, a pin, torsion springs and follower assembly is to control pitching motion. A
picture can be seen in Figure 2.10. The second style is a front–mounted double pushrod mechanism,
also called four bar linkage (FBL) mechanism [25]. A motor connects gears assembly that increase
flapping force while reducing flapping rate. Two pushrods with fixed length are connected to each
flapping spar, thus driving the wing doing up and down motion through pinned connections.
Because of the pinned connections, only the vertical component of motion is transferred from the
drive mechanism. This mechanism is extensively used due to its simplicity, light weight and ease of
part replacement. Figure 2.11 shows the Chung Hua University flapping MAV applied the FBL
mechanism [29]. The following one is a flapping wing UAV design and has been flew successfully
in actual, which is designed by DeLaurier et al. [26]. Similar to the others, this mechanism converts
rotation to translation. The working procedure is a motor connected with a system of gears by
conveyer belts. While the motor is running, the mechanism is driven in an up and down motion and
transport the motion to two parallel posts. The output of the two posts is converted to a centre
section of wing which is connected to both wings in a hinge. Frequencies in the range of 3–5 Hz
have been discovered in this mechanism [26]. 3. Summary Since a

Section 725 Drop Test
The landing inertia load factor and the reserve energy absorption capacity of the landing gear must
be substantiated by the tests prescribed in §§27.725 and 27.727, respectively. These tests must be
conducted on the complete rotorcraft or on units consisting of wheel, tire, and shock absorber in
their proper relation. Section 725 Limit drop test
The limit drop test must be conducted as follows:
(a) The drop height must be

(1) 13 inches from the lowest point of the landing gear to the ground; or
(2) Any lesser height, not less than eight inches, resulting in a drop contact velocity equal to the
greatest probable sinking speed likely to occur at ground contact in normal power
off landings.
(b) If considered, the rotor lift specified in §27.473(a) must be introduced into the drop test by
appropriate energy absorbing devices or by the use of an effective mass.
(c) Each landing gear unit must be tested in the attitude simulating the landing condition that is most
critical from the standpoint of the energy to be absorbed by it.
(d) When an effective mass is used in showing compliance with paragraph (b) of this section, the
following formula may be used instead of more rational computations: ... Show more content on
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A rational method may be used in computing a main gearstatic reaction, taking into consideration
the moment arm between the main wheel reaction and the rotorcraft center of gravity. W=WN for
nose gear units (lbs.), equal to the vertical component of the static reaction that would exist at the
nose wheel, assuming that the mass of the rotorcraft acts at the center of gravity and exerts a force of
1.0g downward and 0.25gforward. W=WT for tailwheel units (lbs.), equal to whichever of the
following is

Evolution Of Airplane Research Paper
Aviation is something that has changed our lives in every way and it will still continue that way. It
all started with a balloon in the 1800's. Then came the gliders but they were mainly just wings that
you glide on. That's when the Wright brothers thought of an idea that changed history. "North
Carolina the Wright brothers flew their first full size glider"(Berliner 77). They attached a body and
inserted an engine inside with a propeller and it flew! The propeller was there to thrust and the
engine made the propellers work and that's how it started. "The second airplane, the 1904 Flyer,
flew more that 100 times"(Berliner 86). The Wright brothers became actually very successful. "A
million of them were built between 1939 and 1945– two–thirds ... Show more content on
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The weight has to be distributed through the whole plane. If it's only in the middle, it's gonna fall
and crash. If it's only in the front, then it's gonna lean forward and keep going down. It's eventually
gonna crash. If you put it in the back, it's gonna be leaning backwards and not move. That's also
gonna drop and crash. That's why it's got to be even. "Airplane's are built so that their weight is
spread from front to back. This keeps the airplane balanced"(NASA). The critical speed for lift is
also changed based on how much weight a particular flight packs. Most people think that airplane's
are flying just by jets but it's actually flying by 4 forces. You need lift to get off ground. You need
drag for air resistance. You need thrust for moving. You need weight to make you go faster. Each
force helps the other and that's what keeps an airplane in the

How To Write A Story In The Story Of Chapter 1
Before it seemed like they were traveling near fast enough to get airborne, the deck took on a
serious tilt. The plane still shook, but in a totally different manner. Slowly, by degrees, the deck
leveled out again. The platoon visibly relaxed, giving each other a thumbs up. Trask gave the
aircrew ten minutes to accomplish what they needed to do, then unbuckled his restraint and stood
up. By the time he neared the cockpit door, all eyes were on him, including that of a crew chief
barring the way.
The Captain had an letter from the General, although he was pretty certain he wouldn't need it. He
considered it his Richelieu letter. The 17th century French Cardinal allegedly gave warrants to his
assassins stating that "The barer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The rest of the passengers were happy to doze off, since spending a night on concrete. He checked
his watch every the plane banked as though changing course. Seeing it was way too early to have
arrived, he went back to his lists. Later, a crewman notified Alvarez, one of the few who were still
awake, that they would be landing shortly.
Merced started making his rounds, kicking booted feet. The transport's starboard wing dropped
slightly and stayed in that position. The craft continued to circle for almost a half hour, before
leveling and beginning its descent. The short distance it taxied after later took everyone by surprise.
The men stood and stretched, trying to stay out of the way of the crew feeing the captive vehicles.
Alvarez was on the ground, directing the troops chased out by Merced to an assembly area, where
they formed a perimeter.
Several platoons were sweeping the airport shooting the dead as they came into range. An Engineer
company, followed by a rifle company raced across the runways on an unknown mission. Another
company of Engineers were setting up a fence fifty feet from where the original had collapsed. The
smell of the pile of dead had many soldiers pause in their work to vomit. The fence crew was
watched over by two companies of riflemen, although no mobile dead had approached the opening.
At the same time, mechanics climbed over the

Venice: A Lagoon City
Venice – a lagoon city. There is hardly any city characterised by such opposing attributes as Venice.
Many may consider Venice to be the city of love and a senic gem on the water, novels and films
usually paint a different picture. The city frequently appears morbid, mysterious and dark. During
winter and autumn fog occupies the whole city. Venice is used by many authors as a backdrop to
create an environment of suspense and death. Venice is an allegory of death, decay and rot. The city
itself represents the literary synonym of the deterioration of the architectural wonder.
Venice represents the sensuous south that stands in stark contrast to Aschenbach's serious native
Germany; furthermore the setting of Venice is symbolic in this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This may have been Mann's attempt to symbolize the inner strife that tears at Gustave Aschenbach.
While it may appear that this observation may have no relation to the expression of death through
the work, these subtle themes have an indirect link. In this case, it is this inner struggle in the
protagonist's mind that prevented him from leaving Venice when he had the chance (the excuse of
the luggage appears to be rather vague and facetious)
Despite his rigid and over–exaggerated discipline, Aschenbach has high hopes for his travels to
Venice at the beginning of the novella. Mann's forebodings, though, are clear throughout the
novella: his writing takes on an ominous tone through dark descriptions of Venice's natural forces
that foreshadow the protagonist's eventual death.
As the novella progresses one sees that there are many ominous incidents that foreshadow the death
and moral decay of Gustav Aschenbach. When Aschenbach first sees the Gondola, he finds that it
"evokes death". When he sits in the Gondola he finds it as the "most sleep–inducing armchair in the
entire world." The gondola ride as reminiscent of souls being rafted to eternity on the mythical
Hades, the river of the Underworld.
The representation of Venice, which has been uneasy throughout the novella, takes a decided turn
for the more sordid. Aschenbach describes it as a

Minimum Weight Design of a Wing Box Subjected to Bending
Minimum weight design of a wing box subjected to bending
Abstract:
Aircraft wing is one of the best examples of an efficient structural design. A variety of structural
arrangements are possible to satisfy design goals. The endeavour is always to arrive at a minimum
weight of a wing structure for a given set of design conditions.
The main load carrying structure of a wing is the torsion box formed by front spar, rear spar, and top
spar & bottom skins. In the preliminary design stages an effect is made to arrive at an efficient
design of this box –structure. The load carrying capacity of this box structure is largely controlled by
the buckling of the compression cover plate. In order to get a minimum weight design of such a box
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first approach requires a thorough understanding of the buckling phenomenon. The top cover of
a wing box beam is a long and wide plate. For all practical purposes it will buckle as a wide column
where the critical buckling stress is given by the Euler's buckling formula
This will be an unacceptably low value. In order to increase the buckling stress, ribs are employed
with provide lateral support to the compression cover plate along their lines of attachment.
Various possible buckling modes can occur which are briefly discussed below
If the flexural rigidity of the tension cover is very low, the box can buckle as a whole. If the tension
cove is flexural very stiff and the ribs are very weak then the buckling pattern will be as shown here
As the deflection stiffness of the ribs increase the buckling pattern changes forming more than one
half sine waves over the length of the box as shown in the next figure
Here the ribs are represented as deflectional springs and the buckled wave form is very much
exaggerated. The idea here is that the ribs are not stiff enough to provide nodes at their location.
This is illustrated in the next figure
The ribs are just stiff enough to enforce nodes along their lines of attachment with the skin. The
effective length of buckling = rib spacing and the buckling stress

Flight Field Trap Essay
Wear safety goggles when connecting the battery.
Respect flight field protocol.
How will students flow through the activities? Test the connection to the FPV goggles and talk
through the frequency band considerations for a VTX system inside for P1, then head out to the
flight field to start flying FPV in P2, C1 and the DP. When the batteries are done, come back inside
for flight simulator practice in C2. If your batteries gave out before everyone had a chance to make
it through all the flight activities, head out for a second, or third, day.
How is the VTX frequency adjusted? (The dip switch on Rubi's PCB.)
What radio frequency bands are available to non–military drone pilots? (5.8 and 2.4 GHz.)
Why does the FCC regulate the radio spectrum? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Start out by taking a close look at the shape of Rubi's props, talking through the physics of airfoil
efficiency in P2. Then, head out to the flight field for a blade number experiment in P1. Keep
building FPV skills in C1 and the DP. When the batteries are done, come back inside for flight
simulator practice in C2. If your batteries gave out before everyone had a chance to make it through
all the flight activities, head out for a second, or third, day.
How does Newton's Third Law explain how airfoils create lift? (When the air pushes down on the
wings of a plane wing, the direction of the air and the shape of the foil sends the air up and over the
leading edge and then downward as it passes over the wing. This push down on the wing is
countered with an equal upward thrust, creating lift.)
What is the angle of attack? (How steeply the wing is tilted toward the incoming air.)
Why is the pitch of the propeller different in the middle than the outer edge? (Velocity and pitch
both affect lift. Since the outer tip is going quite fast relative to the air, it does not need a steep pitch
in order to generate a good amount of lift. The parts nearer the center are not moving as quickly
relative to the air, so they need a steeper pitch in order to generate a comparable amount of

Frisbee Research Paper
A frisbee is a disk–shaped toy that flies using Newton's Third Law and Bernoulli's Principle. In 1938
Fred and Lucile Morrison began to sell the early frisbee. The Frisbees that Fred and Lucile
originally sold were cake pans. Today's frisbees are made of polyethylene, the largest volume of
plastic consumed in the world. Each year more frisbees are sold than footballs, baseballs, and
basketballs combined. Frisbees are used in sports too. They are used in sports such as ultimate
frisbee and frisbee golf. Frisbees are able to fly because they utilize Bernoulli's Principle and
Newton's Third Law. Bernoulli's Principle states that as a moving fluid's speed increases, the
pressure within the fluid decreases. This can be restated as: when a moving fluid's speed ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many factors affect how a frisbee performs. Some of these factors include: technique, target
distance, spin on the frisbee, and weather. If a person throws a frisbee with bad form, the frisbee
most likely will not perform as well as if it had been thrown correctly. The farther away the target is,
the harder it is to throw accurately. As the distance of the throw increases, so does the margin of
error. The amount of spin put on a frisbee also affects accuracy. The more spin there is on a frisbee,
the more stability the it has. Increasing spin on the frisbee can help improve accuracy on longer
throws. The weather can also affect how well a frisbee performs. For example, wind can botch a
good throw by curving the frisbee mid–flight. Frisbees are disk–shaped toys. They are able to fly
because they utilize Newton's Third Law and Bernoulli's Principle. Bernoulli's Principle states that
as a moving fluid's speed increases, its pressure decreases. Newton's Third Law states that for every
force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. Human technique greatly affects how well a
frisbee

A Comparison of Three Newspapers' Articles on the Same Topic
A Comparison of Three Newspapers' Articles on the Same Topic
In my essay, I shall compare the way in which three news publications, The Mirror, an example of
the popular press, The Times, an example of the quality press and Newsweek, an American
publication reported the same incident. Using these three reports, I shall compare the variations and
similarities in the amount of factual information given, the interviews used, the language employed
and finally, the layout and presentation of the various articles.
On the 3rd of February 1998, a U.S. military jet sliced the wire of a cable car in the Italian ski resort
in the Dolomites in Cavalese. This resulted in the untimely death of 20 tourists ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The tone is much more factual and is not as colloquial as popular press. The sentences are usually
quite complex; hence the paragraphs are quite lengthy. The graphics are usually informative rather
than biased or seeking attention. Moreover, in The Times, the sound effects would usually be limited
to puns. Foreign publications, such as Newsweek, generally contain features of both popular press
and quality press.
The Mirror contained quite a lot of factual information. The article informed the readership that "20
skiers" "plunged 300ft to their deaths" after a low–flying American "warplane" "sliced through the
wire of their cable car." Similarly, The Times and Newsweek also provided this information. The
article in The Times stated "Twenty people fell three hundred feet to their death" when an
"American military aircraft" "sliced the steel wire supporting a cable car carrying skiers." Like the
other two articles, the article in Newsweek established that a "U.S. fighter jet" had "clipped two
cable cars" and sent a "gondola full of skiers tumbling to the ground." All three articles also
confirmed that there were "twenty" victims. The Mirror and Newsweek gave more detail about this
aspect. The Mirror stated that the victims were "nine women, 10 men and one child." Newsweek
also stated that the "tourists" originated from "seven European countries."
All three

Swot Analysis
Direct Ski SWOT Analysis Strengths · Direct Ski has achieved cost competitiveness by bypassing
travel agents to sell directly to customers through its website · Direct Ski has experienced rapid
growth and turnover was up from €2.5million in 2002 to €3.6million in 2003. At the end of the
2003/2004 ski season, Direct Ski had quickly become the 2nd largest provider of package ski
holidays in Ireland with just over 15% of the market share. It also had a small but growing share of
the UK market, which it had entered 2 years earlier · Dire k Ski provides package holidays. This
holiday package includes air travel, coach transfers, insurance, accommodation, ski passes,
equipment hire, ski lessons and après ski equipment. It offers customers ... Show more content on
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This indicated that they were not only comfortable with the holiday on offer, the brand and price,
but that they were also comfortable purchasing through the Directski site · To manage group
bookings, Directski gives every member of the group a user name and password, with group leader
having access to all information · By not printing brochures Directski made savings and used its
website and newsletter as electronic brochures · Most Directski employees are ski enthusiasts and
the company invests heavily in sales and service training for front–line employees · By 2003 an
integrated marketing performance system had been put in place. The performance measurement
system had been put in place. It allowed Directski to assess return on investment from each element
of its marketing spend, giving senior management insight into the strategies, messages and media
that worked best · In 2002, Directski launched Directvilla, marketing villa and apartment vacations
in Spain & Italy and in 2003 it added to its summer offering by acquiring another direct–sell tour
operator brand, Escapeoverseas.com Weaknesses · Direcksi does not produce printed brochures,
which mean they have bypassed one of the traditional methods of promoting holiday packages
Opportunities · Directski were the first direct–sell online ski tour operator targeting the UK and
Ireland, with 90% of skiers using the Internet · The target market was young, savvy and had already

The Helicopter Flight Controls Of Fly By Wire System
ABSTRACT
Helicopter is known for being extremely challenging to fly. The helicopter flight controls enables
the pilot to attain a controlled flight. The flight controls differ drastically when compared to the
fixed wing aircraft. The advancement in flight controls namely fly–by–wire system has resulted in
reducing the complexity of the system. The state of the art fly–by–wire system has resulted in
increasing the performance and at the same time reduces the workload of a pilot. The four main
controls include – collective pitch control, cyclic pitch control, throttle control and anti–torque
pedals. The employment of fly–by–wire has thus paved way for reduction in weight whilst
providing more space for comfort and effortless handling. The commercial helicopter are beginning
to utilize the fly–by–wire technology after being tried and tested by fixed wing aircraft and military
helicopter. The goal of this technical essay is to provide an overview of the evolution helicopter
flight controls from the earlier complex analog phase to the present simplified digital phase.
Introduction
In the early 1920s, designing the rotors to attain an efficient flight was the utmost priority. The next
decade was followed by, perfection of control systems and its mechanism for a real world flight
capability. The flight control system is an element of the aircraft control loop which is essential for
the pilot. When evaluating the aspects of an ideal helicopter the first facet to be considered is

Flight Assignment 1 : The ISAAnd Subsonic Airflow Over...
Theory of Flight Assignment 1:
The ISA and Subsonic Airflow Over
Aerofoil Sections
Task 1
Standard International standard atmosphere values AMSL:
–Pressure = 1013.25 mb
–Density = 1.225 kg/m3
–Temperature = 288 K
The need for ISA in aviation: the ISA is basically a hypothetical model to be used as an ideal
representative of the atmosphere based off the thermodynamic equation, devoid of wind turbulence
and water vapour. It uses a standard reference for density, pressure, temperature and viscosity at
different altitudes throughout the atmosphere. As shown on the right is the ISA table of values with
relevant cells for this task. It shows how each value stated changes over a range of altitudes.
Basically, it gives a series of values that every country has agreed to follow and use to ensure safe
use of airspace and stop casualties from occurring. For example, 2 aircraft could both be at 7000
meters according to the ISA values but the two–aircraft calibrated their instruments to a random
height they could have a crash. Using an international standard for these ensures no accidents will
occur. Also, if a country if making aircraft parts for another country they will need to construct the
parts to the same specifications.
Task 2
An aerofoil is the structure and main principle behind flight, it works by manipulating air pressure to
generate lift for the aircraft. Many things affect the amount of lift produced by a wing such as speed
of the aircraft, the density of the air and the

Physics in Aircrafts Essay
Physics in Aircrafts All you need to know about the role physics plays in the flight of an aircraft.
Introduction
Many people are amazed with the flight of an object, especially one the size of an airplane, but they
do not realize how much physics plays a role in this amazing incident. There are many different
ways in which physics aids the flight of an aircraft. In the following few paragraphs some of the
many ways will be described so that you, the reader, will realize physics at work in the world of
flight.
Principles of Flight
First of all you will have to understand the principles of flight. An airplane flies because air moving
over and under its surfaces, particularly its wings, travels at different velocities, producing a ... Show
This principle also covers the flow over surfaces, such as airplane wings. Airplane wings are
designed to direct air to flow more rapidly over its upper surface than over its lower surface. As a
result, the air above the wing travels at an increased speed, producing a region of reduced pressure.
The pressure below the wing, which is therefore greater, exerts an upward force, or lift, on the wing.
Lift
Lift is the third factor in which physics aids the flight of an aircraft. Lift is influenced by a variety of
different things, such as area, tilt of the wing, and on the speed of the aircraft. Wing area influences
lift; the more of the wing that is exposed to the air, the greater the lift. The up or down tilt of the
wing, usually called its angle of attack, contributes to or detracts from lift. As a wing is tilted
upward, that is, as its angle of attack is increased, its lift increases. The air passing over the top of an
uptilted wing must travel a greater distance and thus produces a greater pressure differential between
the upper and lower surfaces. Airplane speed has a great influence on lift. The faster the air moves
over and under the surfaces of an airplane, the greater the pressure differential and, as a result, the
greater the lift. As an airplane flies on a level course, the lift contributed by the wing and other parts
of the structure counterbalance the weight of the plane. Within certain limits, if the angle of attack is

Stalling A Fighter Jet In The Navy
a fighter jet all this knowledge will come into your mind every time you go to fly or fly your
missions. When you are flying a fighter jet in the Navy there are certain aspects that you should be
aware of. For example fighter jets can "stall" or in other words the engine could stop running. "A
stall occur at the angle of attack, at which point the airflow over the wing becomes chaotic and the
wings can no longer produce sufficient lift to counteract weight". As the airfoil approaches the
stalling speed, the point of transition, or separation point, moves forward enough to exceed the
design factor of the wing. An airfoil is any surface used to help lift and control the airplane, by
creating or moving the air currents. The stalling angle is

Observation Of Bontrager Park
It has come to my attention that the roof has been thrown off of the gym. For this, I have an
explanation. An experiment was being conducted in Bontrager Park by the Drone Intelligence
Research Team (DIRT), which I happen to be the president of. The purpose of this experiment was
to test our newest drone's lifting abilities. The problem was that it was an abnormally windy day. If
it had not been such a windy day, none of this would've happened. Trees were swaying violently,
branches were falling and snapping, and paper and other paraphernalia was being blown all around
the research site. Never before had wind as violent as this been witnessed in Waterloo. Should the
experiment be canceled? is the question that was asked multiple times. It

Airplanes; The Invention of and How They Fly Essay
A pilot does not have to be an aeronautical engineer to learn to fly an airplane. However, it is a good
idea to have good knowledge of aerodynamics and flight theory to be able to fly safely. There are
four basic components in making an airplane fly, lift, drag, thrust, and weight. All of these work in
unison to make a plane stay in the air. If one of the first three is taken out of the equation, gravity
and weight will take over and cause the plane to descend. It is up to the pilot to understand how to
make them equal in order to keep the airplane in flight or descend at an acceptable rate, in order to
safely land the airplane. Before staring work to get a pilot's license it would be a good idea to
understand several aspects before the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lift is one of the most contested components of airplane flight. There are different theories in how
an airplane reacts to air being rushed over its wings. In all actuality the entire airplane promotes lift.
Often it is forgotten how the top portion of the airplane and wing plays just as an important role in
creating lift as the bottom of the airplane and wing. As stated in How Airplanes Fly "Lift is the force
that directly opposes the weight of an airplane and holds the airplane in the air" (Eberhardt). Lift
must overcome or be equal to the weight of the airplane (Eichenberger). Lift is produced as the air
flows over the body and wings of the airplane as it is moving forward. The wings help to develop
most of the lift due to their design. They come in different shapes and sizes, from short wings to
very long wings, even a propeller of a helicopter is considered a wing. No matter what size or shape,
wings are designed to create lift. According to Newton's third law, for every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction. This means the lift of a wing is equal to the change in momentum of the air it
is diverting downward (Eberhardt). Pilots have controls to increase the size of the wing while the
airplane is flying, thus increasing lift and helping to keep the airplane flying at slower speeds. With
the body and wings creating lift, their sheer size creates another variable a pilot must

Flight Vehicle Design Project 2
FLIGHT VEHICLE DESIGN PROJECT 2
Professor: Dr. Steven Lu
Written By: Joey Haripersaud
Design Specifications for a Particular Jet Transport
Payload: 304 Passengers
Crew: Two pilots and three cabin attendants
Range: 4200 nm following by ¾ hour loiter
Altitude: 35,000 ft
Cruise speed: M = 0.84 at 35,000 ft
Climb: Direct climb to 35,000 ft at maximum take–off weight WTO
Take–off and landing: FAR 25 fieldlength 9,800 ft at an altitude of 5,300 ft and 98°F day.
Landing performance at WL = 0.8WTO
Engines: Four turbofans
Certification base: FAR 25
Specification Project 1
WTO= 357,100
WF used= 106,722
WOE TENT=188,008
WE TENT=185,197
WE= 185,240
Procedure
Step 1:
The Temperature ratio (φ) has to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this case I used the values 1.8, 2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3, 3.2 and described in the table below.
(W/S)TO Calculations | CLmaxL | (W/S)L | (W/S)TO | 1.8 | 89.996 | 112.495 | 2 | 99.995 | 124.994 |
2.2 | 109.995 | 137.494 | 2.4 | 119.994 | 149.993 | 2.6 | 129.994 | 162.492 | 2.8 | 139.994 | 174.992 | 3 |
149.993 | 187.491 | 3.2 | 159.993 | 199.991 |
Step 6:
The plane must now be sized to the FAR25 climb requirements. On page 144 we can find the climb

requirements for a two engine jet transport. From equations 3.21 and 3.22 we can derive the polar
drag data and create a table.
Eqn 3.21 log10f = a + blog10Swet
Eqn 3.22 log10Swet = c + dlog10WTO
Values for a,b,c and d can be found on page 122 in table 3.4 using 0.003 for the equivalent skin
friction coefficient and table 3.5 for

Weight Distribution Of Paper Air Lab Report
Effect of the weight distribution on the flight distance of a Paper Airplane
By: Melinda Martin
UBT1: Western Governors University
Introduction
This report shows the effects of weight distribution has on the flight distance of a paper airplane.
Just like with real airplanes, paper airplanes rely on aerodynamics to get the airplane to fly,
although, they may not look or fly the same they use the same. Changing the postion of where the
weight is distrubuted on a paper airplane can affect the planes ability to fly as far.
Literature Review
According to the article "Four Forces on an Airplane," weight is always directed to the cented of the
earth. (National Aeronaustics and Space Administration, n.d.). There are other forces ... Show more
The dependent variable was the distance each plane flew, this was measured in inches using a 16
foot tape measurer. There were three controlled variables, the first was the size and weight of the
paper airplanes with the paper clip attached, I used the same size paper, paper airplane design, and
the 28mm paper clip for each plane. The second starting position where I stood, I marked a
designated position to stand at and threw the planes with my right foot at the starting line each
throw. The final controlled variable was how the planes were held and thrown, I held each plane at
the center of the plane and threw with my right arm.
Hypothesis:
Based on a previous paper airplane experiment coducted on balancing lift and weight, you can
change the center of gravity by placing weight on different parts of the plane. The further towards
the nose of the plane the more likely it'll nose dive. Moving the weight towards the tail will cause
the nose to go up. (Science Buddies, 2013). Given this infomtion, I hypothesize that placing weight
on the center of the paper airplane will give it the center of gravity it needs to fly the furthest
distance.

Materials and Methods:
To conduct this experiment, I used the following materials: Figure 1. The equipment used to conduct
the experiment.
3 pieces of 9 x 12 construction paper
3 28 mm paper clips weighing approx .5grams
1 16 ft tape measurer
1 pencil to documnt the distance

Fluid Mechanics 3-Aerofoil Lab Report Essay
Fluid Mechanics 3–Aerofoil Lab Report Introduction This report aims to investigate the effect the
angle of attack of an aerofoil has on the air flow around it. This was done by recording the lift and
drag forces the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack. The experimental
lift force the aerofoil experienced when positioned at different angles of attack was then compared
with theoretical values. An attempt was made to explain any discrepancies between experimental
and theoretical values. Theory When air is blown over an aerofoil, it separates into two distinct sets
of streamlines above and below it separated by a dividing streamline. The shape of the aerofoil ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–The protractor of the aerofoil connected to the lift and drag voltmeters was then used to vary the
aerofoil's angle of attack from 0° to 20°. Lift and Drag voltage values measured for each angle were
recorded and calibration coefficients of 6.7 and 6.4 were used to obtain force Newton values for lift
and drag. The lift and drag forces obtained for each angle were then plugged into equations (3) and
(4) to obtain lift and drag coefficients. Equation (5) was used to calculate a theoretical value for the
lift coefficient. (3) A represents the area of the aerofoil (4) (5) The values obtained were then
tabulated, graphed and compared. –The Reynolds number of this experiment was then calculated
using equation (4) where c is the length of the aerofoil chord and is the dynamic viscosity of air. (6)
Results –Equation (6) was used to calculate the Reynolds Number which equated to 119366.
Discussion The graph in Figure 3 confirms the theory stating that as the angle of attack of an
aerofoil increases, the lift force it experiences also increases until it reaches stall position. The graph
clearly shows the lift coefficient steadily increasing with angle of attack. This is due to the fact that
as that as angle of attack increases, the point at which the airflow separates into streamlines going
above and below the aerofoil moves forward thus providing more lift force. Lift force continues to
increase until the angle of attack reaches 13° marking the angle

Compare And Contrast Orville And Wright Flyer
A MEANS OF FLYING ASSISTED BY NONE BUT AIR HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED By two
brothers of Dayton, Ohio named Orville and Wilbur Wright, who flew the first powered, controlled
and sustained flying machine near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Story It was a cold winter's day,
with a strong headwind (up to 21 miles per hour) in Kitty Hawk, NC while the Wright brothers were
preparing their Flyer on its rails. The glorious contraption, named the Wright Flyer, rolled down its
60–foot steel track to what seemed to be a perilous end, but reaching the end it staggered forward
into the air for around twelve seconds. The two men earlier had a coin toss as to who would fly the
machine. Wilbur won, and flew in this aeroplane for the first time, Orville the

Flying Drones Research Paper
Making something exciting on your own can be too much fun and if the product in the making is
flying Drone then the fun undertaking can be unlimited, energizing and moreover valuable to you in
terms of what all you can do with it. Some people get into this as a result of science project assign to
them in school or college and some get into this out of curiosity and ideas floating in their mind
which they want to turn into flying reality like a flying Drone.
What is a Drone?
Basically an unmanned aerial vehicle or commonly called UAV which makes make a continuous
low humming sound is known as Drone. You must be thinking that such things are used in military
operations or in defense forces to keep an eye on the enemy or to keep track of the ... Show more
This is like a camera fit in the drone which will help to take images, record videos, and other
functions like video transmission. One can set payload on auto take pictures, or take them
continuously or even after some specific time interval.
When you have all the necessary and required parts of the flying machine, you can start developing
the UAV and uniting the all of them. Set the pilot and payload to the precise particulars and position
that you need and afterward you are prepared to go.
Tip: In the event that you don't find any part online or in store, don't be disheartened you can buy a
simply amazing Drone available in the market and fly them high.
UAVs are an incredible recreational gadget and are amusing to utilize. Just before using it go
through all the laws and regulations are there to fly a Drone. Also always keep your intentions of
using the Drone as only for excitement, fun and a leisure activity.
Drones are easy to make and flying one can be extremely enjoyable experience and having beautiful
pictures and videos taken with it is an added advantage. Enjoying making yours and have beautiful
memories captured from top

Pressure Management on a Supercritical Airfoil in...
Pressure Management on a supercritical aerofoil in transonic flow Abstract–At transonic speeds an
aerofoil will have flow accelerate onwards from the leading edge to sonic speeds and produce a
shockwave over the surface of its body. One factor that determines the shockwave location is the
flow speed. However, the shape of an aerofoil also has an influence. The experiment conducted
compared Mach flow over a supercritical aerofoil (flattened upper surface) and a naca0012 aerofoil
(symmetrical). Despite discrepancies, the experiment confirmed the aerodynamic performance of a
supercritical aerofoil being superior to a conventional aerofoil. A comparison of the graphical
distributions demonstrates the more even pressure distribution on a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
For the point below where Cp and the Cpcritical and hence the drop in Cp is greatest gives the
location of where the shockwave occurs on the surface of the aerofoil. Cp and Cp* vs M∞
(naca0012 aerofoil) Cp and Cp* vs M∞ (supercritical aerofoil) It is worth noting that for both the
supercritical and Naca0012 aerofoil the results are somewhat similar. That is the critical Mach
numbers for both are around 0.72. Therefore the Minimum Mach number for a local shockwaves on
both the supercritical and conventional aerofoil can be assumed to be the same. It is worth noting
that Mach number 0.41 for the supercritical aerofoil does not produce a shockwave, whereas the
Naca0012 aerofoil does. Mach number | Supercritical Aerofoil Approx position of shock | naca0012
Approx position of shock | 0.45 | – | – | 0.61 | – | – | 0.72–0.73 | – | 0.25x/c% | 0.85–0.86 | 0.70x/c% |
0.40x/c% | Basic transonic theory An aerofoil or any object for that matter travelling through a

Bottle Rocket Lab
Introduction The purpose of this lab is to show how the quantity of wings effects the height a 2 oz.
bottle rocket launches into the air. The wings have a vital effect on the flight of the rocket. The fins
keep the rocket stabilized and going in the right direction. The way that the fins do this is the same
way that the feathers on an arrow keep it flying straight. The increased drag on the back end of the
fuselage of the rocket, keeps the back end in the back.
Experimental Design
"Will the number of fins effect how height the rocket flies into the air?"
The independent variable is the number of wings
The dependent variable is how high the rocket flies
The control is the "blank" rocket launched by Mrs. Still
Hypothesis
If the number of fins stays at 3 (an average number) then the rocket will fly to its ideal height,
because too many fins would be too much drag on the back of the rocket, while too few would not
be enough to keep the rocket balanced.
Test Materials
2 1' tall 2–liter bottles
3 3"x5" fins
4.5"x8" tall, cone shaped capsule
15"x2"x2" parachute
2" wide black Duct Tape
65 Psi at launch
300ml of water
A) Rocket Design
1. Locate materials
2. cut the fins from a piece of cardboard.
3. cut off the top and the bottom of one of the 2 2–liter bottles, about 2" from the ends.
4. fill the top piece of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The amount of wings was an important piece of data, seeing as it was what the whole paper was
based around. Some weaknesses in our experimental design was finding groups willing to help,
because everyone wanted to do their own questions and wanted the freedom of choice, rather than
having to make a rocket by specific standards. I feel that this could've been helped if instead, the

experimental question was weight–related, as that would imply more freedom to make the rocket
how the other groups wanted to make their

A Summary On The Day Of Milan
yer English 101 Unity High School Here I was, asleep on the plane dreaming of my time in Italy, a
place that once used to be apart of my imagination. I dreamt of Milan and the fashion trends that I'll
never quite understand, of Venice and the anxiety–filled gondola ride through the city's canals, of
Florence and the hike up the Pre–Apennine Mountains, and of Rome with its historical sites that
most will only see in textbooks. Walking through the airport to the bus, I could already tell that
Milan was a place that most of us felt like we didn't belong. The short bus ride was full of twists and
turns and hearing our tour guide, Elvira, tell us that we'll soon learn how to drive like Italians. After
reaching Milan and walking through the city in shorts and plain shirts, we had never felt so
underdressed in such a casual situation. Women were touring the city square, their outfits congested
with too many patterns and bright heels. Around us, electronic billboards flashed advertisements for
companies like Gucci, Prada, and Dolce & Gabbana, signaling the new "hottest looks," but ones that
I could never imagine anyone actually wearing. I was wrong... Hoards of women blocked the
sidewalks city square, eyeing the new merchandise through the window front. I was thankful to have
finally found what felt like a safe environment after getting back on the bus; the awkward feeling of
thinking that I stuck out like a sore thumb was washed away. The three hour–long bus ride from
Milan to

Rotocopter Lab
Rotocopter Report The original design of the rotocopter was straightforward. Flap A and Flap B
were to be folded in towards each other, along the dashed line. Rotor A and Rotor B were to be
folded in opposite directions. The hypothesis of the experiment was as follows: If the rotocopter is
put onto construction paper, it will have more air time. To be ensured that only one variable was
tested at a time, the rotocopter was dropped from the same height every time. Not only this, but the
rotocopter was checked to make sure nothing was changed each test. In the first test, the rotocopter
was kept exactly the same, and was not changed. The rotocopter was dropped from a height of 95
centimeters, the height of a lab table. When it was dropped, the

Isolation Lab Report
Procedure To prepare for this lab, we must first setup the isolated system. We used various
equipment and tools such as an air track, glider, and a photogate connected to a computer. The
isolated system comprises of a glider on an airtrack being pulled by a falling object. We then
measured for the mass of the object being dropped (m= 20 g +/– 0.2 g). Additionally, the mass of the
glider and its delta values were provided for us (M= 283.2 g +/– 1.0 g). We also measured for the
distance of ten intervals of pickets aligned with the air glider (10d= 25.4 cm, d= 2.54 cm). To
calculate for the d using the formula [E.1] from Lab 0 (Δax=aΔx, d=0.0254 m +/– 0.0001 m). After
collecting all the measurements, we then checked the air glider to make sure ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
time plot
0.5067 m/s2 +/– 0.01709 m/s2
What value of acceleration is expected from Eq. (4.4)? Are these values consistent?
By using Eq (4.4) we can calculate for a [a= m/M+m * g, a = (20 g /(283.2 g + 20 g)) * 9.81 m/s2=
0.646 m/s2]. The value of a (a= 0.5067 m/s2 +/– 0.01709 m/s2) we calculated for is not consistent
with the expected value of 0.646 m/s2. As stated before, the probably cause of the inconsistency is
the slight discrepancy during the experiment.
Conclusion
In this lab, we have explored the concept of the conservation of energy through the use of an
isolated system. Tools such as a glider upon an air track with negligible friction allowed us to mimic
an ideal isolated system. Using the values we measured for (velocity, time, and distance) we can see
the application of conservation of energy through the transfer of the potential energy of the small
mass to the kinetic energy of moving glider. In the graph (ΔPE vs. KE), our value (–1.197 +/–
0.05916) is not entirely consistent to the expected value of –1. Furthermore, in the graph for velocity
vs. time plot, our value of 0.5067 m/s2 +/– 0.01709 m/s2 is not consistent with the calculated
expected value of 0.646 m/s2. The probable cause of these slight inconsistencies with the our
expected values is the unbalanced dropping of the small mass during the experiment. To have a
more justified value, we could have done more trials to find the average

Physics Behind Airplanes
The entire concept behind airplanes is to construct them in such a way that the airflow pattern
around generates lift allowing them to fly. This airflow is produced by the forward motion of the
plane through the air. The forward motion of the plane is produced by its engine, which could be a
propeller engine or turbine. These engines create thrust by accelerating the air in front of them
backwards. The acceleration of the air backward pushes the plane forward due to Newton's third law
as every force has an equal and opposite force. The lift force that allows a plane to remain in the air
is created by the airflow passing over the wings. This airflow only occurs if the planes is moving
through the air meaning that lift is only possible if a plane ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This means that the planes experiences zero acceleration and the forces acting on the plane must
balance each other out. In order for the vertical components of the plane to cancel out, the lift
created by the wings must equal the weight of the plane caused by gravity. For the horizontal
components of the plane to cancel out, the thrust created by the engines must equal the drag due to
air resistance. Although it is important to note, lift is generally angled slightly backwards. This
means that some of the drag is caused by the lift force, and the lift force actually needs to be greater
than the weight of the plane. When a plane is taking off or landing, it experience similar forces as it
does when it is at level flight. Lift remains perpendicular to the velocity of the plane. The drag is in
the opposite direction of the velocity. Thrust opposes the drag, so it is in the same direction as the
velocity. The weight of the airplane is straight down as it is caused by gravity. Again, if the plane is
travelling at a constant velocity, then the forces acting on it must cancel one another. For the
following equations, L represents lift, T represents thrust, D represents drag, and W represents
weight. In order for the vertical components to equal zero, Lcosθ + Tsinθ – Dsinθ – W = 0. For the
horizontal components to equal zero, Tcosθ – Dcosθ – Lsinθ = 0. If the plane

Aeromodel Guidelines
SAEINDIA SAE
Student Convention
Welcome to Aero–modeling using Paper Wings!
Paper Airplane models for college students!
Enjoy Learn and align with Curriculum
September 2008
Paper Wings Guidelines
This may look ridiculous and appear to be a child's play. As you use the kit and build your first
plane, you will realize that it is not all that simple. Soon you will learn to make the plane to fly and
discover the joy of flying. In the process you will learn the nuances of flying intuitively. This
document will provide you with the essential hints to make the planes and fly them. Follow the
guidelines and experience the joy of flying. At the divisional level, you will be expected to design
your own Paper Wing plane. In the finals you will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Use a blank piece of scrap paper and make sure that no print on the paper comes into contact with
the glued parts. Since glue has the power to dissolve printing ink, the ink could smear onto the
assembled plane. Spread several layers of large scrap per over a desk or other flat surface for
protection. Set the newly glued main wing and fuselage on the papers to dry for at least 5 to 6 hours.
On for speedier drying, place "stands" of folded paper under the glued parts as shown in the figure.
This permits improved air circulation to the underside of the glued parts. When building a layered
fuselage, it is helpful to place books on top of the fuselage as a weight after gluing in order to
maintain a solid and uniform body.
the Challenge Ahead!
Meeting
SAEINDIA Student Activities SAE
Page 4 of 31

SAEINDIA SAE
Student Convention
Enjoy Learn and align with Curriculum
September 2008
Paper Wings Guidelines
When assembling the main wing is mentioned we are referring to gluing the reinforcement piece (B)
to the main wing (A) The center line for piece (B) extends about 3mm (1/8") in front and in back of
the cutting lines when cutting out piece (B) you will notice in the figure that the left and

Flexible Discriminant Analysis
The furcula is the main element of avian flight; it is an important origin for flight muscles used in
the down stroke. Many biomechanical functions have been suggested for the Furcular. Originally it
was thought to play a motionless function, acting as a spacer and muscle for flight. Other studies
showed a more active role, where the furcular experience distortions during the wingbeat cycle,
where it spread laterally on the down stroke and rebounding during the upstroke, almost acting like
a spring. This behavior might represent an energy saving adaptation to help with respiration. Past
studies have found that found that subaqueous fliers have more of a V– shaped furcular with a high
anteroposterior curvature, whereas soaring bird are more U–shaped with low anteroposterior
curvature. This study seeks to clarify this form–function relationship through the use of eigenshape
morphometric analysis along with phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs), and phylogenetic
Flexible Discriminant Analysis (pFDA). Examination of flight modes revealed that intermittent
bounders are associated with narrow interclavicular angles and straight clavicular rami. Short range
fliers have a small anteroposterior curvature where larger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Past studies showed the strength of the form and function relationship in the avian furcula, while
this study examined the form and function in more modern Mesozoic birds. This study revealed that
eigenshape analysis of Arvin birds furcular allows for more derived flight modes. This study
confirmed that soaring birds have a more U–shaped furcula than continuously–flapping birds. It also
observed that the interclavicular angle is an even more important aspect of flight mode than the
curvature, and is positively correlated with body size. This study demonstrates that the Mesozoic
taxa have evolved unique flight modes through different musculoskeletal

The Soccer Ball By Physical Theory
Introduction Most of the people in the world watch the football match at least once per 4 years for
world cup. People are enthusiastic about fantastic spinning goal and non–spin goal which is hard to
kick. However, people do not think of how the soccer ball is spinning and not spinning. Also, the
people who are playing soccer, do not think much about the principle of the soccer ball applied
scientific facts and they are not aware of it. This background is the reason why I want to research,
there are interesting factors in the soccer ball by physical theory. These physical theories are not
only on the soccer ball but also it also applies to other sports or practical life but I will focus on
aspect of soccer. The importance of this research reveals that we can understand how the ball is
applied from scientific fact and in accordance with the fact, we can apply the theory that I
introduced to other sports balls. The famous goal in 1997, Brazil versus France match, Roberto
Carlos who is Brazilian soccer player, shot impossible goal that has been brilliant goal ever since he
got the score. This is one of the best examples of what I want to introduce to this research project for
spinning ball. In this research project, I focus on the research project to the side of soccer,
investigate what physical theory does it affect to ball and general explanation of the theory. On the
whole, the outline of concentration contents that I will explain are only the feature of spinning a
soccer

The Physics of Boomerangs Essay
The Physics of Boomerangs The successful flight of a boomerang looks as though it never should
happen. Its more or less circular flight path comes from the interaction of two physical phenomena:
the aerodynamic lift of the arms of the boomerang and the spinning boomerang's maintenance of
angular momentum. Briefly put, the airfoil at the boomerang's forward rotating edge provides more
lift than its rearward rotating edge. This elevates one side of the boomerang. The spinning object
maintains angular momentum by turning at a right angle to its axis of rotation. When the spin and
the velocity of boomerang are just right, it flies away and returns in an aesthetically satisfying circle.
The boomerang's distinctive flight starts with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But when a fluid encounters an obstruction in an open situation––a current in a river hitting a stick
or an airfoil in the air––the same general rule applies. As the fluid accelerates around an object, its
pressure decreases. If an airfoil is moving through the air, then the air accelerates as it goes over it.
If the air foil were symmetrical, the air pressure would drop on both sides and the foil would have
no net force acting on it. But if one side of a foil were curved and the other flat, then the pressure on
the curved side would be less and the foil would be drawn in the direction of the lower air pressure
(or the higher pressure on the flat side would push the foil in the direction of the curved side). For
example, when rules allow, race cars have an upside down foil along their bottoms to increase down
force and with it, their cornering ability. Much more commonly, airplane wings and helicopter rotors
use the curved foil to create low pressure areas on their top sides to allow the higher pressure under
the wing/rotor to push the wing/rotor upward.
The introductory chapter of John Allen's Aerodynamics: The Science of Air in Motion describes a
complex interaction between the object the the air in motion around it. He explains that the

Does The Shape Of The Roof Of A Car Affect How Far A Model...
Different shapes can affect how far a car can travel based on the how the air flows around it. The
question of the experiment is "Does the shape of the roof of the car affect how far a model car can
travel?" The hypothesis of the experiment is if the roof's shape is changed, then it will affect how far
the car can travel. The shape of the roof is the independent variable and the distance traveled is the
dependent variable. The control variables are the size of the wheels, where is the car is launched
from, and the same place to be launched from. The experimental groups are a car with a pyramid
shape as a roof shape, a cube shape, and a hemisphere shape. The control group is a car with a flat
surface as a roof. To start testing for this experiment some materials needed are some LEGO™
bricks, and a ruler to measure the distance traveled. To collect the data run the control car 10 times.
Then do the same for the cubed, pyramid, and hemisphere shaped roofs. Collecting the data is
simply measuring how far they went. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cube shaped roof came in second with an average of 3.8 centimeters traveled. The pyramid
shaped roof had an average of 3.59 centimeters traveled. The car with the least distance traveled was
the hemisphere which traveled an average of 3.15 centimeters. Each and every trial was tested the
same way so the launch force could be kept as a constant. The data collected had a light trend
whereas the less linear a shape became, less distance was traveled. The control group was the most
linear followed by the cube, pyramid, and hemisphere. The averages went lower as the shapes got
less

The X Ray Vision Of Superman
It's a bird! It's a plane! It's Superman! In 1938, Action Comics #1, released the first Superman comic
to the public. Superman, also known as Kal El, has shown many different powers since his first
debut in 1938. This paper will discuss various topics about four of his major powers and explain
why they are all impossible for anyone to achieve in real life. Superman's four major powers that
will be discussed in this paper are X–ray vision, being able to fly, super strength, and invulnerability.
The X–ray was first discovered in 1895 by a German physicist named W.C. Roentgen ("The
Discovery"). W.C. Roentgen was working in a lab one day in 1895 and decided to send a high
electrical current through a cathode ray filled with special gas. He realized that a dim green colored
light was being produced, and decided to hold the cathode ray just above his wife's hand. When he
did this he observed that the light was able to penetrate human skin, but would leave all the bones
visible. There is a picture below of the X–ray of W.C. Roentgen's wife's hand ("The Discovery"). He
named it the X–ray because he did not know the identity of what kind of ray it was. He just named it
X, because of its use in solving unknowns in algebraic equations ("The Discovery").
However, there are some limitations on this Superman power in both the laws of physics and in the
laws of the human body. The first restriction is that in an X–ray, tiny rays will pass through any
atoms that don't have enough mass

Flight Physiology Lab Report
Flight Physiology of Hovering in Hummingbirds
Introduction
1. Unique ability to maintain hovering flight, one of the most energetically demanding forms of
motion
2. What allows one of the smallest flying vertebrate species to be able to maintain this form of
motion?
Muscular System
1. Question
a. What are the muscles required for flight?
b. What fiber types make up wing muscles?
2. Muscles Required for Flight
a. 45 muscles in the wing–only 18 have been studied during flight
b. Two main muscles of flight are the pectoralis major and supracoracoideus–25–30% of the birds
weight compared to 17% in other birds (Greenewalt))
c. Pectoralis major
i. Downward motion and pronation ii. Sternobrachialis–kneel sternum(majority) and furcular(some
anterior ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Prolonged flight fat has two advantages 1)greater ATP 2)stored with greater weight efficiency viii.
Transition from a predominantly carbohydrate based to a fat based energy metabolism may be a
result of an increase in the rate of fatty acid mobilization and delivery to muscle mitochondria–
>increase in the rate of fatty acid oxidation and a concomitant inhibition of carbohydrate oxidation
(Suarez et al. 1986)
3. Fuel Selection
a. Introduction
i. Maximal activities of hexokinase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase which allows the exclusive
use of glucose or long–chain fatty acids ii. What types of fuels are used during specific activities?
b. Data/Conclusion
i. RQ for fasted, resting birds = 0.72 Fat as major fuel ii. RQ for birds sitting licking sugar water =
0.96 oxidize carbohydrates iii. RQ start hovering and foraging= 1.0 iv. RQ hovering feeding after 1–
2 hours = 0.81
v. Fatty acid oxidation serves as energy source in fasted hummingbirds vi. Following foraging there
is a rapid shift to carbohydrate primarily– this is made possible by the extremely high enzymatic
capacity for flux through pathways of carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation vii. Hexokinase and
carnitine palmitoyltransferase are close to maximum catalytic

AERO 1020: Theory Of Flight
Balsa Wood Glider Project for AERO 1020: Theory of Flight
Goal
The goal of my glider is for it to sustain flight with an overall steady glide path to the ground, and
have an efficient lift to weight ratio. Also, in completing my project, I want to strengthen my general
understanding of the theory of flight and the forces that act upon an aircraft in flight.
Glider Information There is a great deal of factors that go in to play when trying to get an aircraft to
sustain flight. However, research has suggested that there are a few key aspects of aircraft design
and tweaking these components can make an aircraft be successful. A glider must be able to produce
ample lift from its wings and be able to remain stable in the air. By learning and understand ... Show
An airfoil uses Bernoulli's theory to create a lower pressure on the top of the wing in comparison to
the bottom. A way to create this low pressure is to add camber, the curvature of a cross section of a
wing. "So, if you want a glider designed for distance, you would use a slight camber, that yields the
maximum efficiency" (Brasseur, 2009). High camber wings generate more lift than low camber
wings. The Edinburgh brothers stated that some are very thick and have a large amount of
camber...they also have rather large drags (Edinburgh & Edinburgh, 1962). Drag is the pull of the
airplane in the opposite path it is traveling. Therefore, it is very important when designing a wing, to
find a happy medium with the amount of camber and the amount of drag that comes with it. There is
also is drag that come with the friction of the air across the surface of the aircraft. Hurt (1992) found
that, "because the air has viscosity, air will encounter resistance to flow over a surface...and accounts
for the drag of skin friction". To create even less drag, an airplane can be design very smooth with
little disruption to the air traveling across its surface to allow the airplane to slip through the

Physics of a Car Essay
Physics of a Car
The average driver doesn't think about what keeps their car moving or what keeps them on the road,
but that's because they don't have to. The average driver doesn't have to worry about having enough
downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their car's tires around
a turn. These are the things are the car designers, professional drivers, racing pit crews, serious
sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are an important part of every sports and racing
car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usually there not just for form
but function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain
on the road and in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Negative lift is created by front and rear wings on race cars and by ground effects and spoilers on
the average sports car. Most negative lift is used to fight inertia as a car rounds a turn. Inertia is the
tendency of an object to remain in the same state of motion (Murphy 77). When a car rounds a turn
at high speeds it often needs more force than it's weight to resist the car's tendency to keep traveling
straight. The increased downforce puts more weight on the tires helping the tires grip the road. Drag
force is the cost of increasing downforce. Drag force is the force acting on an object in motion in the
opposite direction the object is moving through a fluid (Yager). To most people drag force is simply
known as air resistance. The objective of aerodynamic efficiency is to maximize downforce while
minimizing drag force.
Acceleration and Speed are obviously the two defining characteristics of a fast car. Newton's three
laws of motion are an essential part in determining how fast a car will accelerate and how fast it will
go. Newton's second law is the easiest to understand in relation to a car's acceleration. Newton's
second law mathematically states Force=(mass)(acceleration) (Murphy 78). This law explains why
cars that need to accelerate fast should be relatively light in weight compared to other cars.
Removing mass, such as a bumper, radio or fancy upholstery reduces the weight of

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