Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans, including as a source for tinder, traditional medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as toxicity or infection.

1. K.: Mycetae
D.: Eumycota
Sub D.: Mastigomycotina
Class: Oomycetes
Order (2): Peronosporales
Family (2): Albuginaceae
ex: Albugo candida or Cystopus candidus
Cause: white rust disease of crucifer (radish).

2. Albugo candida
1- Obligate parasitic fungus which attacks several
species of crucifers causing the white rust.
2- The hyphae are intercellular and feed by haustoria
which penetrate the walls of the host cells and enlarge
inside it as spherical structure.
3- Asexual reproduction takes place by sporangia
produced in chains from the tips of short, club-shaped
hyphae called the sporangiophores.

3. 1. Both the growth of the mycelium and the production of
numerous sporangia exert a pressure from below on the host
epidermis, causing rupture. So, the sporangia are released and
form a white rust on the surface of the host.
2. Zoospores are released from sporangia, Encystment, and
then germinated and infects the host.
3. Oogonia and antheridia are formed within the tissues of the
host and the type of sexual reproduction is gametangial
contact

4. Albugo candida or Cystopus candidus
6

8. Family (3): Peronosporaceae
Ex: Plasmopora viticola (Cause: downy mildew on grape).
Ex: Peronspora spp. (Cause: downy mildew on radish).
Ex: Bremia lactucae (Cause: downy mildew on Lettuce).

9. Family: Peronosporaceae
This is the most highly specialized family in the
peronosporales, all species are obligate
parasites of vascular Plants causing diseases
called downy mildews.
The family include a number of common genera
differentiated chiefly by the branching of
their sporangiophores.

10. Plasmopora viticola
The branches and their subdivision occur at right angles.
Causes D.M. on Grape.

11. Plasmopora viticola
(Cause: downy mildew on grape).

12. Peronospora:
The sporangiophores are dichotomously branched at acute angles with curved
pointed tips on which sporangia are borne. This genus causes D.M. on Radish.

13. Peronspora spp. (Cause: downy mildew on radish)

14. Bremia lactucae
Is similar to Peronospora except that the tips of the branches are expanded
into cup-shaped apophyses with four sterigmata each bearing the sporangium

15. Bremia lactucae (Cause: downy mildew on Lettuce).

16. Sub D.: Zygomycotina
Class: Zygomycetes
Order (1): Mucorales
Family: Mucoraceae
Ex.: Mucor spp.
Ex.: Rhizopus nigricans (Cause: soft mold on fruits).
Ex.: Rhizopus stolonifer (Cause: Bread mold).

17. Class: Zygomycetes
1-The class zygomycetes derives its name from the thick-walled
resting spores.
2-The hyphal walls are composed of chitin & chitosan.
3-Asexual reproduction by production sporangiospore or
aplanospore.
4-Sexual reproduction by gametangial copulation. Produced a
thick walled zygospore .
5-Most of zygomycetes are saprobes, some of them are parasite
and obligate parasite.
6-Economically important, some of them used in fermentation of
food, produced enzymes, acids, and other are saprophytic spoil
food.

18. Order: Mucorales: (Black mold)
Asexual reproduction:
Take place by non motile sporangiospores which produced in
large number within globose columellate sporangia borne on
tips of simple or branched sporangiophores.
Sexual reproduction:
Occurred by gametangial copulation, two short, side branches the
progametangia arise from hyphae by zygophores, grow
towards each other and come to contact end to end. A small
terminal multinucleate cell called gametangium cut off by
septum at the tip of each progametangium, the remainder
called suspensor. The wall dissolves between gametangia then
karyogamy to produce zygospore.

20. Family: Mucoraceae
It include two important and best known
genera the Mucor and Rhizopus

21. Rhizopus:
The mycelium during the vegetative phase is a white
fluffy mass, coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae consist of
stolon hyphae and rhizoidal hyphae.
The sporangiophores arise in the air from the stolon,
bearing sporangia which are multinucleate non-motile
sporangiospore.

23. Sexual Reproduction
Progametangia

26. Sexual reproduction
Rhizopus

27. Rhizopus spp.

28. Rhizoids
Aseptate hyphae
Stolon hyphae
a white fluffy mass

30. Mucor
Rhizopus
Mycelium consist of only one kind of
hyphae
The mycelium is differentiated into
stolon, rhizoids and sporangiophores
Sporangiophores arise from any point in
the mycelium.
Sporangiophores the nodes junction of
rhizoids and stolon.
Spores in Mucor are not easily
disseminated and remain adhered to
columella
Spores easily blown away.
No change columella
Columella become umbrella shaped after
sporangial dehiscence.

32. Mucor spp.